PHARM CHAPTER 51: BOWEL DISORDER DRUGS

The nurse is discussing the use of adsorbents such as bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) with a patient who has diarrhea. The nurse will warn the patient about which possible adverse effects? A. Dark Stools and blue gums B. Urinary Hesitency C. Drowsiness and Dizziness D. Blurred vision and headache

A. Dark Stools and Blue Gums Rationale: Dark Stools and blue gums are two possible side effects of bismuth subsalicylate. The other adverse effects listed may occur with other antidiarrheals.

When administering mineral oil, the nurse recognizes that it can interfere with the absorption of which substance? A. Fat- Soluble Vitamins B. Water-Soluble Vitamins C. Minerals D. Electrolytes

A. Fat- Soluble Vitamins Rationale: Mineral Oil can decrease the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E, and K)

A patient is receiving lactulose (Enulose) three times a day. The nurse knows that the patient is not constipated and is receiving this drug for which reason? A. High ammonia levels due to liver failure B. Prevention of constipation C. Chronic renal failure D. Chronic diarrhea

A. High ammonia levels due to liver failure Rationale: Lactulose (Enulose) produces a laxative effect but also works to reduce blood ammonia levels by converting ammonia to ammonium. Ammonium is a water-soluble cation that is trapped in the intestines and cannot be reabsorbed into the systemic circulation. This effect has proved helpful in reducing elevated serum ammonia levels in patients with severe liver disease. The other options are incorrect.

A patient will be taking bismuth subsaliculate (Pepto- Bismol) to control diarrhea. When reviewing the patient's other ordered medication, the nurse recognizes that which medication or medication class will interact significantly with the pepto-bismol? A. Hypoglycemic Drugs B. Antibiotics C. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) D. Antidepressants

A. Hypoglycemic Drugs Rationale: Taking hypoglycemic drugs with an adsorbent such as pepto bismol may result in decreased absorption of hypoglycemic drugs. The other options are incorrect.

The nurse is reviewing the mechanism of action of antidiarrheal drugs. Which type of antidiarrheal medication works by decreasing the intestinal muscle tone and peristalsis of the intestines? A. Asorbents such as Pepto-Bismol B. Anticholinergics such as belladonna alkaloids C. Probiotics such as Lactinex D. Lubricants such as mineral oil

B. Anticholinergics such as belladonna alkaloids Rationale: Anticholinergic drugs work to slow peristalsis by reducing the rhythmic contractions and the smooth muscle tone of the GI tract.

A patient wants to prevent problems with constipation and asks the nurse for advice about which type of laxative is safe to use for this purpose. Which class of laxative is considered safe to use on a long-term basis? A. Emollient Laxatives B. Bulk-Forming Laxatives C. Hyperosmotic Laxatives D. Stimulant Laxatives

B. Bulk-Forming Laxatives Rationale: Bulk-forming laxatives are the only laxatives recommended for long term use. Stimulant laxatives are the most likely of all laxative classes to cause dependence.

A patient asks the nurse about the difference between diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) and the over-the-counter drug loperamide (Imodium). Which response by the nurse is correct? A. Lomotil acts faster than Imodium B. Imodium does not cause physical dependence. C. Lomotil is available suppository form D. Imodium is a natural antidiarrheal drug

B. Imodium does not cause physical dependence. Rationale: Although the drug exhibits many characteristics of the opiate class, physical dependence on loperamide ( Imodium) has not been reported. All antidiarrheal drugs are orally administered.

The nurse is reviewing the uses of oral laxatives. Which conditions are general contraindications to or cautions about the use of oral laxatives? (Select all that apply.) A. Irritable bowel syndrome B. Undiagnosed abdominal pain C. Nausea and vomiting D. Fecal impaction E. Ingestion of toxic substances F. Acute surgical abdomen

B. Undiagnosed abdominal pain C. Nausea and vomiting D. Fecal impaction F. Acute Surgical Abdomen Rationale: Cautious use of laxatives is recommended in the presence of these: acute surgical abdomen; appendicitis symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting; intestinal obstruction; and undiagnosed abdominal pain. Oral laxatives must not be used with fecal impaction; mineral oil enemas are indicated for fecal impaction. The other options are indications for laxative use.

The nurse is preparing to administer methylnaltrexone (Relistor), a peripherally acting opioid antagonist. This drug is appropriate for which patient? A patient with diarrhea B.A terminally ill patient who has opioid-induced constipation C. A patient who is scheduled for a colonoscopy D. A patient who will be having colon surgery in the morning

B.A terminally ill patient who has opioid-induced constipation Rationale: Methylnaltrexone is approved only for terminally ill (hospice) patients who have opioid-induced constipation. The other options are incorrect.

A patient is taking linaclotide (Linzess) to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The nurse will monitor this patient for which adverse effect? A. Chest Pain B. Chronic Constpiation C. Abdominal Pain D. Elevated Blood Glucose Levels

C. Abdominal Pain Rationale: Common adverse effects of linaclotide (Linzess) are diarrhea, abdominal pain, and flatulence. Elevated blood glucose levels, chest pain, and chronic constipation are not adverse effects of linaclotide.

A laxative has been ordered for a patient. The nurse checks the patient's medical history and would be concerned if which condition is present? A. High ammonia levels due to liver failure B. Diverticulitis C. Abdominal pain of unknown origin D. Chronic Constipation

C. Abdominal pain of unknown origin Rationale: All categories of laxatives share the same general contraindications and precautions, including avoidance in cases of drug allergy and the need for cautious use in the presence of these: acute surgical abdomen; appendicitis symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting; fecal impaction (mineral oil enemas excepted); intestinal obstruction; and undiagnosed abdominal pain. The other options are possible indications for laxatives.

The Nurse is giving oral mineral oil as an ordered laxative dose. The nurse will take measures to prevent which potential problem that may occur with mineral oil? A. Fecal impaction B. Electrolyte Imbalances C. Lipid Pneumonia D. Esophageal Blockage

C. Lipid Pneumonia Rationale: Lipid Pneumonia may occur if the oral mineral oil is accidentally aspirated into the respiratory tract.

While recovering from surgery, a 74-year-old woman started taking a stimulant laxative, senna (Senokot), to relieve constipation caused by the pain medications. Two weeks later, at her follow-up appointment, she tells the nurse that she likes how "regular" her bowel movements are now that she is taking the laxative. Which teaching principle is appropriate for this patient? A. She needs to be sure to take this medication with plenty of fluids B. It is important to have a daily bowel movement to promote bowel health. C. Long-term use of laxatives often results in decreased bowel tone and may lead to dependency. D. She needs to switch to glycerin suppositories to continue having daily bowel movements.

C. Long-term use of laxatives often results in decreased bowel tone and may lead to dependency. Rationale: Long-term use of laxatives may lead to dependency. Patients need to be taught that daily bowel movements are not necessary for bowel health.

A patient is severely constipated and needs immediate relief. The nurse knows that which class of laxative will provide the most rapid results? A. Bulk Forming laxative, such as psyllium (Metamucil) B. Stool softener, such as docusate salts (Colace) C. Magnesium Hydroxide (MOM) D. Magnesium Oxide Tablets

C. Magnesium Hydroxide (MOM) Rationale: Saline laxatives such as magnesium hydroxide (MOM) produce a watery stool, usually within 3 to 6 hours of ingestion. Bulk-forming laxatives such as psyllium do not produce a bowel movement rapidly. Stool softeners such as docusate salts do not cause patients to defecate; they simply soften the stool to ease its passage. Magnesium oxide tablets are used as magnesium supplements, not as laxative.

When administering a bulk forming laxative, the nurse instructs the patient to drink the medication mixed in a full 8 ounce glass of water. Which statement best explains the rationale for the instruction? A. The water acts to stimulate bowel movements B. The water will help to reduce the bulk of the intestinal contents C. These laxatives may cause esophageal obstruction if taken with insufficient water. D. The water acts as a lubricant to produce bowel movements.

C. These laxatives may cause esophageal obstruction if taken with insufficient water. Rationale: Bulk forming drugs increase water absorption which results in greater total volume (bulk) of the intestinal contents. Bulk forming laxatives tend to produce normal, formed stools. Their action is limited to the GI tract, so there are few, if any, systemic effects. However, they need to be taken with liberal amounts of water to prevent esophageal obstruction and fecal impaction.

A patient will be taking bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) to control diarrhea. When reviewing the patient's other ordered medications, the nurse recognizes that which medication will interact significantly with the Pepto-Bismol? A. Acetaminophen (Tylenol), an analgesic B. Levothyroxine (Synthroid), a thyroid replacing drug C. Warfarin (Coumadin), an anticoagulant D. Fluoxetine (Prozac), an antidepressant

C. Warfarin (Coumadin), an anticoagulant Rationale: The oral anticoagulant warfarin is more likely to cause increased bleeding times or bruising when co-administered with adsorbents. That is thought to be because adsorbents bind to Vitamin K, which is needed to make certain clotting factors. Vitamin K is synthesized by the normal flora in the bowel.

A patient has been treated with alosetron (Lotronex) for severe irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) for 2 weeks. She calls the clinic and tells the nurse that she has been experiencing constipation for 3 days. The nurse will take which action? A. Advise the patient to increase intake of fluids and fiber. B. Advise the patient to hold the drug for 2 days. C. Instruct the patient to stop taking the drug and to come to the clinic right away to be evaluated. D. Instruct the patient to continue the alosetron and to take milk of magnesia for the constipation.

C.Instruct the patient to stop taking the drug and to come to the clinic right away to be evaluated. Rationale: Alosetron must be discontinued immediately if constipation or signs of ischemic colitis occur. The other options are incorrect.

A patient is about to undergo a diagnostic bowel procedure. The nurse expects which drug to be used to induce total cleansing of the bowel. A. Docusate Sodium ( Colace) B. Lactulose (Enulose) C. Mineral Oil D. Polyethylene glycol 3350 ( GoLYTELY)

D. Polyethylene glycol 3350 ( GoLYTELY) Rationale: Polyethylene glycol is a very potent laxative that induces total cleansing of the bowel and is most commonly used before diagnostic or surgical bowel procedures.

A patient who has been on antibiotic therapy for 2 weeks has developed persistent diarrhea. The nurse expects which medication class to be ordered to treat this diarrhea? A. Lubricants B. Adsorbents C. Anticholinergics D. Probiotics

D. Probiotics Rationale: Probiotics work by replenishing bacteria that may have been destroyed by antibiotic therapy, thus restoring the balance of normal flora and suppressing the growth of diarrhea-causing bacteria.