PET3005 exam 1
in 2010, what were the obesity trends amoung US adults (BMI percentages)
sates were either 20-24% BMI, 25-29% BMI, or above 30% BMI -the south was mostly above 30% and the west was mostly 20-24%
what is the definition of exercise science
scientific analysis of exercise or physical activity, specifically how peoples movements develop and change across their lifespan and further expand their understanding of how people learn motor skills
what is the definition of recreation and leisure?
self chosen activities that provide a means of revitalizing and refreshing ones body and mind
What is a mind-body relationship?
separate or unified? -can we train them separately? does training one affect the other? -dualism and monism
what are examples of existentialism?
sport psychologist encouraging an athlete to reflect on previous experiences to identify what led to a poor performance
in sports, what play a significant role in the determination of the outcome?
strategy and skill
what is the national health and nutrition examination survey? (NHANES)
tracks the prevalence of overweight youths and adults
what is axiology?
aims and values of society -nature of values
what is BMI?
an easy tool to estimate body fat
what is the definition of a profession?
an occupation requiring specialized training in an intellectual field of study that is dedicated to the betterment of society through service to others
what is sport biomechanics?
applying physics and mechanics to the study of human movement and motion of sports objects -effects of various forces and laws on the body and sport objects -analysis of movements with respect to efficiency and effectiveness
early twentieth century
broader focus on games, sports aquatics, dance and outdoor activities -sports more organizes -increased concern for physically disabled
what are modifiable risk factors?
can be altered to improve health -smoking, physical inactivity, diet, obesity, sun exposure, alcohol consumption
what are non modifiable risk factors?
cannot be altered to improve health -age, gender, race, ethnicity, heredity
(BLANK) are among the most prevalent, costly, and preventable of all health problems
chronic diseases
what is the field focused on?
common goals
what are the branches of axiology?
ethics and aesthetics
what is pragmatism?
experiences, not ideals or realities, are the basis of the truth -consideration of individual needs and interests -reality differs from person to person -emphasis on problem solving, consideration of needs and interests, development of social skills, and cooperation
what is an epidemiological shift?
gradual shift from infectious to chronic disease
age, socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, gender, educational attainment, geographic location all affect what
health and lifespan
psychomotor domain: physicaal fitness development
helping individuals improve their level of PA and health related fitness to improve quality of life
psychomotor domain: motor skill development
helping individuals learn how to move effectively to accomplish specific goals effectively with little energy expenditure
what is the definition of athletics?
highly organized, competitive sports engaged in by skillful participants
what is physical education
includes the acquisition and refinement of motor skills, the development and maintenance of fitness for optimal health and well-being, the attainment of knowledge about physical activities, and the fostering of positive attitudes conductive to lifelong learning and lifespan participation
what is an example of an objective?
increase number of active indiviuals
over the years, there has been a significant (BLANK) in (blank) children and adolescents
increase; obese
sports are a competition against who?
oneself or opponents
what do corporations now offer employees
onsite health programs
what are taxonomies for each domain of learning?
organizes educational objectives in a progressive hierarchy- behaviors at one level serve as stepping stones to a higher level
what are examples of humanism?
personal trainer accounting for needs, goals, capabilities and limitations of an individual when designing a rpogram
what makes up our field?
physical activity -cornerstone, common goal -everything is a component of physical activity
what has a big effect on overall health?
physical activity -heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity
what is the definition of exercise
physical activity done for the purpose of getting fit that increases energy expenditure above the baseline level
what are examples of naturalism?
physical educators using developmentally appropriate activities at all skill levels
what s adapted physical activity?
preparation of teachers and sport leaders to provide programs and services for individuals with disabilities -modification of activities and sport to enable people with different abilities to participate -physical educators design individualized educational plans for students with disabilities so that they can participate to the fullest -advocacy to secure services and leadership to create more opportunities
what is assessment?
process of gathering info to learn what participants know and are able to do, in order to determine their progress toward achievement of goals and objectives
what is measurement?
process of gathering information or data
what is evaluation?
process of interpreting info or data
what is existentialism?
reality is determined by individuals experiences and existence -emphasis on freedom of choice and accepting responsibility for actions -includes creativity, individuality, self responsibility, and self awareness
what is realism?
reasoning and understanding the natural laws of nature -scientific method to arrive at truth -physical world is the real world and is governed by nature
what BMI is considered underweight? normal? overweight? obese?***
-BMI < 18.5 -BMI 18.5-24.9 -BMI 25-29.9 BMI > 30
why should we care about physical activity?
-athletic performance -obesity epidemic (childhood obesity) -rise in diseases/disorders (prevention and potential cures/treatment) -healthy aging -cheaper medical costs
exercise science uses many different disciplines which are:
-biology -biochemistry -physics -psychology
what are the subdisciplines of exercise physiology and sport biomechanics?
-biology -chemistry -physics -anatomy -physiology -mathematics
what is the definition of physical activity
-bodily movement produced by the contraction of the skeletal muscles that substantially increases energy expenditure above baseline level
what is the definition of physical fitness
-capacity of people to perform physical activities -set of attributes that allow individuals to carry out daily tasks without undue fatigue -state of well-being associated with low risk of premature health problems
what are the 3 domains of learning?
-cognitive (thinking) -affective (feeling) -psychomotor (doing) * must consider all domains when planning learning experiences to meet individuals needs
what are certain things required in a profession?
-criteria for entry -educational prep -continually expanding body of knowledge -formal associations -code of ethics -recognition by society
what are objectives?
-derived from, but are more specific than goals -short term statements of specific outcomes that build cumulatively to reach a goal -describe learning, specifically what individuals should know, do or feel as a result of instruction -measurable
germany (1700-1800s)**
-development of strong citizens through programs in schools and community -leaders believed phys ed should be in school curriculum
what are examples of realism?
-exercise physiologist carefully evaluates current research to better understand the contribution of different types of PA to health
what are the 12 disciplines of kinesiology
-exercise physiology -sport biomechanics -sport and exercise psychology -motor development -motor learning -sport sociology -sport history -sport philosophy -sports medicine -adapted physical activity -sport pedagogy -sport management
great britain (early 1800s)
-first to focus on organized games and sports over gymnastics -physical training to promote health is more important than developing strength -exercises should be individualized
Rome (500-25 B.C)
-fitness and athleticism for military success and expand empire -preferred professional sports (Blood sports) -led to a decline in roman population fitness
Denmark (early 1800s)
-gymnastics influenced by nationalism -private outdoor gyms for physical training -incorporated phys ed into public schools -emphasis on fitness and strength with little individualized expression
Sweden (early 1800s)
-gymnastics influenced by nationalism -training program for military men -less formal and strenuous than german and danish -use of anatomy and physiology to study the effects of physical activity on the body
Ancient Greece- prehistoric times (338 B.C)
-high value on PA -unity of mind, body, and spirit -gyms served as centers for sports instruction and PT
what are the major philosophies?
-idealism -realism -pragmatism -naturalism -existentialism -humanism
mid twentieth century
-impact of WW2 physical training programs -physical fitness movement -athletics increased overall -research grows in importance and becomes increasingly specialized
Colonial period
-in new england, religion prohibited PA -colonists brought sports from their native lands -agrarian existence-PA through performing tasks essential to living.survival -no PA in schools
what is ethics?
-issues of right and wrong, responsibility -moral values -character, fair play, issue of justice -ex: how can sport be utilized to develop ethics?
what are the subdisciplines of sport management?
-management -law -communication -marketing
what is monism?
-mind and body are fused -PA and intellect are equally important -education through the physical: PA develops person as a whole
what is dualism?
-mind and body are separate -mind is superior over body -academics over body development -education of the physical: development of body is emphasized
National period
-more educational opportunities for women -sports grew as settlers became more established
golden twenties
-move away from formal systems of gymnastics toward games, sports, and valuable recreation and leisure time -new PE emphasized contribution to the total development of the individual
what is the definition of sports
-organized competitive activities governed by rules that standardize the competition and conditions so individuals can compete fairly
civil war period (early)
-physical ed increasingly included in schools -popularity in sports grows
what are characteristics of exercise
-planned, structured, and repetitive
what things can increase the risk of the two major leading causes of death (CVD and cancer)?
-poor nutrition -lack of PA -tobacco use -alcohol consumption
what are the subdisciplines of sport and exercise psychology, motor development, motor learning, sport sociology, sport history, and sport philosophy?
-psychology -sociology -history -philosophy (social sciences)
what are the subdisciplines of sports medicine and adapted physical activity?
-rehabilitation sciences (physical therapy)
what are goals?
-statements of purpose, intents, and aims that reflect desired accomplishments -broad general statements -long term outcomes
Depression years
-stock market crash affected education and PE (led to cutbacks in PE programs) -growth of interscholastic, intercollegiate womens programs -stressed importance of documenting results and measuring progress using scientific data
inactivity is greatest among which groups of people
-women -minorities -economically/educationally disadvantaged -disabled -elderly
WW1
-women begin to show interest in sport and exercise -physical educators developed conditioning programs for armed forces -post war: 1/3 of men in service were found to be physically unfit for armed service
what are examples of idealism?
-youth coach promoting sportsmanship over winning -personal trainer serving as a role model to clients
what were the leading causes of death in 1900? what are they today?
1900: influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, gastrointestinal problems today: heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory disease, accidents, alzheimers, diabetes
what are the 4 branches of philosophy?**
1. Metaphysics 2. epistemology 3. logic 4. axiology -ethics -aesthetics
what are the steps in psychomotor domain?
1. imitation 2. manipulation 3. precision 4. articulation 5. naturalization
what are the steps in affective domain?
1. recieving 2. responding 3. valuing 4. organizing 5. characterizing by a value or complex
what are the steps in cognitive domain?
1. remembering 2. understanding 3. applying 4. analyzing 5. evaluating 6. creating
what are the elderly demographics for 1900-2050?
1900: 4% pop > 65 2000: 13% pop > 65 2030: 20% pop > 65 2050: 5% pop > 85
what are the lifespans between the years 1900-2010?
1900: 47.3 1950: 68.0 2006: 77.7 2008: 78.1 2010: 78.7 we are living longer lives
in the current state of physical activity, what percentage of adults met guidelines for both cardiovascular and muscle strengthening guidelines in 2011?
21.0%
what is the self reported obesity among hispanic adults
25-30, 30-35, and some 35>
what percent of adults are a healthy weight?
29.8%
Health club membership is booming: in 55 years, what is the percent increase in proliferation of sport programs in the past 15 years?
300%
what percent of adults met neither cardiovascular or muscle strengthening guidelines?
47.6%
(blank) people belong to a gym today, compared to (blank) million in 1990
50.2 million; 20.7 million
what percent of adults are overweight or obese? -what percent are obese? what percent have a BMI >40
68.5% -35.3% -6.3%
how many interscholastic athletes are there? and of those how many are collegiate student athletes?
7.7 million; 560,000
what is considered an overweight BMI for a person who is 5'4
BMI > or = 30 (30lbs)
what are considered chronic diseases?
Cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes
what was one of the first labs to analyze oxygen consumption?
Harvard fatigue laboratory
what is the field?
a combination of a well established discipline and one or more professions that deliver a social service
what is a philosophy?
a set of beliefs relating to a particular field
examples of pragmatism?
community fitness instructor designs a program to meet needs and interests of community
sports provide meaningful opportunities to demonstrate what?
competance
what is Sports medicine?
concerned with the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of sports injuries (ATs) -recognize potential injury risks and adapt training program to accommodate -immediate treatment on the field -correctly fit protective equipment -design and implementation of a rehabilitation program
what is sport history?
critical examination of the past, with a focus on events, people and trends that influenced the development and direction of sport -the who, what, when, where, how, and why of sports -better understanding of the past to gain insight on the future
what play a significant role in health and well being?
culture
what is humanism?
development of the full potential of each individual -emphasis on personal growth, self actualization and development of values
what things can be measured in exercise
duration, frequency, and intensity
Historical development of sport and exercise science
early works were descriptive in nature -development of a sport -chronicling contributions of a leader -documenting certain events interpretive analytical studies were next sport is constructed by a particular group of people during a particular time
what are the subdisciplines of sport pedagogy?
educational reseach
what is idealism?
emphasis on development of character, importance of values and application of reasoning -mind is central to understanding and interprets events and creates reality; truth and values are absolute and universally shared -values and ideas dont change
what activities are considered physical activities
encompasses exercise, sport, dance, active games, activities of daily living, active occupational tasks
what is sport management?
encompasses the many managerial aspects of sport -personnel management, budgeting, facility management, and programming -sport law, policy development, fundraising, and media relations -useful for sport professionals in interscholastic and intercollegiate sports, professional sports, fitness and health clubs, and community sport and recreation programs
there are different (blank) for different (blank) * an example would be (balancing > throwing > baseball)
learning opportunities ; ages
what is naturalism?
life is governed by the laws of nature -importance of considering each individuals level of growth and development -individual is more important than society -emphasis on self direction, individualized learning, and competition against oneself
what is an example of a goal?
longer life expectancy
prevalence of obese students higher in (blank) than (blank, but (blank) were most prevalent in being overweight
males; females; black females
in 2000, what were the obesity trends amoung US adults (BMI percentages)
most states were either between 15-19% BMI or above 20% -the west was mostly 15-19 and the east was mostly 20% or higher
what is the self reported obesity among non hispanic black adults
mostly greater than 35%
in 1985, what did the average BMI look like in the US?
mostly no data, ,10% BMI, and between 10-14% BMI
what is aesthetics?
nature of beauty and art -ex: why are skilled performers movements beautiful to view?
what is epistemology?
nature of knowledge -what is true -critical and analytical
what is metaphysics?
nature of reality -what is real and exists -speculative (abstract, involves thinking)
what age bracket is the fastest growing in the US?
older adults -baby boomers
what is motor learning?
study of changes in motor behavior that are primarily the result of practice and experience -stages of progression from beginner to highly skilled performer -the effect of content, frequency and timing of feedback on skill learning -re-learning a skill after long term injury -control of skilled movements
what is motor development?
study of the factors that influence the development of abilities essential to movement -interaction of genetic and environmental factors that affect the ability to perform motor skills -childrens development of motor skills -examine early movement experiences, heredity and maturation -longitudinal studies -appropriate for all ages
what is sport philosophy?
study of the nature of reality, the structure of knowledge in sport, ethical and moral questions and the aesthetics of movement -critically examine the meaning of sport for all participants -understand the relationship between the mind and body during sport -debate questions of ethics, moral and values in sport
what is exercise physiology?
study of the various physical demands on the structure and function of the body -acute and chronic adaptations of the body to exercise -effects of different exercise programs on different body systems -age, gender, and special population differences -effectiveness of nutritional supplementation with exercise
what is logic?
systematic and orderly reasoning of ideas -sound and reasoned judgement -method of reasoning
psychomotor domain is considered what?
the main focus of field
what is the definition of education
the ongoing process of learning that occurs throughout our lifespan, takes place in a variety of settings, and is not limited to a specific age group
what is sport pedagogy?
the study of teaching and learning in school and non-school settings -how physical educators and sport leaders provide and effective learning environment, achieve desired learning goals and assess program outcomes -determine characteristics and skills possessed by effective teachers and coaches -curricular development and implementation through effective learning environments, instructional strategies, outcome assessment, and relationship of instructional process to learning
what is sport sociology?
the study of the role of sport in society, its impact on participants in sport and the relationship between sport and other societal institutions -influence of gender, race, and socioeconomic status on participation in sports and physical activity -drug abuse by athletes, aggression and violence, the of the media on sport and the player coach relationship
what is the definition of health
the total well being of the individual -physical, mental, social, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual -health instruction provision of health services and environmental health
why must we achieve cultural competency?`
to understand our cultural beliefs as well as others and how each may affect the other
what is sport and exercise psychology?
uses principles and scientific methods of psychology to understand human behavior in sport -help athletes improve their "mental game" -develop and effectively apply skills to improve performance -sport areas: achievement motivation, regulation of anxiety, self confidence, adherence, cohesion, goal setting, leadership -exercise areas: addiction, adherence, motivation, satisfaction
what is the equation for BMI?
weight (kg) / height (m2)
what is the self reported obesity among non-hispanic white adults
west: 20-25% mostly 25-30% some 30-35%
what is an example of metaphysics?
what experiences in a physical education program will better enable the individual to meet the challenge of the real world?
what is an example of axiology?
what if the value of physical education programs to the individual?
what is an example of epistemology?
what is the validity of the knowledge pertaining to physical activity and its influence on the development of the individual?
what is an example of logic?
what process should a researcher use to determine the value of physical education to program participants?
