Pharmacology Final - Ch. 13-16
True or False Marijuana is on the WADA Prohibited List because it has potent ergogenic activity
False
True or False Marijuana use for medicinal purposes is a recent development because marijuana only became popular during the 1960s
False
True or False Most of our daily need for creatine is met with a diet containing fresh fruits and vegetables
False
True or False Nicotine, when administered as a patch or in gum, significantly impairs exercise performance
False
True or False Nutrition is too complex at an individual level for a detailed genetic analysis that would tailor a diet with recommended supplementation for an elite athlete
False
True or False PES can only increase muscle mass and its oxygen-utilizing capacity, and they do little to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
False
True or False Slow twitch muscle fibers are a reservoir for a creatine as they stockpile large amounts of critical metabolic substrate
False
True or False The active form of vitamin D is a peptide hormone important in inflammation and prevention of cancer
False
True or False The only medical use for marijuana is as an appetite enhancer
False
True or False There are two classes of testosterone analogues, those that promote tissue building and those that are masculinizing.
False
Vitamins, minerals, herbs, botanicals, amino acids, metabolites, or some type of extract are grouped together as ____________________
Nutraceuticals
This neuroendocrine factor suppresses appetite; low levels are associated with food cravings
serotonin
The manifestation of Vitamin D deficiency in children is _________________
Rickets
True or False A 200-pound male will need about 2600-2800 calories a day to maintain body weight
True
True or False A double bond at the third carbon from the methyl end (opposite the fatty acid end) makes a fatty acid an omega-3 fatty acid
True
True or False Adequate dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids can slow the age-related cognitive decline and may help prevent brain deterioration, including senile dementia
True
True or False Alcoholics often suffer from a "fatty liver" and can die from the resulting liver disease
True
True or False Anabolic steroids can increase muscle size even without resistance training.
True
True or False Caffeine can activate the HPA axis and cause some symptoms related to stress and the fight-or-flight response
True
True or False Certain resistance exercise protocols can increase the release of HGH, even in older males.
True
True or False Cigarette smoking is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths per year in the United States
True
True or False Creatine kinase transfers the high-energy phosphate from the phosphocreatine to ADP making ATP
True
True or False Erythropoietin increases the survival rate of reticulocytes, allowing the number of mature erythrocytes to increase
True
True or False Humans can produce sufficient vitamin D if they get adequate sunshine
True
True or False Improved oxygen delivery keeps muscles from depending on anaerobic metabolism, decrease the buildup of lactate, and could be glycogen sparing.
True
True or False In some years, alcohol-impaired-driving fatalities have accounted for almost one-third of all driving fatalities
True
True or False Levels of endogenous cannabinoids increase during exercise and may contribute to a "runners high"
True
True or False Light-to-moderate alcohol use is associated with a reduced risk for dementia and Alzheimer's disease during aging.
True
True or False Males that take high doses of testosterone can end up with elevated levels of estrogen and breast enlargement.
True
True or False Marijuana has been effective in patients with AIDS and multiple sclerosis.
True
True or False Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke at home or work have increased risk of disease, including cancer and heart disease
True
True or False Once a urine test was developed that could detect the recombinant (drug form) of erythropoietin, samples from a previous race could be tested to determine how many competitors were cheating
True
True or False One of the problems with exercise is that it can greatly stimulate appetite and the individual ends up consuming many more calories than were burned during the activity
True
True or False One of the serious health consequences of vitamin D deficiency is the resulting elevated level of parathyroid hormone
True
True or False Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis is sometimes called the "wear and tear" arthritis
True
True or False Pilots, after having a blood alcohol level of 0.1%, showed significantly poorer performance on flight simulators many hours later
True
True or False Regular consumers of caffeine can experience a withdrawal syndrome if they stop taking caffeine abruptly
True
True or False Research on the ergogenic properties of anabolic steroids is constrained because the large doses taken by athletes and bodybuilders cannot be reproduced in the lab due to ethical considerations.
True
True or False Smoking is the cause of one in five deaths in the United States
True
True or False The receptor that responds to high temperatures also responds to capsaicin, the spice that makes peppers "hot"
True
True or False Too much erythropoietin can increase the hematocrit and blood viscosity to the point where competitive cyclists have died in their sleep
True
True or False Toxicity is associated with taking excessive amounts of vitamin D supplements
True
True or False Training at high altitudes increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, as the person adjusts to the lower oxygen levels in the atmosphere
True
True or False Vitamin C plays a key role in a collagen structure and the health of our joints
True
Nicotine in the pure form is quite toxic, acting as a _______. a. Acetylcholine receptor agonist b. Beta-receptor agonist c. Dopamine antagonist d. Adenosine antagonist e. Muscarinic agonist
a. Acetylcholine receptor agonist
How do anabolic steroids work? a. By binding an intracellular receptor that then binds and regulates DNA b. By activating a calcium channel in the cell membrane c. By binding a cell surface receptor that increases cellular levels of cyclic AMP d. By entering mitochondria and activating ATP synthesis e. By interacting directly with ribosomes to increase the synthesis of muscle proteins
a. By binding an intracellular receptor that then binds and regulates DNA
Moderate drinking for a woman is defined as which of the following? a. One drink per day b. Two drinks per day c. Three drinks per day d. No more than three drinks every other day e. Three drinks per day if spread over at least six hours
a. One drink per day
During exercise, what can caffeine do? a. Significantly increase VO2Max b. Cause a lower RPE c. Significantly raise calcium levels in skeletal muscle d. Only improve endurance performance, with no effect on short burst activity e. increase the sensitivity to pain
a. Significantly increase VO2Max
The first endogenous ligand for the endocannabinoid system, discovered in 1992, is called ____________
anandamide
An _________ transfusion involves reinfusion of blood or blood components into the same individual that originally donated them
autologous
The first successful blood doping experiment confirmed which principle? a. Exercise capacity is dependent, in part, on oxygen utilization. b. Exercise capacity is dependent, in part, on oxygen delivery. c. Catecholamine response is essential in exercise performance. d. Training increases the microvasculature to skeletal muscle. ATP production can be independent of oxygen content during anaerobic metabolism
b. Exercise capacity is dependent, in part, on oxygen delivery.
1. Steroid hormones used to build muscle mass are related to _______, whereas steroid hormones used as anti-inflammatory drugs are related to ____________. a. Epinephrine; thyroxin b. Testosterone; corticosteroids c. Cortisol; aldosterone d. Vitamin D; vitamin A e. IGF-1; HGH
b. Testosterone; corticosteroids
When caffeine is at blood levels consistent with normal (non-excessive) consumption, it probably does which of the following? a. Stimulates cyclic AMP production b. Enhances calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum c. Acts as an adenosine antagonist d. Increases mitochondrial ATP production e. Activates excitatory glutamate receptors in the brain
c. Acts as an adenosine antagonist
The test that measures the percentage of volume of whole blood composed of red blood cells, and is used for blood doping, is called a _____________.
hematocrit
Elimination of this factor in the rodent brain produces anorexia
neuropeptide Y
To drive legally in most states, BAC should not exceed 0.08. BAC stands for ___________
Blood Alcohol Content
True or False Less than 5 percent of the adult population in the United States admits to binge drinking over the course of a year
False
True or False Long-term consumption of coffee has been shown to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
False
True or False Caffeine has been removed from the WADA Prohibited List, and is no longer tested or monitored
False
True or False Caffeine is a potent diuretic, and it is common for endurance athletes that take caffeine to suffer from dehydration and over-heat
False
True or False Collagen is important to the extracellular matrix because it binds 50 times its weight in water
False
True or False Creatine is considered an ergogenic ai and is on the WADA Prohibited List
False
True or False Fish oil supplements are potentially dangerous because of high mercury and PBC/dioxin contamination
False
True or False For every increase in dose of caffeine, there is an equivalent and predictable matching increase in blood levels of epinephrine
False
True or False Growth hormone levels increase as we age and contribute to the age-related increase in cancer.
False
True or False HGH use has escalated as determined by the increase in the number of positive urine tests at the Olympics
False
True or False It is important to have a diet rich in omega-6 fats compared to omega-3 fats to ensure proper growth and maintain muscle strength
False
True or False Laws limiting smoking in public places have had no effect on levels of nicotine detected in nonsmokers
False
Which of the following is true regarding essential nutrients and vitamins? a. They are made and stored in our bodies because they are critical to our health b. They prevent or cure the pathology associated with their deficiency c. They can cure a wide variety of diseases, such as the common cold d. They must be obtained in pill form in order to get sufficient quantities e. They can significantly improve exercise performance when taken at least twice the daily recommended amount
a. They are made and stored in our bodies because they are critical to our health
When cells in the kidney sense low oxygen levels, what happens? a. They increase erythropoietin production. b. They decrease erythropoietin production. c. They become hypersensitive to adrenaline. d. They activate pathways to make more ATP. e. They increase blood flow to the lungs.
a. They increase erythropoietin production.
Chemically, caffeine and theophylline are considered which of the following? a. Xanthine alkaloids b. Calcium channel antagonists c. Cyclic amp analogues d. ATP mimics e. None of the above
a. Xanthine alkaloids
Overproduction of HGH or overuse of it as a drug can lead to ____________
acromegaly
Excessive or maladaptive alcohol use is a form of alcohol dependence and is called _________
alcoholism
Besides all the cancer-causing chemicals, one of the most dominant negative effects of cigarette smoke, especially for competitors, is due to which of the following? a. Carbon dioxide b. Nitric oxide c. Carbon monoxide d. Menthol e. Oxygen free radicals
c. Carbon monoxide
Increased essential omega-3 fatty acid consumption correlates with which of the following? a. Significant decreases in blood levels of HDL b. Increases in blood levels of LDL c. Decreases in blood levels of triglycerides d. Lower blood sugar e. Weight gain
c. Decreases in blood levels of triglycerides
Growth hormone causes __________, whereas anabolic steroid hormones cause _________. a. Inflammation; feminization b. Hyperlipidemia; dyslipidemia c. Hyperplasia; hypertrophy d. Hyperactivity; plasticity e. Cancer; infertility
c. Hyperplasia; hypertrophy
Where is most of the body's creatine found? a. The liver b. The kidneys c. Skeletal muscle d. The lungs e. The adrenal gland
c. Skeletal muscle
The essential omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory action, in part, because: a. They are potent inhibitors of COX-1 and COX-2 b. They cause the rapid degradation of prostaglandins c. They are converted into resolvins that help resolve inflammation d. They lower temperature through anti-pyretic mechanisms e. The cause desensitization of critical receptors in the inflammatory response
c. They are converted into resolvins that help resolve inflammation
How does caffeine promote wakefulness? a. By suppressing the HPA axis b. By acting as a powerful sympathomimetic c. By its extensive effects on metabolism, primarily in the liver d. By blocking adenosine's ability to cause drowsiness e. By helping promote oxygen delivery to sensitive tissues
d. By blocking adenosine's ability to cause drowsiness
Which of the following is NOT part of the extracellular matrix in humans? a. Hyaluronic acid b. Glucosamine c. Chondroitin sulfate d. Cellulose e. Collagen
d. Cellulose
What is HGH (human growth hormone)? a. Steroid related to testosterone b. Calcium agonist c. Catecholamine d. Peptide hormone e. Hormone that becomes active following renin treatment
d. Peptide hormone
Which of the following is not supported by research on the effects of creatine? a. improved by upper-body strength b. improved repetitive-bout exercise tasks of less than 30 seconds c. improved lean body mass d. swimming or running performance e. improved the amount of mass lifted and force generated
d. swimming or running performance
Dietary fiber helps maintain which of the following? a. a healthy weight b. lowers the risk of diabetes c. lowers the risk of heart disease d. prevents or relieves constipation e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Acute alcohol intake results in which of the following? a. It causes cutaneous vessels to dilate and increases heat radiation b. It increases resting heart rate and blood pressure c. It causes ergolytic effects on the CNS and peripheral nervous system d. It suppresses ventilatory adaptation e. All the above
e. All the above
Anabolic steroids are used legally for which disease or condition? a. Hypogonadism b. Breast cancer c. Angioneurotic edema d. AIDS-related cachexia (wasting disease) e. All the above
e. All the above
Secondary effects of anabolic steroid use include which of the following? a. Hepatotoxicity b. Left ventricular hypertrophy c. Poor HDL and LD ratios d. Problems with sex drive and aggression e. All the above
e. All the above
What do smokers suffer from? a. Shortness of breath b. An increased risk of injury c. Slower healing times d. Atherosclerotic lesions e. All the above
e. All the above
Which of the following are NOT a common withdrawal symptom associated with quitting smoking? a. Anxiety b. Irritability and anger issues c. Insomnia d. Difficulty concentrating e. Rapid weight loss
e. Rapid weight loss
These modified lipid molecules increase when fasting and decrease during satiety
endocannabinoids
This hormone produced in the gut stimulates appetite and hunger
ghrelin
This hormone stimulates neuropeptide Y and increases food intake
ghrelin
Levels of this hormone and its control of appetite are dependent on sleep duration
leptin
Many obese people have elevated levels of this, suggesting that they have become resistant to its action
leptin
This hormone suppresses neuropeptide Y and food intake
leptin
This hormone's level increases proportionally to BMI and percent body fat
leptin