Pharmacology - Cardiopulmonary
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Anticoagulant agent -- Implications for PT?
A therapist must be careful to avoid injury secondary to the risk of excessive bleeding or bruising. Patient education regarding common side effects is also indicated for patient protection.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Bronchodilator Agents --- Examples?
Atrovent, Ventolin, Serevent
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Thrombolytic Agents --- Implications of PT?
Avoid situations that may cause trauma due to altered clotting activity.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Antithrombotic (Antiplatelet) agents --- Examples?
Bayer, Plavix
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Bronchodilator Agents --- Indications?
Bronchospasm, wheezing, and SOB in asthma and COPD
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Positive Inotropic Agents --- Side Effects?
Cardiac arrhythmias, gastrointestinal distress, dizziness, blurred vision.
Which of the following would be classified as a calcium channel blocker agent? Propranolol Verapamil Digoxin Lipitor
Correct Answer: Verapamil Verapamil is classified as a calcium channel blocker agent. Other calcium channel blocker agents include amlodipine, nifedipine, and diltiazem. Side effects include dizziness, headache, hypotension, and peripheral edema.
Which of the following nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is often utilized following myocardial infarction? acetylsalicylic acid ibuprofen naproxen acetaminophen
Correct Answer: acetylsalicylic acid Acetylsalicylic acid (i.e., aspirin) is commonly prescribed to decrease the risk of myocardial infarction for at risk individuals.
Which pharmacological agent would be most likely prescribed to treat pericarditis? anti-inflammatory agents nitrate agents calcium channel blockers aspirin
Correct Answer: anti-inflammatory agents Anti-inflammatory agents would be most likely prescribed to treat pericarditis. Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart and may result in decreased cardiac output.
What classification of drug best describes Coumadin? beta blocker agents calcium channel blocker agents antiarrhythmic agents anticoagulant agents
Correct Answer: anticoagulant agents Coumadin is classified as an anticoagulant agent. Anticoagulant agents inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. Side effects include hemorrhage, increased risk of bleeding, and gastrointestinal distress.
What classification of drug best describes Lipitor? antihyperlipidemia agents anticoagulant agents thrombolytic agents nitrate agents
Correct Answer: antihyperlipidemia agents Lipitor is classified as an antihyperlipidemia agent. Aerobic exercise increases high density lipoproteins and maximizes the effects of drug therapy. Side effects include headache, gastrointestinal distress, myalgia, and rash.
Which type of medication is given prophylactically to prevent thrombus formation? antiplatelet agents calcium-channel blockers nitrates thrombolytic agents
Correct Answer: antiplatelet agents Antiplatelet agents (antithrombotic agents) inhibit platelet aggregation and clot formation.
What classification of drug best describes aspirin? antihyperlipidemia agents nitrate agents antithrombotic agents diuretic agents
Correct Answer: antithrombotic agents Aspirin is classified as an antithrombotic agent. Antithrombotic agents inhibit platelet aggregation and clot formation. Side effects include hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, gastrointestinal distress, and potential liver toxicity with aspirin.
What type of pharmacological agent is commonly used to treat asthma? analgesics antitussives bronchodilators expectorants
Correct Answer: bronchodilators Asthma is a chronic inflammation of the airways caused by an increased airway hypersensitivity to various stimuli. Anti-inflammatory agents and bronchodilators are commonly used to treat asthma.
Which category of drug acts to strengthen the myocardium? cardiac glycosides beta blockers diuretics nitrates
Correct Answer: cardiac glycosides Cardiac glycosides are prescribed to maintain a normal heart rhythm and rate. They also act to strengthen the myocardium and result in an increased cardiac output.
What effect would beta blockers have on a patient's vital signs? increase in both heart rate and blood pressure increase in heart rate and decrease in blood pressure decrease in both heart rate and blood pressure decrease in heart rate and increase in blood pressure
Correct Answer: decrease in both heart rate and blood pressure Beta blockers inhibit the stimulation of the beta-1 (myocardial) and/or beta-2 (pulmonary, vascular) adrenergic receptors. Beta blockers decrease heart rate and blood pressure and are frequently prescribed for patients with ischemic heart disease, hypertension, after myocardial infarction, and to decrease the progression of congestive heart failure
Which of the following types of medication would not be used to treat hypertension? thiazide diuretics beta blockers angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors digoxin
Correct Answer: digoxin Digoxin is a positive inotropic agent that increases the force and velocity of myocardial contraction. The medication is commonly used to treat chronic heart failure. Thiazide diuretics, beta blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension.
What classification of drug best describes Lasix? antiarrhythmic anticoagulant calcium channel blocker diuretic
Correct Answer: diuretic Lasix (Furosemide) is a diuretic designed to treat fluid retention and high blood pressure.
Which of the following agents raises an individual's blood pressure at rest and increases the blood pressure response to exercise? calcium channel blockers nitrates nicotine diuretics
Correct Answer: nicotine Nicotine increases resting blood pressure and the blood pressure response to exercise. Nicotine may also provoke ischemia and arrhythmias. The other options either decrease blood pressure at rest and with exercise or have no effect.
Which pharmacological agent would be most likely prescribed to treat acute angina pectoris? anticoagulant agents calcium channel blockers nitrate agents positive inotropic agents
Correct Answer: nitrate agents Nitrate agents decrease ischemia through smooth muscle relaxation and dilation of peripheral vessels.
Which substance facilitates endothelial vasodilation? insulin epinephrine caffeine nitric oxide
Correct Answer: nitric oxide Nitric oxide is a potent endothelial vasodilator. Nitric oxide promotes smooth muscle relaxation, however, atherosclerosis may interfere with the availability of nitric oxide and therefore result in a decreased vasodilation of the coronary arteries.
Which pharmacological agent would not be considered a bronchodilator? albuterol plavix levalbuterol corticosteroids
Correct Answer: plavix Bronchodilators dilate the bronchi and bronchioles which decreases resistance in the airway and increases airflow to the lungs. Plavix is not a bronchodilator, but rather a blood thinner utilized to prevent stroke and heart attacks.
What classification of drugs functions to increase the force of myocardial contraction? calcium channel blocker agents beta blockers positive inotropic agents nitrate agents
Correct Answer: positive inotropic agents Positive inotropic agents increase the force of myocardial contraction and are typically prescribed to individuals with congestive heart failure.
What is a commonly used treatment for an acute pulmonary embolism? antihyperlipidemia agent angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor agent rapid acting fibrinolytic agent alpha adrenergic antagonist agent
Correct Answer: rapid acting fibrinolytic agent A fast acting anticoagulant, typically heparin, is often used directly following a pulmonary embolism. Tissue plasminogen activator is used acutely in non-hemorrhagic strokes and is also a treatment option for a pulmonary embolism.
Which of the following is used to treat cardiac arrhythmia? sodium channel blockers nitroglycerin anticoagulants benzodiazepines
Correct Answer: sodium channel blockers Sodium channel blockers are a class 1 antiarrhythmic drug often used to treat arrhythmia. Others possible drugs to treat arrhythmia include beta blockers, drugs that prolong repolarization, and calcium channel blockers. Nitroglycerin is used to treat angina and acts as a vasodilator. Digitalis glycosides are used to treat cardiovascular pump failure by increasing myocardial contractile force. Benzodiazepines are used as an antianxiety/sedative drug.
In patients with congestive heart failure, prolonged use of Lasix may lead to: thiamine deficiency vitamin C deficiency renal disease anemia
Correct Answer: thiamine deficiency Prolonged use of Lasix has been shown to cause thiamine deficiency in patients with congestive heart failure. Thiamine deficiency is particularly concerning in this patient population because levels of thiamine correlate to the force of myocardial contraction and cardiac performance in general.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Anti-inflammatory Agents --- Side Effects?
Corticosteroid: systemic side effects are decreased with the inhaled form, but may include damage of supporting tissues, skin breakdown, osteoporosis, decreased bone density, glaucoma, and delayed growth. Local effects include nasal irritation, dryness, sneezing, and bloody mucus. Leukotriene modifier: liver dysfunction, Mast-cell stabilizer; bronchospasm, throat and nasal irritation, cough, gastrointestinal distress.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Expectorant Agents --- Indications?
Cough associated with respiratory tract infections and related conditions such as sinusitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and asthma, when complicated by tenacious mucus or mucus plugs and congestion.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Beta Blocker Agents (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) ---- Implications for PT?
HR and BP response to exercise will be diminished. RPE may be used to monitor exercise intensity. Closely monitor patients during positional changes due to increased risk for orthostatic hypotension.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Calcium Channel Blocker Agents --- Implications for PT?
HR and BP response to exercise will diminish. Monitor when moving to an upright position secondary to dizziness and/or orthostatic hypotension. Observe the pt. for signs and symptoms of CHF such as worsening peripheral edema, dyspnea, or weight gain.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitor agents Indications?
HTN, CHF
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Calcium Channel Blocker Agents --- Indications?
HTN, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, CHF
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Beta Blocker Agents (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) --- Indication?
HTN, angina, arrhythmias, heart failure, migraines, essential tumor
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Alpha Adrenergic Antagonist Agents - Indications:
HTN, benign prostatic hyperplasia
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Diuretic Agents--- Indications?
HTN, edema associated with heart failure, pulmonary edema, glaucoma
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Thrombolytic Agents --- Side Effects?
Hemorrhage (intracranial), allergic reactions, cardiac arrythmias
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Thrombolytic Agents --- Examples?
Kinlytic, Activase
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Positive Inotropic Agents --- Examples?
Lanoxin
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Antihyperlipidemia Agents --- examples?
Lipitor, Zocor
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Antithrombotic (Antiplatelet) agents --- Actions?
inhibit platelet aggregation and clot formation
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Anticoagulant agent actions?
inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Anti-inflammatory Agents --- Implications for PT?
instruct pt. in the correct use of inhaler, and to rinse their mouth with water after use to avoid irritation of local mucosa. Advise the pt. that these agents are not bronchodilators and should not be used to treat acute episodes of asthma. Inform pt. to contact their PCP immediately if they begin to experience signs/symptoms of liver dysfunction ( fatigue, flu-like, jaundice, lethargy)
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Positive Inotropic Agents --- Implication for PT?
monitor HR during exercise, teach pt and family to take pulse, and seek health care advice for rates >100/per min or <60/per min
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Mucolytic Agents --- Side Effects?
Pharyngitis, oral mucosa inflammation, rhinitis, chest pain.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Calcium Channel Blocker Agents --- Examples?
Procardia, Cardizem
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Anti-inflammatory Agents --- Examples?
Pulmicort, AeroBid
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Mucolytic Agents -- examples?
Pulmozyme, Mucomyst
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Beta Blocker Agents (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) --- Examples??
Tenormin, Lopressor
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Expectorant Agents --- Implications for PT?
Therapists can exploit the effects of expectorant agents by performing airway clearance interventions within one hour after drug administration.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Mucolytic Agents --- Implications for PT?
Therapists can exploit the effects of mucolytic agents by performing airway clearance interventions within one hour after drug administration. pt. should be instructed in proper maintenance of the nebulizer and compressor system.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Antihyperlipidemia Agents -- Action?
There are 5 categories of lipid-modifying agents. The most commonly used drugs, the statins, inhibit enzyme action in cholesterol synthesis, break down LDL, decrease triglyceride levels and increase HDL levels. The other categories are bile acid sequestrants, nicotinic acid, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, and fibric acid derivatives.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Antithrombotic (Antiplatelet) agents --- Implications for PT?
a therapist must be careful to avoid injury secondary to the risk of excessive bleeding. Pt. education regarding common side effects is also indicated to protect the patient.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Thrombolytic Agents --- Indications?
acute MI, pulmonary embolism, ischemic stroke, arterial or venous thrombosis.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Antihyperlipidemia Agents --- Implications for PT?
aerobic exercise can increase HDL and maximize the effects of drug therapy
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: antihistamine agents: --- Side Effects?
arrythmias, postural hypotension, gastrointestinal distress, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, blurred vision, fatigue, nausea, thickening of bronchial secretions.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitor agents- Implications for PT?
avoid sudden changes in posture due to risk of dizziness and fainting from hypotension. patients with heart failure should avoid rapid increases in physical activity.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: antihistamine agents: --- Examples?
benadryl, allegra, claritin
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: antihistamine agents: --- Actions?
block the effects of histamine resulting in a decrease in nasal congestion, mucosal irritation, and symptoms of the common cold, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, and allergies.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Beta Blocker Agents (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) -----Side Effects?
bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, fatigue, depression, dizziness, weakness, blurred vision.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Anti-inflammatory Agents --- Indications?
bronchospasm, asthma
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitor agents -- examples?
capoten, Vasotec
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Alpha Adrenergic Antagonist Agents - examples?
cardura, minipress
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitor agents Action?
decrease blood pressure and afterload by suppressing the enzyme that converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Nitrate Agents ---Actions?
decrease ischemia through smooth muscle relaxation and dilation of peripheral vessels.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Calcium Channel Blocker Agents --- Actions?
decrease the entry of calcium into vascular smooth muscle cells resulting in diminished myocardial contraction, vasodilation, and decreased oxygen demand on the heart.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Beta Blocker Agents (beta-adrenergic blocking agents) --- Actions?
decrease the myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing heart rate and contractility by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Mucolytic Agents --- Actions?
decrease the viscosity of mucus secretions by altering their composition and consistency, making them easier to expectorate. These are administered by a nebulizer
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Diuretic Agents --- Side effects?
dehydration, hypotension, electrolyte imbalance, polyuria, increased LDL levels, arrhythmias
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Alpha Adrenergic Antagonist Agents - Side effects:
dizziness, palpitations, orthostatic hypotension, drowsiness
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Expectorant Agents --- Examples?
Mucinex
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Nitrate Agents --- Examples?
Nitrostat
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Thrombolytic Agents --- Actions?
facilitate clot dissolution through conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Plasmin breaks down clots and allows occluded vessels to reopen to maintain blood flow.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Expectorant Agents --- Side Effects?
gastrointestinal distress and drowsiness
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Nitrate Agents --- Side effects?
headache, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia nausea, vomiting
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Antihyperlipidemia Agents -- Side effects?
headache, gastrointestinal distress, myalgia, and rash
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Positive Inotropic Agents --- Indications?
heart failure, A-fib
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Anticoagulant agent - side effects?
hemorrhage, increased risk of bleeding, gastrointestinal distress with oral medication
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Antithrombotic (Antiplatelet) agents --- Side Effects?
hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, potential liver toxicity with use of aspirin, and gastrointestinal distress.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Anticoagulant agent --- examples?
heparin, coumadin
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Antihyperlipidemia Agents --- indications?
hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, prevent coronary events in patients with existing coronary disease, DM, or PVD
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitor agents side effects?
hypotension, dizziness, dry cough, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Expectorant Agents --- Actions?
increase respiratory secretions which help to loosen mucus. Reducing the viscosity of secretions and increasing sputum volume improves the efficiency of the cough reflex and of ciliary action in removing accumulated mucus.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Diuretic Agents? --- Actions?
increase the excretion of sodium and urine. This causes a reduction in plasma volume which decreases blood pressure. Classifications include: - thiazide - loop - potassium sparing agents
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Positive Inotropic Agents --- Action?
increase the force and velocity of myocardial contraction, slow the HR, decrease conduction velocity through the AV node, and decreases the degree of activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: antihistamine agents: --- Implications for PT?
increased guarding during patient positional changes due to risk of orthostatic hypotension. Closely monitor throughout activity.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Anti-inflammatory Agents --- Action?
inhaled corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and mast-cell stabilizers help prevent inflammatory-mediated bronchoconstriction by inhibiting production of inflammatory cells, suppressing release of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes), and reversing capillary permeability, in turn reducing airway edema.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Bronchodilator Agents --- Side Effects?
paradoxical bronchospasm, dry mouth, gastrointestinal distress, chest pain, palpitations, tremor, nervousness. Long-acting sympathomimetics including salmeterol, increase the risk of asthma-related death .
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Diuretic Agents --- Implications for PT?
positioning changes can increase the risk of dizziness and falls due to decreased BP. Monitor pt. closely for signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalance and muscle weakness/cramping.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Anticoagulant agent Indications?
post percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and CABG surgery, prevention of venous thromboembolism and cardioembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation and prosthetic heart valves.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Antithrombotic (Antiplatelet) agents --- Indications?
post- MI, atrial fibrillation, prevent arterial thrombus formation
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Alpha Adrenergic Antagonist Agents -- actions:
reduce peripheral vascular tone by blocking alpha-1-adrenergic receptors. This action causes dilation of arterioles and veins and decreases pressure.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Bronchodilator Agents --- Action?
relieve bronchospasm by stimulating the receptors that cause bronchial smooth muscle relaxation or by blocking the receptors that trigger bronchoconstriction. Primary classifications include anticholinergic, sympathomimetics and xanthine derivatives.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: antihistamine agents: --- Indications?
respiratory seasonal allergies, rhinitis and sneezing from the common cold, allergic conjunctivitis, motion sickness, and Parkinson's disease
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Bronchodilator Agents --- Implications of PT?
therapist should advise patients to take their bronchodilator medication as prescribed before therapy and to bring their short acting sympathomimetics with them. Cardiac or vision abnormalities may indicate toxicity and physicians should be notified immediately.
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Alpha Adrenergic Antagonist Agents - Implications for PT:
use caution when rising from sitting or lying position due to risk of dizziness and/or orthostatic hypotension. Closely monitor patient during exercise.
Pharmacological Management of Airway and Lung Disease: Mucolytic Agents --- Indications?
viscous mucous secretions due to pneumonia, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Nitrate Agents --- Indications?
Angina Pectoris
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Diuretic Agents? ---Examples?
Diuril, Lasix
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Calcium Channel Blocker Agents --- Side effects?
Dizziness, headache, hypotension, peripheral edema
Pharmacological Management of Heart and Vascular Diseases: Nitrate Agents --- Implications for PT?
Educated to come to a standing position slowly to minimize risk of orthostatic hypotension. Sublingual administration of nitroglycerin is the preferred method to trat an acute angina attack.
