Pharmacology
When starting a patient on antidysrhythmic therapy, the nurse will remember that which problem is a potential adverse effect of any antidysrhythmic drug? A. Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins B. Hyperkalemia C. Heart failure D. Dysrhythmias
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A patient is taking a xanthine derivative as part of treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The nurse will monitor for adverse effects associated with the use of xanthine derivatives, such as A. diarrhea. B. palpitations. C. bradycardia. D. drowsiness.
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A patient is taking an alpha blocker as treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The nurse will monitor for which potential drug effect? A. Orthostatic hypotension B. Increased blood pressure C. Decreased urine flow D. Discolored urine
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ANS: A Increased heart rate is one of the effects of adrenergic drugs. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation also results in bronchodilation, dilated pupils, and decreased gastrointestinal mobility, depending upon which receptors are stimulated.
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ANS: A Infection with Bacillus anthracis, the cause of anthrax, can occur via three routes of exposure: cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalation. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Cell cycle-nonspecific drugs kill cancer cells during any phase of the growth cycle, whereas cell cycle-specific drugs kill cancer cells during specific phases of the cell growth cycle. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Cevimeline is a direct-acting cholinergic drug that is used to stimulate salivation in patients who have xerostomia (dry mouth), one of the manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Cholinergic-blocking eyedrops cause dilation of the pupil (mydriasis) and paralysis of the ocular lens (cycloplegia), both of which are important for eye surgery. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Cigarette cravings may persist for months after nicotine withdrawal. The other statements are false.
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ANS: B Cisplatin may cause nephrotoxicity, and the patient's renal function must be monitored closely while on this drug. Ensuring hydration will help to prevent nephrotoxicity.
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ANS: B Common adverse reactions associated with amantadine include dizziness, insomnia, and nausea. The other effects may occur with other antiparkinson drugs.
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ANS: B Common uses of echinacea include stimulation of the immune system, antisepsis, treatment of viral infections and influenza-like respiratory tract infections, and promotion of the healing of wounds and chronic ulcerations. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Contraindications to potassium replacement products include hyperkalemia from any cause. It is important to know the patient's electrolyte levels before beginning electrolyte replacement therapy. Giving potassium supplements to a patient whose serum potassium levels are already high may cause worsening of the hyperkalemia. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Contraindications to the administration of glucocorticoids include drug allergy and may include cataracts, glaucoma, peptic ulcer disease, mental health problems, and diabetes mellitus. The other options are indications for glucocorticoids.
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ANS: B Corticosteroids can antagonize the hypoglycemic effects of insulin, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Deficient knowledge related to lack of experience with medication therapy is a potential nursing diagnosis for a patient receiving antidysrhythmics. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Depo-Provera is a progestin-only injectable contraceptive that is given by the intramuscular route. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Desmopressin is used to prevent or control polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria, and dehydration in patients with diabetes insipidus. The symptoms are caused by a deficiency of endogenous antidiuretic hormone. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Drugs that interact with alpha blockers such as tamsulosin include erectile dysfunction drugs; additive hypotensive effects may occur. The other drugs do not interact with tamsulosin.
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ANS: B During the administration of adrenergic drugs, adverse effects such as cardiac irregularities, hypertension, and tachycardia may occur. Stopping the drug should cause the toxic symptoms to subside quickly because of the drug's short half-life.
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ANS: B Dyskinesia is the difficulty in performing voluntary movements that is experienced by some patients with Parkinson's disease. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Elevated blood pressure, chest pain or palpitations, anxiety, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are potential adverse effects of ginseng. Drowsiness, difficulty with urination, and constipation are not potential adverse effects of ginseng.
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ANS: B Epinephrine is the drug of choice for the treatment of anaphylaxis. The other drugs listed are incorrect choices.
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ANS: B Even if a patient has a known allergic reaction to a given antineoplastic medication, the urgency of treating the patient's cancer may still necessitate administering the medication and then treating any allergic symptoms with supportive medications, such as antihistamines, corticosteroids, and acetaminophen.
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ANS: B Even though some beta blockers may be used for the treatment of some types of heart failure, the patient needs to be assessed often for the development of heart failure, a potential adverse effect of the drugs. These symptoms do not indicate expected adverse effects, an allergic reaction, or a therapeutic response.
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ANS: B Facial erythema, weight gain, hirsutism, and "moon face" (characteristic of Cushing's syndrome) are possible body changes that may occur with long-term prednisone therapy.
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ANS: B Feverfew is commonly used for migraine headaches, menstrual problems, arthritis, and fever. Possible adverse effects include muscle stiffness and muscle and joint pain.
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ANS: B Fibric acid derivatives may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, and dizziness. Other effects are listed in Table 27- The other options are not adverse effects of fibric acid derivatives.
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ANS: B Finasteride is given to reduce prostate size in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. It has been noted that men taking this medication experience increased hair growth. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Finasteride must not be handled by pregnant women because of its teratogenic effects. It is taken orally and without regard to meals. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Flumazenil (Romazicon), a benzodiazepine antidote, can be used to acutely reverse the sedative effects of benzodiazepines. Hemodialysis is not useful for benzodiazepine overdose, and naloxone is used for opioid overdose, not benzodiazepine overdose. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are not appropriate because the patient is still responsive and breathing on his own.
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ANS: B Flunitrazepam is a benzodiazepine that has recently gained popularity as a recreational drug and is commonly called roofies (the "date-rape" drug). The other drugs are not known as roofies.
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ANS: B For a patient in shock, a primary benefit of an adrenergic agonist drug is to increase blood pressure. A drug in this category should not be used in place of volume restoration, nor does it provide volume restoration (IV fluids do this). Adrenergic agonists may enhance urine output if cardiac output and perfusion to the kidneys increase. These drugs do not reduce anxiety.
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ANS: B Frequent, long-term, or excessive use of nasal decongestants may lead to rebound congestion if used beyond the recommended time. The other instructions are incorrect.
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ANS: B Ganciclovir is indicated for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Acyclovir is used for herpes simplex types 1 and 2, herpes zoster, and chickenpox; amantadine is used for influenza type A; and zanamivir is used for influenza types A and B.
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ANS: C The antidote for neuromuscular blocking drugs is an anticholinesterase drug, such as neostigmine. Neostigmine reverses the effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs. The other drugs listed are not antidotes for neuromuscular blocking drugs.
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ANS: C The loop diuretics have a rapid onset of action; therefore, they are useful when rapid onset is desired. Their effect lasts for about 2 hours, and a distinct advantage they have over thiazide diuretics is that their diuretic action continues even when creatinine clearance decreases below 25 mL/min.
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ANS: D Dopamine is available only as an IV injectable drug and is given by continuous infusion, using an infusion pump. The other options are incorrect.
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An ergot alkaloid is prescribed for a patient who is having frequent migraine headaches. The nurse provides information to the patient about the medication and tells the patient to contact the prescriber if which problem occurs? A. Nervousness B. Dizziness C. Chest pain D. Nausea and vomiting
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When monitoring a patient's response to interferon therapy, the nurse notes that the major dose-limiting factor for interferon therapy is which condition? A. Diarrhea B. Fatigue C. Anxiety D. Nausea and vomiting
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When monitoring a patient's response to oral antidiabetic drugs, the nurse knows that which laboratory result would indicate a therapeutic response? A. Random blood glucose level above 170 mg/dL B. Blood glucose level of less than 50 mg/dL after meals C. Fasting blood glucose level between 70 and 100 mg/dL D. Evening blood glucose level below 80 mg/dL
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When monitoring patients on antitubercular drug therapy, the nurse knows that which drug may cause a decrease in visual acuity? A. rifampin (Rifadin) B. isoniazid (INH) C. ethambutol (Myambutol) D. streptomycin
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When reviewing patients' histories, the nurse recognizes that which patient would be a likely candidate for drug therapy for cholesterol reduction? A. A patient who has coronary heart disease and an LDL level of 100 mg/dL B. A patient who has one risk factor, an LDL level of 170 mg/dL, and no history of coronary heart disease C. A patient who has coronary heart disease and an LDL level of 165 mg/dL D. A patient who has two risk factors and a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level of 100 mg/dL, without coronary heart disease
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When reviewing the allergy history of a patient, the nurse notes that the patient is allergic to penicillin. Based on this finding, the nurse would question an order for which class of antibiotics? A. Tetracyclines B. Sulfonamides C. Cephalosporins D. Quinolones
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An adrenergic agonist is ordered for a patient in shock. The nurse will note that this drug has had its primary intended effect if which expected outcome occurs? A. Volume restoration B. Increased blood pressure C. Decreased urine output D. Reduced anxiety
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An elderly female patient is receiving the progestin drug megestrol (Megace). Which is the most likely reason megestrol is ordered for this patient? A. Migraine headaches B. Osteoporosis C. Appetite stimulant D. Reduction of hot flashes
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An elderly patient had gastric surgery due to a gastrointestinal bleed 3 days ago, and he has been stable since the surgery. This evening, his daughter tells the nurse, "He seems to be more confused this afternoon. He's never been like this. What could be the problem?" The nurse reviews the patient's medication record and suspects that which drug could be the cause of the patient's confusion? A. cimetidine (Tagamet) B. pantoprazole (Protonix) C. clarithromycin (Biaxin) D. sucralfate (Carafate)
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An elderly patient tells the nurse that he uses aspirin for "anything that hurts." The nurse will assess for which most common signs of chronic salicylate intoxication in adults? A. Photosensitivity and nervousness B. Tinnitus and hearing loss C. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding and anorexia D. Hyperventilation and central nervous system (CNS) effects
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An elderly patient will be taking a vasodilator for hypertension. Which adverse effect is of most concern for the older adult patient taking this class of drug? A. Dry mouth B. Restlessness C. Constipation D. Hypotension
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When reviewing the drugs taken by a patient who will be starting thyroid replacement preparations, the nurse notes that an interaction may occur with which of these drugs? A. Vitamin supplements B. Antibiotics C. Oral antidiabetic drugs D. Beta blockers
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When reviewing the health history of a patient who will be receiving antacids, the nurse recalls that antacids containing magnesium need to be used cautiously in patients with which condition? A. Peptic ulcer disease B. Renal failure C. Hypertension D. Heart failure
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When reviewing the health history of a patient, the nurse will note that a potential contraindication to potassium supplements exists if the patient has which problem? A. Burns B. Diarrhea C. Renal disease D. Cardiac tachydysrhythmias
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When reviewing the laboratory values of a patient who is taking antithyroid drugs, the nurse will monitor for which adverse effect? A. Decreased glucose levels B. Decreased white blood cell count C. Increased red blood cell count D. Increased platelet count
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When reviewing the mechanisms of action of diuretics, the nurse knows that which statement is true about loop diuretics? A. They work by inhibiting aldosterone. B. They are very potent, having a diuretic effect that lasts at least 6 hours. C. They have a rapid onset of action and cause rapid diuresis. D. They are not effective when the creatinine clearance decreases below 25 mL/min.
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When reviewing the medication orders for a patient who is taking penicillin, the nurse notes that the patient is also taking the oral anticoagulant warfarin (Coumadin). What possible effect may occur as the result of an interaction between these drugs? A. The penicillin will cause an enhanced anticoagulant effect of the warfarin. B. The penicillin will cause the anticoagulant effect of the warfarin to decrease. C. The warfarin will reduce the antiinfective action of the penicillin. D. The warfarin will increase the effectiveness of the penicillin.
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When reviewing the medication profile of a patient with a new order for desmopressin (DDAVP), the nurse notes that a drug interaction will occur if which drug is taken with desmopressin? A. aspirin B. digoxin C. lithium D. penicillin
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ANS: D Donepezil is used to treat mild to moderate dementia occurring in Alzheimer's disease and may improve the symptoms of the disease.
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ANS: B Opioid withdrawal can be managed with either methadone or clonidine (Catapres). Diazepam and disulfiram are used for treatment of alcoholism, and bupropion is used to assist with smoking cessation.
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A 79-year-old patient is receiving a quinolone as treatment for a complicated incision infection. The nurse will monitor for which adverse effect that is associated with these drugs? A. Neuralgia B. Double vision C. Hypotension D. Tendonitis and tendon rupture
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ANS: B Oxytocin is used to induce labor at or near full-term gestation and to enhance labor when uterine contractions are weak and ineffective.
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A patient has a urinary tract infection. The nurse knows that which class of drugs is especially useful for such infections? A. Macrolides B. Carbapenems C. Sulfonamides D. Tetracyclines
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A 10-year-old patient will be started on methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin) therapy. The nurse will perform which essential baseline assessment before this drug is started? A. Eye examination B. Height and weight C. Liver studies D. Hearing test
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A 12-month-old infant has received an MMR II (measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine), and her mother calls the clinic that afternoon to ask about helping her fussy infant to "feel better." What will the nurse suggest? A. Apply an ice pack to the injection site. B. Apply warm compresses to the injection site. C. Observe the site for further swelling and redness. D. Bring the infant in to the emergency department for an immediate examination.
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A patient has an infestation with flukes. The nurse anticipates the use of which drug to treat this infestation? A. praziquantel (Biltricide) B. pyrantel (Pin-X) C. metronidazole (Flagyl) D. ivermectin (Stromectol)
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A 14-year-old patient has been treated for asthma for almost 4 months. Two weeks ago, she was given salmeterol as part of her medication regimen. However, her mother has called the clinic to report that it does not seem to work when her daughter is having an asthma attack. Which response by the nurse is appropriate? A. "It takes time for a therapeutic response to develop." B. "She is too young for this particular medication; it will be changed." C. "She needs to take up to two puffs every 4 hours to ensure adequate blood levels." D. "This medication is indicated for prevention of bronchospasms, not for relief of acute symptoms."
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A 16-year-old boy who is taking somatropin comes into the office because he had an asthma attack during a race at school. Because of this new development, the nurse expects which intervention to occur next? A. He will need to stop participating in school physical education classes. B. The somatropin must be discontinued immediately. C. The somatropin dosage may be adjusted. D. His growth will be documented and monitored for changes.
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A 19-year-old student was diagnosed with hypothyroidism and has started thyroid replacement therapy with levothyroxine (Synthroid). After 1 week, she called the clinic to report that she does not feel better. Which response from the nurse is correct? A. "It will probably require surgery for a cure to happen." B. "The full therapeutic effects may not occur for 3 to 4 weeks." C. "Is it possible that you did not take your medication as instructed?" D. "Let's review your diet; it may be causing absorption problems."
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A 19-year-old woman has been diagnosed with hypothyroidism and has started thyroid replacement therapy with levothyroxine (Synthroid). After 6 months, she calls the nurse to say that she feels better and wants to stop the medication. Which response by the nurse is correct? A. "You can stop the medication if your symptoms have improved." B. "You need to stay on the medication for at least 1 year before a decision about stopping it can be made." C. "You need to stay on this medication until you become pregnant." D. "Medication therapy for hypothyroidism is usually lifelong, and you should not stop taking the medication."
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A 21-year-old male athlete admits to using androgenic steroids. The nurse tells him that which of these is a possible adverse effect of these drugs? A. Liver damage B. Renal failure C. Heart failure D. Stevens-Johnson syndrome
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A 22-year-old nursing student has been taking NoDoz (caffeine) tablets for the past few weeks to "make it through" the end of the semester and exam week. She is in the university clinic today because she is "exhausted." What nursing diagnosis may be appropriate for her? A. Noncompliance B. Impaired physical mobility C. Sleep deprivation D. Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
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A 22-year-old patient has been taking lithium for 1 year, and the most recent lithium level is 9 mEq/L. Which statement about the laboratory result is correct? A. The lithium level is therapeutic. B. The lithium level is too low. C. This lithium level is too high. D. Lithium is not usually monitored with blood levels.
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A 29-year-old male patient is admitted to the intensive care unit with the following symptoms: restlessness, hyperactive reflexes, talkativeness, confusion and periods of panic and euphoria, tachycardia, and fever. The nurse suspects that he may be experiencing the effects of taking which substance? A. Opioids B. Alcohol C. Stimulants D. Depressants
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A 30-year-old woman is in the clinic for her yearly gynecologic exam and asks the nurse about the "new vaccine that prevents HPV." She wants to receive the papillomavirus vaccine (Gardasil). Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? A. "This vaccine is recommended for women 13 to 26 years of age." B. "We will need to make sure you are not pregnant first." C. "There will be a total of three injections." D. "I will check with your health care provider and then get the first dose of the vaccine ready."
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A 38-year-old male patient stopped smoking 6 months ago. He tells the nurse that he still feels strong cigarette cravings and wonders if he is ever going to feel "normal" again. Which statement by the nurse is correct? A. "It's possible that these cravings will never stop." B. "These cravings may persist for several months." C. "The cravings tell us that you are still using nicotine." D. "The cravings show that you are about to experience nicotine withdrawal."
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A 38-year-old man has come into the urgent care center with severe hip pain after falling from a ladder at work. He says he has taken several pain pills over the past few hours but cannot remember how many he has taken. He hands the nurse an empty bottle of acetaminophen (Tylenol). The nurse is aware that the most serious toxic effect of acute acetaminophen overdose is which condition? A. Tachycardia B. Central nervous system depression C. Hepatic necrosis D. Nephropathy
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A 45-year-old man has received a series of immunizing drugs in preparation for a trip to a developing country. Within hours, his wife brings him to the emergency department because he has developed edema of the face, tongue, and throat and is having trouble breathing. The nurse suspects that, based on the patient's history and symptoms, he is experiencing which condition? A. Serum sickness B. Cross-sensitivity C. Thrombocytopenic purpura D. Adenopathy
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A 49-year-old patient is in the clinic for a follow-up visit 6 months after starting a beta blocker for treatment of hypertension. During this visit, his blood pressure is 169/98 mm Hg, and he eventually confesses that he stopped taking this medicine 2 months ago because of an "embarrassing problem." What problem did the patient most likely experience with this medication that caused him to stop taking it? A. Urge incontinence B. Dizziness when standing up C. Excessive flatus D. Impotence
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A 50-year-old man who has been taking phenobarbital for 1 week is found very lethargic and unable to walk after eating out for dinner. His wife states that he has no other prescriptions and that he did not take an overdose-the correct number of pills is in the bottle. The nurse suspects that which of the following may have happened? A. He took a multivitamin. B. He drank a glass of wine. C. He took a dose of aspirin. D. He developed an allergy to the drug.
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A 51-year-old woman will be taking selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) as part of treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. The nurse reviews potential contraindications, including which condition? A. Hypocalcemia B. Breast cancer C. Stress fractures D. Venous thromboembolism
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A 57-year-old woman being treated for end-stage breast cancer has been using a transdermal opioid analgesic as part of the management of pain. Lately, she has been experiencing breakthrough pain. The nurse expects this type of pain to be managed by A. administering NSAIDs. B. administering an immediate-release opioid. C. changing the opioid route to the rectal route. D. not changing the current therapy.
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A 58-year-old man has had a myocardial infarction (MI), has begun rehabilitation, and is ready for discharge. He is given a prescription for metoprolol (Lopressor) and becomes upset after reading the patient education pamphlet. "I don't have high blood pressure-why did my doctor give me this medicine?" Which explanation by the nurse is correct? A. "This medication will prevent blood clots that may lead to another heart attack." B. "Beta blockers will improve blood flow to the kidneys." C. "This drug is prescribed to prevent the high blood pressure that often occurs after a heart attack." D. "Studies have shown that this medication has greatly increased survival rates in patients who have had a heart attack."
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A 6-year-old boy has been started on an extended-release form of methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin) for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). During a follow-up visit, his mother tells the nurse that she has been giving the medication at bedtime so that it will be "in his system" when he goes to school the next morning. What is the nurse's appropriate evaluation of the mother's actions? A. She is giving him the medication dosage appropriately. B. The medication should not be taken until he is at school. C. The medication should be taken with meals for optimal absorption. D. The medication should be given 4 to 6 hours before bedtime to diminish insomnia.
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A 6-year-old child who has chickenpox also has a fever of 19° F (4° C). The child's mother asks the nurse if she should use aspirin to reduce the fever. What is the best response by the nurse? A. "It's best to wait to see if the fever gets worse." B. "You can use the aspirin, but watch for worsening symptoms." C. "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) should be used to reduce his fever, not aspirin." D. "You can use aspirin, but be sure to follow the instructions on the bottle."
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A 62-year-old man is to receive lidocaine as treatment for a symptomatic dysrhythmia. Upon assessment, the nurse notes that he has a history of alcoholism and has late-stage liver failure. The nurse will expect which adjustments to his drug therapy? A. The dosage will be reduced by 50%. B. A diuretic will be added to the lidocaine. C. The lidocaine will be changed to an oral dosage form. D. An increased dosage of lidocaine will be prescribed so as to obtain adequate blood levels.
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A 63-year-old male patient is scheduled for a physical examination, and he tells the nurse that he wants to start taking a vitamin formula that includes saw palmetto for prostate health. Which is the nurse's best response? A. "I've heard many good things about saw palmetto." B. "It's not a good idea to start herbal therapy at your age." C. "There are very few adverse effects with saw palmetto therapy." D. "The doctor will need to draw some blood and do a digital rectal exam first."
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A 72-year-old man has a new prescription for an anticholinergic drug. He is an active man and enjoys outdoor activities, such as golfing and doing his own yard work. What will the nurse emphasize to him during the teaching session about his drug therapy? A. Drowsiness may interfere with his outdoor activities. B. Increased salivation may occur during exercise and outside activities. C. Fluid volume deficits may occur as a result of an increased incidence of diarrhea. D. He will need to take measures to reduce the occurrence of heat stroke during his activities.
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A 72-year-old patient is to receive a pneumococcal vaccine, polyvalent (Pneumovax 23). The nurse recognizes that which statement about this vaccine is true? A. It is given by subcutaneous injection. B. It is given by deep intramuscular injection. C. The patient will have to return for a total of three injections. D. It is given yearly to provide immunization against current strains of pneumococcal bacteria.
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A 73-year-old male patient is in the clinic for a yearly physical and is asking for a prescription for sildenafil (Viagra). He has listed on his health history that he is taking a nitrate for angina. The nurse is aware that which problem may occur if sildenafil is taken with a nitrate? A. Significant increase in pulse rate B. Significant decrease in blood pressure C. Increased risk of bleeding D. Reduced effectiveness of the sildenafil
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A 74-year-old professional golfer has chest pain that occurs toward the end of his golfing games. He says the pain usually goes away after 1 or 2 sublingual nitroglycerin tablets and rest. What type of angina is he experiencing? A. Classic B. Variant C. Unstable D. Prinzmetal's
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A 75-year-old woman comes into the clinic with complaints of muscle twitching, nausea, and headache. She tells the nurse that she has been taking sodium bicarbonate 5 or 6 times a day for the past 3 weeks. The nurse will assess for which potential problem that may occur with overuse of sodium bicarbonate? A. Constipation B. Metabolic acidosis C. Metabolic alkalosis D. Excessive gastric mucus
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A 75-year-old woman has been given a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The nurse is reviewing the patient's medication history and notes that which types of medications could have an interaction with the NSAID? (Select all that apply.) A. Antibiotics B. Decongestants C. Anticoagulants D. Beta blockers E. Diuretics F. Corticosteroids
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A 75-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes has recently been placed on glyburide (Diabeta), 10 mg daily. She asks the nurse when the best time would be to take this medication. What is the nurse's best response? A. "Take this medication in the morning, 30 minutes before breakfast." B. "Take this medication in the evening with a snack." C. "This medication needs to be taken after the midday meal." D. "It does not matter what time of day you take this medication."
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A 78-year-old patient is in the recovery room after having a lengthy surgery on his hip. As he is gradually awakening, he requests pain medication. Within 10 minutes after receiving a dose of morphine sulfate, he is very lethargic and his respirations are shallow, with a rate of 7 per minute. The nurse prepares for which priority action at this time? A. Assessment of the patient's pain level B. Immediate intubation and artificial ventilation C. Administration of naloxone (Narcan) D. Close observation of signs of opioid tolerance
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A 79-year-old patient is taking a diuretic for treatment of hypertension. This patient is very independent and wants to continue to live at home. The nurse will know that which teaching point is important for this patient? A. He should take the diuretic with his evening meal. B. He should skip the diuretic dose if he plans to leave the house. C. If he feels dizzy while on this medication, he needs to stop taking it and take potassium supplements instead. D. He needs to take extra precautions when standing up because of possible orthostatic hypotension and resulting injury from falls.
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A beta blocker is prescribed for a patient with angina. The nurse reviews the orders for other drugs that may interact with the beta blocker. Which drugs or drug classes are known to have an interaction with a beta blocker? (Select all that apply.) A. Diuretics B. Anticholinergics C. Penicillins D. Oral hypoglycemics E. Alcohol F. Anticoagulants
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A calcium channel blocker (CCB) is prescribed for a patient, and the nurse provides instructions to the patient about the medication. Which instruction is correct? A. Chew the tablet for faster release of the medication. B. To increase the effect of the drug, take it with grapefruit juice. C. If the adverse effects of chest pain, fainting, or dyspnea occur, discontinue the medication immediately. D. A high-fiber diet with plenty of fluids will help prevent the constipation that may occur.
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A cholinergic drug is prescribed for a patient with a new diagnosis of myasthenia gravis, and the nurse provides instructions to the patient about the medication. What is important to include in the teaching? A. Take the medication with meals to avoid gastrointestinal distress. B. Give daytime doses close together for maximal therapeutic effect. C. Take the medication 30 minutes before eating to improve swallowing and chewing. D. Take the medication only if difficulty swallowing occurs during a meal.
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A cholinergic drug is prescribed for a patient. The nurse checks the patient's medical history, knowing that this drug is contraindicated in which disorders? (Select all that apply.) A. Bladder atony B. Gastrointestinal obstruction C. Bradycardia D. Alzheimer's disease E. Hypotension F. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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A factory worker has been admitted to the emergency department after an industrial accident involving organophosphate insecticides. The nurse will prepare to administer which drug? A. pilocarpine (Salagen) B. bethanechol (Urecholine) C. pyridostigmine (Mestinon) D. tacrine (Cognex)
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A female patient is receiving palliative therapy with androgen hormones as part of treatment for inoperable breast cancer. The nurse will discuss with the patient which potential body image changes that may occur as adverse effects? A. Hirsutism and acne B. Weight gain C. Flushing and hot flashes D. Alopecia and body odor
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A gardener needs a decongestant because of seasonal allergy problems and asks the nurse whether he should take an oral form or a nasal spray. The nurse's answer considers that one benefit of orally administered decongestants is A. immediate onset. B. a more potent effect. C. lack of rebound congestion. D. shorter duration.
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A glucocorticoid is prescribed for a patient. The nurse checks the patient's medical history knowing that glucocorticoid therapy is contraindicated in which disorder? A. Cerebral edema B. Peptic ulcer disease C. Tuberculous meningitis D. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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A hospitalized patient is experiencing a severe anaphylactic reaction to a dose of intravenous penicillin. Which drug will the nurse expect to use to treat this condition? A. Ephedra B. Epinephrine C. Phenylephrine D. Pseudoephedrine
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A laxative has been ordered for a patient. The nurse checks the patient's medical history and would be concerned if which condition is present? A. High ammonia levels due to liver failure B. Diverticulosis C. Abdominal pain of unknown origin D. Chronic constipation
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A mother brings her toddler into the emergency department and tells the nurse that she thinks the toddler has eaten an entire bottle of chewable aspirin tablets. The nurse will assess for which most common signs of salicylate intoxication in children? A. Photosensitivity and nervousness B. Tinnitus and hearing loss C. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding D. Hyperventilation and drowsiness
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A nurse is providing teaching for a patient who will be taking varenicline (Chantix) as part of a smoking-cessation program. Which teaching points are appropriate for a patient taking this medication? (Select all that apply.) A. This drug is available as a chewing gum that can be taken to reduce cravings. B. Use caution when driving because drowsiness may be a problem. C. There have been very few adverse effects reported for this drug. D. Notify the prescriber immediately if feelings of sadness or thoughts of suicide occur. E. Avoid caffeine while on this drug.
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A nurse is working in an immunization clinic. A new colleague asks, "When is the first dose of the diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DtaP, Daptacel) given?" The nurse knows that this series is started at what age? A. At birth B. 6 weeks C. 3 months D. 1 year
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A patient about to receive a morning dose of digoxin has an apical pulse of 53 beats/minute. What will the nurse do next? A. Administer the dose. B. Administer the dose, and notify the prescriber. C. Check the radial pulse for 1 full minute. D. Withhold the dose, and notify the prescriber.
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A patient arrives at the urgent care center complaining of leg pain after a fall when rock climbing. The x-rays show no broken bones, but he has a large bruise on his thigh. The patient says he drives a truck and does not want to take anything strong because he needs to stay awake. Which statement by the nurse is most appropriate? A. "It would be best for you not to take anything if you are planning to drive your truck." B. "We will discuss with your doctor about taking an opioid because that would work best for your pain." C. "You can take acetaminophen, also known as Tylenol, for pain, but no more than 1000 mg per day." D. "You can take acetaminophen, also known as Tylenol, for pain, but no more than 3000 mg per day."
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A patient arrives in the emergency department with severe chest pain. The patient reports that the pain has been occurring off and on for a week now. Which assessment finding would indicate the need for cautious use of nitrates and nitrites? A. Blood pressure of 88/62 mm Hg B. Apical pulse rate of 110 beats/min C. History of renal disease D. History of a myocardial infarction 2 years ago
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A patient asks about his cancer treatment with monoclonal antibodies. The nurse tells him that which is the major advantage of treating certain cancers with monoclonal antibodies? A. They will help the patient improve more quickly than will other antineoplastic drugs. B. They are more effective against metastatic tumors. C. Monoclonal antibodies target certain tumor cells and bypass normal cells. D. There are fewer incidences of opportunistic infections with monoclonal antibodies.
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A patient asks the nurse about the difference between diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil) and the over-the-counter drug loperamide (Imodium). Which response by the nurse is correct? A. "Lomotil acts faster than Imodium." B. "Imodium does not cause physical dependence." C. "Lomotil is available in suppository form." D. "Imodium is a natural antidiarrheal drug."
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A patient asks the nurse about the uses of echinacea. Which use will the nurse include in the response? A. Memory enhancement B. Boosting the immune system C. Improving mood D. Promoting relaxation
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A patient calls the clinic office saying that the cholestyramine (Questran) powder he started yesterday clumps and sticks to the glass when he tries to mix it. The nurse will suggest what method for mixing this medication for administration? A. Mix the powder in a carbonated soda drink to dissolve it faster. B. Add the powder to any liquid, and stir vigorously to dissolve it quickly. C. Mix the powder with food or fruit, or at least 4 to 6 ounces of fluid. D. Sprinkle the powder into a spoon and take it dry, followed by a glass of water.
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A patient calls the clinic to ask about taking a glucosamine-chondroitin supplement for arthritis. The nurse reviews the medication history and notes that there will be a concern for drug interactions if the patient is also taking medications for which disorder? A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus B. Hypothyroidism C. Hypertension D. Angina
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A patient calls the clinic to speak to the nurse about taking an herbal product that contains ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) to "help my memory." He states that he has read much information about the herbal product. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further education? A. "I know the FDA has not approved this herbal product, but I'd like to try it to see if it helps my memory." B. "I need to watch for possible side effects, such as headaches, or stomach or intestinal upset." C. "I will take aspirin or ibuprofen (Motrin) if I have a headache." D. "Ginkgo may cause increased bleeding, so I'll have to be careful when doing yard work."
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A patient has a 9-year history of a seizure disorder that has been managed well with oral phenytoin (Dilantin) therapy. He is to be NPO (consume nothing by mouth) for surgery in the morning. What will the nurse do about his morning dose of phenytoin? A. Give the same dose intravenously. B. Give the morning dose with a small sip of water. C. Contact the prescriber for another dosage form of the medication. D. Notify the operating room that the medication has been withheld.
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A patient has a deficiency in clotting factors. The nurse will prepare to administer which blood product? A. Albumin B. Cryoprecipitate C. Fresh frozen plasma D. Packed red blood cells (PRBCs)
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A patient has a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. Which statement accurately describes this problem? A. The hypothalamus is not secreting thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), therefore thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is not released from the pituitary gland. B. The pituitary gland is dysfunctional and is not secreting TSH. C. The abnormality is in the thyroid gland itself. D. The abnormality is caused by an insufficient intake of iodine.
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A patient has a digoxin level of 4 ng/mL. The nurse interprets that this level is A. below the therapeutic level. B. within the therapeutic range. C. above the therapeutic level. D. at a toxic level.
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A patient has a new order for a catechol ortho-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor as part of treatment for Parkinson's disease. The nurse recognizes that an advantage of this drug class is that it A. has a shorter duration of action. B. causes less gastrointestinal distress. C. has a slower onset than traditional Parkinson's disease drugs. D. is associated with fewer wearing-off effects.
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A patient has a new order for an ipratropium (Atrovent) inhaler, an anticholinergic drug. The nurse knows to assess for an allergy to which food before giving this drug? A. Shellfish B. Soy products C. Peanuts D. Eggs
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A patient has a new order for the adrenergic drug doxazosin (Cardura). When providing education about this drug, the nurse will include which instructions? A. "Weigh yourself daily, and report any weight loss to your prescriber." B. "Increase your potassium intake by eating more bananas and apricots." C. "The impaired taste associated with this medication usually goes away in 2 to 3 weeks." D. "Be sure to lie down after taking the first dose, because first-dose hypotension may make you dizzy."
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A patient has a new prescription for phentermine (Ionamin) as part of the treatment for weight loss. Which information will the nurse include when teaching this patient about a stimulant such as phentermine? (Select all that apply.) A. Take this medication after meals. B. Take this medication in the morning. C. This drug is taken along with supervised exercise and suitable diet. D. Use mouth rinses, sugarless gum, or hard candies to minimize dry mouth. E. Avoid foods that contain caffeine, such as coffee, tea, and colas.
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A patient has a new prescription for tamsulosin (Flomax) as treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia. The nurse is checking his current medication list and will contact the prescriber regarding a potential interaction if the patient is also taking which drug? A. levothyroxine (Synthroid) for hypothyroidism B. sildenafil (Viagra), an erectile dysfunction medication C. omeprazole (Prilosec), a proton pump inhibitor D. low-dose aspirin for stroke prevention
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A patient has a new prescription for the transdermal form of scopolamine. The nurse knows that this form of scopolamine is used for which condition? A. Angina B. Chronic pain C. Hypertension D. Motion sickness
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A patient has a prescription for oxybutynin (Ditropan), an anticholinergic drug. When reviewing the patient's medical history, which condition, if present, would be considered a contraindication to therapy with this drug? A. Diarrhea B. Hypertension C. Neurogenic bladder D. Uncontrolled angle-closure glaucoma
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A patient has an order for cyclosporine (Sandimmune). The nurse finds that cyclosporine-modified (Neoral) is available in the automated medication cabinet. Which action by the nurse is correct? A. Hold the dose until the prescriber makes rounds. B. Give the cyclosporine-modified drug. C. Double-check the order, and then give the cyclosporine-modified drug. D. Notify the pharmacy to obtain the Sandimmune form of the drug.
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A patient has an order for the monoclonal antibody adalimumab (Humira). The nurse notes that the patient does not have a history of cancer. What is another possible reason for administering this drug? A. Severe anemia B. Rheumatoid arthritis C. Thrombocytopenia D. Osteoporosis
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A patient has been admitted to the emergency department for an overdose of oral benzodiazepines. He is very drowsy but still responsive, with a respiration rate of 12 breaths per minute. The nurse will prepare for which immediate intervention? A. Hemodialysis to remove the medication B. Administration of flumazenil (Romazicon) C. Administration of naloxone (Narcan) D. Intubation and mechanical ventilation
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A patient has been admitted to the emergency department with a suspected overdose of a tricyclic antidepressant. The nurse will prepare for what immediate concern? A. Hypertension B. Renal failure C. Cardiac dysrhythmias D. Gastrointestinal bleeding
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A patient has been advised to add a nasal spray (an adrenergic decongestant) to treat a cold. The nurse will include which instruction? A. "You won't see effects for at least 1 week." B. "Limit use of this spray to 3 to 5 days." C. "Continue the spray until nasal stuffiness has resolved." D. "Avoid use of this spray if a fever develops."
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A patient has been diagnosed with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC). The nurse expects to see orders for which drug? A. dapsone (Cubicin), a miscellaneous antibiotic B. ciprofloxacin (Cipro), a quinolone C. linezolid (Zyvox), an oxazolidinone D. colistimethate sodium (Coly-Mycin), a polypeptide antibiotic
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A patient has been diagnosed with a severe case of inhalational anthrax. The nurse is preparing to implement the medication orders. Which medication is appropriate for inhalational anthrax? A. doxycycline B. ciprofloxacin C. immunoglobulin (BayGam) D. anthrax vaccine
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A patient has been diagnosed with angina and will be given a prescription for sublingual nitroglycerin tablets. When teaching the patient how to use sublingual nitroglycerin, the nurse will include which instruction? A. Take up to five doses at 15-minute intervals for an angina attack. B. If the tablet does not dissolve quickly, chew the tablet for maximal effect. C. If the chest pain is not relieved after one tablet, call 911 immediately. D. Wait 1 minute between doses of sublingual tablets, up to three doses.
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A patient has been diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and is started on the biguanide metformin (Glucophage). The nurse knows that the purpose of the metformin, in this situation, is which of these? A. To increase the pancreatic secretion of insulin B. To decrease insulin resistance C. To increase blood glucose levels D. To decrease the pancreatic secretion of insulin
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A patient has been given a prescription for levodopa-carbidopa (Sinemet) for her newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease. She asks the nurse, "Why are there two drugs in this pill?" The nurse's best response reflects which fact? A. Carbidopa allows for larger doses of levodopa to be given. B. Carbidopa prevents the breakdown of levodopa in the periphery. C. There are concerns about drug-food interactions with levodopa therapy that do not exist with the combination therapy. D. Carbidopa is the biologic precursor of dopamine and can penetrate into the CNS.
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A patient has been given succinylcholine (Anectine) after a severe injury that necessitated controlled ventilation. The physician now wants to reverse the paralysis. The nurse would expect to use which drug to reverse the succinylcholine? A. valium (Diazepam) B. caffeine C. neostigmine (Prostigmin) D. vecuronium (Norcuron)
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A patient has been instructed to take one enteric-coated low-dose aspirin a day as part of therapy to prevent strokes. The nurse will provide which instruction when providing patient teaching about this medication? A. Aspirin needs to be taken on an empty stomach to ensure maximal absorption. B. Low-dose aspirin therapy rarely causes problems with bleeding. C. Take the medication with 6 to 8 ounces of water and food. D. Coated tablets may be crushed if necessary for easier swallowing.
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A patient has been placed on a milrinone (Primacor) infusion as part of the therapy for end-stage heart failure. What adverse effect of this drug will the nurse watch for when assessing this patient during the infusion? A. Hypertension B. Hyperkalemia C. Nausea and vomiting D. Cardiac dysrhythmias
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A patient has been prescribed warfarin (Coumadin) in addition to a heparin infusion. The patient asks the nurse why he has to be on two medications. The nurse's response is based on which rationale? A. The oral and injection forms work synergistically. B. The combination of heparin and an oral anticoagulant results in fewer adverse effects than heparin used alone. C. Oral anticoagulants are used to reach an adequate level of anticoagulation when heparin alone is unable to do so. D. Heparin is used to start anticoagulation so as to allow time for the blood levels of warfarin to reach adequate levels.
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A patient has been started on therapy of a continuous infusion of lidocaine after receiving a loading dose of the drug. The nurse will monitor the patient for which adverse effect? A. Drowsiness B. Nystagmus C. Dry mouth D. Convulsions
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A patient has been taking a beta blocker for 4 weeks as part of his antianginal therapy. He also has type II diabetes and hyperthyroidism. When discussing possible adverse effects, the nurse will include which information? A. "Watch for unusual weight loss." B. "Monitor your pulse for increased heart rate." C. "Use the hot tub and sauna at the gym as long as time is limited to 15 minutes." D. "Monitor your blood glucose levels for possible hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia."
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A patient has been taking tolterodine (Detrol), but today her prescriber changed her to a newer drug, darifenacin (Enablex). What advantage does darifenacin have over the tolterodine? A. The newer cholinergic-blocker drugs are more effective. B. It helps reduce urinary retention. C. It can be used in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma. D. The incidence of dry mouth is much lower with darifenacin.
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A patient has been taking an AED for several years as part of his treatment for partial seizures. His wife has called because he ran out of medication this morning and wonders if he can go without it for a week until she has a chance to go to the drugstore. What is the nurse's best response? A. "He is taking another antiepileptic drug, so he can go without the medication for a week." B. "Stopping this medication abruptly may cause withdrawal seizures. A refill is needed right away." C. "He can temporarily increase the dosage of his other antiseizure medications until you get the refill." D. "He can stop all medications because he has been treated for several years now."
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A patient has been taking antitubercular therapy for 3 months. The nurse will assess for what findings that indicate a therapeutic response to the drug therapy? A. The chronic cough is gone. B. There are two consecutive negative purified protein derivative (PPD) results over 2 months. C. There is increased tolerance to the medication therapy, and there are fewer reports of adverse effects. D. There is a decrease in symptoms of tuberculosis along with improved chest x-rays and sputum cultures.
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A patient has been taking digoxin at home but took an accidental overdose and has developed toxicity. The patient has been admitted to the telemetry unit, where the physician has ordered digoxin immune Fab (Digifab). The patient asks the nurse why the medication is ordered. What is the nurse's best response? A. "It will increase your heart rate." B. "This drug helps to lower your potassium levels." C. "It helps to convert the irregular heart rhythm to a more normal rhythm." D. "This drug is an antidote to digoxin and will help to lower the blood levels."
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A patient has been taking disulfiram (Antabuse) as part of his rehabilitation therapy. However, this evening, he attended a party and drank half a beer. As a result, he became ill and his friends took him to the emergency department. The nurse will look for which adverse effects associated with acetaldehyde syndrome? (Select all that apply.) A. Euphoria B. Severe vomiting C. Diarrhea D. Pulsating headache E. Difficulty breathing F. Sweating
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A patient has been taking donepezil (Aricept) for 2 weeks as part of the treatment for early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Her daughter calls the prescriber's office and is upset because "Mother has not improved one bit!" Which response by the nurse is appropriate? A. "Increase the dosage to twice daily." B. "It takes time for the cure to take effect." C. "It may take up to 6 weeks to see an improvement." D. "Take the medication on an empty stomach for improved absorption."
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A patient has been taking haloperidol (Haldol) for 3 months for a psychotic disorder, and the nurse is concerned about the development of extrapyramidal symptoms. The nurse will monitor the patient closely for which effects? A. Increased paranoia B. Drowsiness and dizziness C. Tremors and muscle twitching D. Dry mouth and constipation
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A patient has been taking levothyroxine (Synthroid) for more than 1 decade for primary hypothyroidism. Today she calls because she has a cousin who can get her the same medication in a generic form from a pharmaceutical supply company. Which is the nurse's best advice? A. "This would be a great way to save money." B. "There's no difference in brands of this medication." C. "This should never be done; once you start with a certain brand, you must stay with it." D. "It's better not to switch brands unless we check with your doctor."
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A patient has been taking naltrexone (ReVia) as part of the treatment for addiction to heroin. The nurse expects that the naltrexone will have which therapeutic effect for this patient? A. Naltrexone prevents the cravings for opioid drugs. B. Naltrexone works as a safer substitute for the heroin until the patient completes withdrawal. C. The patient will experience flushing, sweating, and severe nausea if he takes heroin while on naltrexone. D. If opioid drugs are used while taking naltrexone, euphoria is not produced; thus, the opioid's desired effects are lost.
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A patient has been taking phenobarbital for 2 weeks as part of his therapy for epilepsy. He tells the nurse that he feels tense and that "the least little thing" bothers him now. Which is the correct explanation for this problem? A. These are adverse effects that usually subside after a few weeks. B. The drug must be stopped immediately because of possible adverse effects. C. This drug causes the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep period to increase, resulting in nightmares and restlessness. D. This drug causes deprivation of REM sleep and may cause the inability to deal with normal stress.
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A patient has been taking selegiline (Eldepryl), 20 mg per day for 1 month. Today, during his office visit, he tells the nurse that he forgot and had a beer with dinner last evening, and "felt awful." What did the patient most likely experience? A. Hypotension B. Hypertension C. Urinary discomfort D. Gastrointestinal upset
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A patient has been taking temazepam (Restoril) for intermittent insomnia. She calls the nurse to say that when she takes it, she sleeps well, but the next day she feels "so tired." Which explanation by the nurse is correct? A. "Long-term use of this drug results in a sedative effect." B. "If you take the drug every night, this hangover effect will be reduced." C. "These drugs affect the sleep cycle, resulting in daytime sleepiness." D. "These drugs increase the activity of the central nervous system (CNS), making you tired the next day."
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A patient has been taking the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) phenelzine (Nardil) for 6 months. The patient wants to go to a party and asks the nurse, "Will just one beer be a problem?" Which advice from the nurse is correct? A. "You can drink beer as long as you have a designated driver." B. "Now that you've had the last dose of that medication, there will be no further dietary restrictions." C. "If you begin to experience a throbbing headache, rapid pulse, or nausea, you'll need to stop drinking." D. "You need to avoid all foods that contain tyramine, including beer, while taking this medication."
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A patient has been taking the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sertraline (Zoloft) for about 6 months. At a recent visit, she tells the nurse that she has been interested in herbal therapies and wants to start taking St. John's wort. Which response by the nurse is appropriate? A. "That should be no problem." B. "Good idea! Hopefully you'll be able to stop taking the Zoloft." C. "Be sure to stop taking the herb if you notice a change in side effects." D. "Taking St. John's wort with Zoloft may cause severe interactions and is not recommended."
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A patient has been treated for lung cancer for 3 years. Over the past few months, the patient has noticed that the opioid analgesic is not helping as much as it had previously and more medication is needed for the same pain relief. The nurse is aware that this patient is experiencing opioid A. addiction. B. tolerance. C. toxicity. D. abstinence syndrome.
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A patient has been treated with alosetron (Lotronex) for severe irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) for 2 weeks. She calls the clinic and tells the nurse that she has been experiencing constipation for 3 days. The nurse will take which action? A. Advise the patient to increase intake of fluids and fiber B. Advise the patient to hold the drug for 2 days C. Instruct the patient to stop taking the drug and to come to the clinic right away to be evaluated D. Instruct the patient to continue the alosetron and to take milk of magnesia for the constipation
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A patient has been treated with antiparkinson medications for 3 months. What therapeutic responses should the nurse look for when assessing this patient? A. Decreased appetite B. Gradual development of cogwheel rigidity C. Newly developed dyskinesias D. Improved ability to perform activities of daily living
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A patient has experienced insomnia for months, and the physician has prescribed a medication to help with this problem. The nurse expects which drug to be used for long-term treatment of insomnia? A. secobarbital (Seconal), a barbiturate B. diazepam (Valium), a benzodiazepine C. midazolam (Versed), a benzodiazepine D. eszopiclone (Lunesta), a nonbenzodiazepine sleep aid
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A patient has had an overdose of an intravenous cholinergic drug. The nurse expects to administer which drug as an antidote? A. atenolol (Tenormin) B. bethanechol (Urecholine) C. dobutamine D. atropine sulfate
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A patient has had recent prosthetic heart valve surgery and is receiving anticoagulant therapy. While monitoring the patient's laboratory work, the nurse interprets that the patient's international normalized ratio (INR) level of 5 indicates that A. the patient is not receiving enough warfarin to have a therapeutic effect. B. the patient's warfarin dose is at therapeutic levels. C. the patient's intravenous heparin dose is dangerously high. D. the patient's intravenous heparin dose is at therapeutic levels.
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A patient has prescriptions for two inhalers. One inhaler is a bronchodilator, and the other is a corticosteroid. Which instruction regarding these inhalers will the nurse give to the patient? A. "Take the corticosteroid inhaler first." B. "Take the bronchodilator inhaler first." C. "Take these two drugs at least 2 hours apart." D. "It does not matter which inhaler you use first."
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A patient has received a prescription for a 2-week course of antifungal suppositories for a vaginal yeast infection. She asks the nurse if there is an alternative to this medication, saying, "I don't want to do this for 2 weeks!" Which is a possibility in this situation? A. A single dose of a vaginal antifungal cream B. A one-time infusion of amphotericin B C. A single dose of a fluconazole (Diflucan) oral tablet D. There is no better alternative to the suppositories.
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A patient has received an accidental overdose of intravenous atropine. Which drug will the nurse prepare to administer? A. atenolol (Tenormin) B. bethanechol (Urecholine) C. dicyclomine (Bentyl) D. physostigmine (Antilirium)
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A patient has received an overdose of intravenous heparin, and is showing signs of excessive bleeding. Which substance is the antidote for heparin overdose? A. vitamin E B. vitamin K C. protamine sulfate D. potassium chloride
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A patient has started azathioprine (Imuran) therapy as part of renal transplant surgery. The nurse will monitor for which expected adverse effect of azathioprine therapy? (Select all that apply.) A. Tremors B. Leukopenia C. Diarrhea D. Thrombocytopenia E. Hepatotoxicity F. Fluid retention
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A patient has used enteric aspirin for several years as treatment for osteoarthritis. However, the symptoms are now worse and she is given a prescription for a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) and misoprostol (Cytotec). The patient asks the nurse, "Why am I now taking two pills for arthritis?" What is the nurse's best response? A. "Cytotec will also reduce the symptoms of your arthritis." B. "Cytotec helps the action of the NSAID so that it will work better." C. "Cytotec reduces the mucous secretions in the stomach, which reduces gastric irritation." D. "Cytotec may help to prevent gastric ulcers that may occur in patients taking NSAIDs."
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A patient in a rehabilitation center is beginning to experience opioid withdrawal symptoms. The nurse expects to administer which drug as part of the treatment? A. diazepam (Valium) B. methadone C. disulfiram (Antabuse) D. bupropion (Zyban)
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A patient in the emergency department was showing signs of hypoglycemia and had a fingerstick glucose level of 34 mg/dL. The patient has just become unconscious. What is the nurse's next action? A. Have the patient eat glucose tablets. B. Have the patient consume fruit juice, a nondiet soft drink, or crackers. C. Administer intravenous glucose (50% dextrose). D. Call the lab to order a fasting blood glucose level.
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A patient in the intensive care unit has a nasogastric tube and is also receiving a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). The nurse recognizes that the purpose of the PPI is which effect? A. Prevent stress ulcers B. Reduce bacteria levels in the stomach C. Reduce gastric gas formation (flatulence) D. Promote gastric motility
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A patient in the neurologic intensive care unit is being treated for cerebral edema. Which class of diuretic is used to reduce intracranial pressure? A. Loop diuretics B. Osmotic diuretics C. Thiazide diuretics D. Vasodilators
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A patient is about to receive a dose of octreotide (Sandostatin). The nurse will assess for which contraindications or cautions? (Select all that apply.) A. Carcinoid crisis B. Diarrhea C. Type 1 diabetes mellitus D. Gallbladder disease E. Chronic renal failure F. Esophageal varices
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A patient is about to undergo a diagnostic bowel procedure. The nurse expects which drug to be used to induce total cleansing of the bowel? A. docusate sodium (Colace) B. magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) C. mineral oil D. polyethylene glycol (GoLYTELY)
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A patient is about to undergo a kidney transplant. She will be given an immunosuppressant drug before, during, and after surgery to minimize organ rejection. During the preoperative teaching session, which information will the nurse include about the medication therapy? A. Several days before the surgery, the medication will be administered orally. B. The oral doses need to be taken 1 hour before meals to maximize absorption. C. Mix the oral liquid with juice in a disposable Styrofoam cup just before administration. D. Intramuscular injections of the medication will be needed for several days preceding surgery.
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A patient is admitted with a fever of 18° F (3° C), origin unknown. Assessment reveals cloudy, foul-smelling urine that is dark amber in color. Orders have just been written to obtain stat urine and blood cultures and to administer an antibiotic intravenously. The nurse will complete these orders in which sequence? A. Blood culture, antibiotic dose, urine culture B. Urine culture, antibiotic dose, blood culture C. Antibiotic dose, blood and urine cultures D. Blood and urine cultures, antibiotic dose
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A patient is asking advice about which over-the-counter antacid is considered the most safe to use for heartburn. The nurse explains that calcium antacids are not used as frequently as other antacids because A. their use may result in kidney stones. B. they cause decreased gastric acid production. C. they cause severe diarrhea. D. their use may result in fluid retention and edema.
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A patient is being discharged on anticoagulant therapy. The nurse will include in the patient-education conversation that it is important to avoid herbal products that contain which substance? A. Valerian B. Ginkgo C. Soy D. Saw palmetto
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A patient is being discharged to home on a single daily dose of a diuretic. The nurse instructs the patient to take the dose at which time so it will be least disruptive to the patient's daily routine? A. In the morning B. At noon C. With supper D. At bedtime
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A patient is being evaluated for a possible helminthic infection. The nurse knows that which statement about anthelmintic therapy is true? A. The drugs may cause severe drowsiness. B. Anthelmintics are very specific in their actions. C. Anthelmintics are effective against broad classes of infestations. D. The drugs are used to treat protozoal infections such as intestinal amebiasis.
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A patient is being prepared for an oral endoscopy, and the nurse anesthetist reminds him that he will be awake during the procedure but probably will not remember it. What type of anesthetic technique is used in this situation? A. Local anesthesia B. Moderate sedation C. Topical anesthesia D. Spinal anesthesia
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A patient is being treated for ethanol alcohol abuse in a rehabilitation center. The nurse will include which information when teaching him about disulfiram (Antabuse) therapy? A. He should not smoke cigarettes while on this drug. B. He needs to know about the common over-the-counter substances that contain alcohol. C. This drug will cause the same effects as the alcohol did, without the euphoric effects. D. Mouthwashes and cough medicines that contain alcohol are safe because they are used in small amounts.
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A patient is being treated for secondary amenorrhea. The nurse expects which drug to be used to treat this problem? A. methylergonovine (Methergine) B. estradiol transdermal (Estraderm) C. raloxifene (Evista) D. medroxyprogesterone (Provera)
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A patient is brought to the emergency department for treatment of a suspected overdose. The patient was found with an empty prescription bottle of a barbiturate by his bedside. He is lethargic and barely breathing. The nurse would expect which immediate intervention? A. Starting an intravenous infusion of diluted bicarbonate solution B. Administering medications to increase blood pressure C. Implementing measures to maintain the airway and support respirations D. Administrating naloxone (Narcan) as an antagonist
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A patient is complaining of excessive and painful gas. The nurse checks the patient's medication orders and prepares to administer which drug for this problem? A. famotidine (Pepcid) B. aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide (Maalox or Mylanta) C. calcium carbonate (Tums) D. simethicone (Mylicon)
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A patient is concerned about the adverse effects of the fibric acid derivative she is taking to lower her cholesterol level. Which is an adverse effect of this class of medication? A. Constipation B. Diarrhea C. Joint pain D. Dry mouth
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A patient is concerned about the body changes that have resulted from long-term prednisone therapy for the treatment of asthma. Which effect of this drug therapy would be present to support the nursing diagnosis of disturbed body image? A. Weight loss B. Weight gain C. Pale skin color D. Hair loss
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A patient is experiencing diastolic heart failure. The nurse expects which beta blocker to be ordered for this patient? A. atenolol (Tenormin) B. carvedilol (Coreg) C. acebutolol (Sectral) D. esmolol (Brevibloc)
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A patient is experiencing status epilepticus. The nurse prepares to give which drug of choice for the treatment of this condition? A. diazepam (Valium) B. midazolam (Versed) C. valproic acid (Depakote) D. carbamazepine (Tegretol)
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A patient is experiencing the exoerythrocytic phase of malaria. The nurse expects which drug to be used for this patient? A. quinine B. chloroquine (Aralen) C. mefloquine (Lariam) D. primaquine
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A patient is going home with a new prescription for the beta blocker atenolol (Tenormin). The nurse will include which content when teaching the patient about this drug? A. Never stop taking this medication abruptly. B. The medication will be stopped once symptoms subside. C. If adverse effects occur, stop taking the drug for 24 hours, and then resume. D. Be watchful for first-dose hypotension.
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A patient is in an urgent care center and is receiving treatment for mild hyponatremia after spending several hours doing gardening work in the heat of the day. The nurse expects that which drug therapy will be used to treat this condition? A. Oral supplementation of fluids B. Intravenous bolus of lactated Ringer's solution C. Normal saline infusion, administered slowly D. Oral administration of sodium chloride tablets
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A patient is in an urgent-care center with an acute asthma attack. The nurse expects that which medication will be used for initial treatment? A. An anticholinergic such as ipratropium (Atrovent) B. A short-acting beta2 agonist such as albuterol (Proventil) C. A long-acting beta2 agonist such as salmeterol (Serevent) D. A corticosteroid such as fluticasone (Flovent)
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A patient is in the HIV clinic for a follow-up appointment. He has been on antiretroviral therapy for HIV for more than 3 years. The nurse will assess for which potential adverse effects of long-term antiretroviral therapy? (Select all that apply.) A. Lipodystrophy B. Liver damage C. Kaposi's sarcoma D. Osteoporosis E. Type 2 diabetes
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A patient is in the emergency department with a new onset of rapid-rate atrial fibrillation, and the nurse is preparing a continuous infusion. Which drug is most appropriate for this dysrhythmia? A. diltiazem (Cardizem) B. atenolol (Tenormin) C. lidocaine D. adenosine (Adenocard)
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A patient is in the intensive care unit and receiving an infusion of milrinone (Primacor) for severe heart failure. The prescriber has written an order for an intravenous dose of furosemide (Lasix). How will the nurse give this drug? A. Infuse the drug into the same intravenous line as the milrinone. B. Stop the milrinone, flush the line, and then administer the furosemide. C. Administer the furosemide in a separate intravenous line. D. Notify the prescriber that the furosemide cannot be given at this time.
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A patient is in the intensive care unit because of an acute myocardial infarction. He is experiencing severe ventricular dysrhythmias. The nurse will prepare to give which drug of choice for this dysrhythmia? A. diltiazem (Cardizem) B. verapamil (Calan) C. amiodarone (Cordarone) D. adenosine (Adenocard)
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A patient is in the urgent care center after experiencing a black widow spider bite. The nurse prepares to give which product to treat this injury? A. Live vaccine B. Antivenins or antisera C. Tetanus immune globulin D. Active immunizing drug
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A patient is infected by invasive aspergillosis, and the medical history reveals that the patient has not been able to tolerate several antifungal drugs. The nurse anticipates an order for which medication to treat this infection? A. fluconazole (Diflucan) B. micafungin (Mycamine) C. caspofungin (Cancidas) D. nystatin (Mycostatin)
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A patient is on a low-dose dobutamine drip for heart failure. She had been feeling better but now has a sense of tightness in her chest, palpitations, and a bit of anxiety. Her heart rate is up to 110 per minute, and her blood pressure is 150/98 mm Hg (increased from previous readings of 86 per minute and 120/80 mm Hg). What is the nurse's immediate concern for this patient? A. She is experiencing normal adverse effects of dobutamine therapy. B. She may be experiencing an allergic reaction to the dobutamine. C. The medication may be causing a worsening of a preexisting cardiac disorder. D. The dosage of the dobutamine needs to be increased to control the symptoms better.
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A patient is receiving a dose of edrophonium (Tensilon). The nurse recognizes that this drug is given to determine the diagnosis of which disease? A. Parkinson's disease B. Multiple sclerosis C. Myasthenia gravis D. Alzheimer's disease
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A patient is receiving a moderate-level dose of dobutamine for shock and is complaining of feeling more "skipping beats" than yesterday. What is the nurse's next action? A. Assess the patient's vital signs and cardiac rhythm. B. Discontinue the dobutamine immediately. C. Titrate the rate to a higher dose to reduce the palpitations. D. Monitor for other signs of a therapeutic response to the drug.
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A patient is receiving a third session of chemotherapy with daunorubicin (Cerubidine). The nurse will assess the patient for which signs of a potential severe toxic effect of this drug? A. Tinnitus and hearing loss B. Numbness and tingling in the fingers C. A weight gain of 2 pounds or more in 24 hours D. Decreased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels
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A patient is receiving aminoglycoside therapy and will be receiving a beta-lactam antibiotic as well. The patient asks why two antibiotics have been ordered. What is the nurse's best response? A. "The combined effect of both antibiotics is greater than each of them alone." B. "One antibiotic is not strong enough to fight the infection." C. "We have not yet isolated the bacteria, so the two antibiotics are given to cover a wide range of microorganisms." D. "We can give a reduced amount of each one if we give them together."
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A patient is receiving an aluminum-containing antacid. The nurse will inform the patient to watch for which possible adverse effect? A. Diarrhea B. Constipation C. Nausea D. Abdominal cramping
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A patient is receiving an infusion of fresh frozen plasma. Based on this order, the nurse interprets that this patient has which condition? A. Hypovolemic shock B. Anemia C. Coagulation disorder D. Previous transfusion reaction
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A patient is receiving cidofovir (Vistide) as part of treatment for a viral infection, and the nurse is preparing to administer probenecid, which is also ordered. Which is the rationale for administering probenecid along with the cidofovir treatment? A. Probenecid has a synergistic effect when given with cidofovir, thus making the antiviral medication more effective. B. The probenecid also prevents replication of the virus. C. Concurrent drug therapy with probenecid reduces the nephrotoxicity of the cidofovir. D. The probenecid reduces the adverse gastrointestinal effects of the cidofovir.
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A patient is receiving doxorubicin (Adriamycin) as part of treatment for ovarian cancer. Which nursing diagnosis is related to this antineoplastic drug? A. Decreased cardiac output related to the adverse effect of cardiotoxicity B. Ineffective breathing pattern related to the adverse effect of pulmonary toxicity C. Risk for injury related to the effects of neurotoxicity (ataxia, numbness of hands and feet) D. Impaired urinary elimination pattern related to hyperuricemia
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A patient is receiving finasteride (Proscar) for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The nurse will tell him that a possible effect of this medication is A. alopecia. B. increased hair growth. C. urinary retention. D. increased prostate size.
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ANS: A Because lidocaine is metabolized primarily by the liver, a reduction of the dosage by 50% may be necessary in cases of liver failure or cirrhosis. Lidocaine does not come in oral form.
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A patient is receiving gabapentin (Neurontin), an anticonvulsant, but has no history of seizures. The nurse expects that the patient is receiving this drug for which condition? A. Inflammation pain B. Pain associated with peripheral neuropathy C. Depression associated with chronic pain D. Prevention of seizures
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A patient is receiving heparin therapy as part of the treatment for a pulmonary embolism. The nurse monitors the results of which laboratory test to check the drug's effectiveness? A. Bleeding times B. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) C. Prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR) D. Vitamin K levels
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A patient is receiving her third course of 5-fluorouracil therapy and knows that stomatitis is a potential adverse effect of antineoplastic therapy. What will the nurse teach her about managing this problem? A. "You can take aspirin to prevent stomatitis." B. "Be sure to watch for and report black, tarry stools immediately." C. "You need to increase your intake of foods containing fiber and citric acid." D. "Be sure to examine your mouth daily for bleeding, painful areas, and ulcerations."
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A patient is receiving high doses of methotrexate and is experiencing severe bone marrow suppression. The nurse expects which intervention to be ordered with this drug to reduce this problem? A. A transfusion of whole blood B. Leucovorin rescue C. Therapy with filgrastim (Neupogen) D. Administration of allopurinol (Zyloprim)
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A patient is receiving his third intravenous dose of a penicillin drug. He calls the nurse to report that he is feeling "anxious" and is having trouble breathing. What will the nurse do first? A. Notify the prescriber. B. Take the patient's vital signs. C. Stop the antibiotic infusion. D. Check for allergies.
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A patient is receiving hydroxychloroquine therapy but tells the nurse that she has never traveled out of her city. The nurse knows that a possible reason for this drug therapy is which condition? A. Lyme disease B. Toxoplasmosis C. Systemic lupus erythematosus D. Intestinal tapeworms
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A patient is receiving instructions regarding the use of caffeine. The nurse shares that caffeine should be used with caution if which of these conditions is present? A. A history of peptic ulcers B. Migraine headaches C. Asthma D. A history of kidney stones
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A patient is receiving irinotecan (Camptosar), along with other antineoplastic drugs, as treatment for ovarian cancer. The nurse will monitor for which potentially life-threatening adverse effect that is associated with this drug? A. Severe stomatitis B. Bone marrow suppression C. Delayed-onset cholinergic diarrhea D. Immediate and severe nausea and vomiting
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A patient is receiving lactulose (Chronulac) three times a day. The nurse knows that the patient is not constipated and is receiving this drug for which reason? A. High ammonia levels due to liver failure B. Prevention of constipation C. Chronic renal failure D. Chronic diarrhea
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A patient is receiving oxytocin (Pitocin) to induce labor. During administration of this medication, the nurse will also implement which action? A. Giving magnesium sulfate along with the oxytocin B. Administering the medication in an intravenous bolus C. Administering the medication with an IV infusion pump D. Monitoring fetal heart rate and maternal vital signs every 6 hours
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A patient is receiving thrombolytic therapy, and the nurse monitors the patient for adverse effects. What is the most common undesirable effect of thrombolytic therapy? A. Dysrhythmias B. Nausea and vomiting C. Anaphylactic reactions D. Internal and superficial bleeding
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A patient is recovering from a minor automobile accident that occurred 1 week ago. He is taking cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) for muscular pain and goes to physical therapy three times a week. Which nursing diagnosis would be appropriate for him? A. Risk for falls related to decreased sensorium B. Risk for addiction related to psychological dependency C. Decreased fluid volume related to potential adverse effects D. Disturbed sleep pattern related to the drug's interference with REM sleep
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A patient is recovering from abdominal surgery, which he had this morning. He is groggy but complaining of severe pain around his incision. What is the most important assessment data to consider before the nurse administers a dose of morphine sulfate to the patient? A. His pulse rate B. His respiratory rate C. The appearance of the incision D. The date of his last bowel movement
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A patient is severely constipated and needs immediate relief. The nurse knows that which class of laxative will provide the most rapid results? A. Bulk-forming laxative, such as psyllium (Metamucil) B. Stool softener, such as docusate salts (Colace) C. Magnesium hydroxide (MOM) D. Magnesium oxide tablets
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A patient is started on a diuretic for antihypertensive therapy. The nurse expects that a drug in which class is likely to be used initially? A. Loop diuretics B. Osmotic diuretics C. Thiazide diuretics D. Potassium-sparing diuretics
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A patient is suffering from tendonitis of the knee. The nurse is reviewing the patient's medication administration record and recognizes that which adjuvant medication is most appropriate for this type of pain? A. Antidepressant B. Anticonvulsant C. Corticosteroid D. Local anesthesia
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A patient is taking a combination of antiviral drugs as treatment for early stages of HIV infection. While discussing the drug therapy, the patient asks the nurse if the drugs will kill the virus. When answering, the nurse keeps in mind which fact about antiviral drugs? A. They are given for palliative reasons only. B. They will be effective as long as the patient is not exposed to the virus again. C. They can be given in large enough doses to eradicate the virus without harming the body's healthy cells. D. They may also kill healthy cells while killing viruses.
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A patient is taking a sulfonylurea medication for new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. When reviewing potential adverse effects during patient teaching, the nurse will include information about which of these effects? (Select all that apply.) A. Hypoglycemia B. Nausea C. Diarrhea D. Weight gain E. Peripheral edema
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ANS: A Calcium antacids are not used as frequently as other antacids because their use may lead to the development of kidney stones; they also cause increased gastric acid production. The other options are incorrect.
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A patient is taking digoxin (Lanoxin) and a loop diuretic daily. When the nurse enters the room with the morning medications, the patient states, "I am seeing a funny yellow color around the lights." What is the nurse's next action? A. Assess the patient for symptoms of digoxin toxicity. B. Withhold the next dose of the diuretic. C. Administer the digoxin and diuretic together as ordered. D. Document this finding, and reassess in 1 hour.
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A patient is taking fludrocortisone (Florinef) for Addison's disease, and his wife is concerned about all of the problems that may occur with this therapy. When teaching them about therapy with this drug, the nurse will include which information? A. It may cause severe postural hypotension. B. It needs to be taken with food or milk to minimize gastrointestinal upset. C. The medication needs to be stopped immediately if nausea or vomiting occurs. D. Weight gain of 5 pounds or more in 1 week is an expected adverse effect.
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A patient is taking flurazepam (Dalmane) 3 to 4 nights a week for sleeplessness. She is concerned that she cannot get to sleep without taking the medication. What nonpharmacologic measures should the nurse suggest to promote sleep for this patient? A. Providing a quiet environment B. Exercising before bedtime to become tired C. Consuming heavy meals in the evening to promote sleepiness D. Drinking hot tea or coffee just before bedtime
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A patient is taking gabapentin (Neurontin), and the nurse notes that there is no history of seizures on his medical record. What is the best possible rationale for this medication order? A. The medication is used for the treatment of neuropathic pain. B. The medication is helpful for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. C. The medication is used to reduce the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. D. The medical record is missing the correct information about the patient's history of seizures.
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A patient is taking guaifenesin (Humibid) as part of treatment for a sinus infection. Which instruction will the nurse include during patient teaching? A. Force fluids to help loosen and liquefy secretions. B. Report clear-colored sputum to the prescriber. C. Avoid driving a car or operating heavy machinery because of the sedating effects. D. Report symptoms that last longer than 2 days.
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A patient is taking intravenous aminophylline for a severe exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The nurse will assess for which therapeutic response? A. Increased sputum production B. Increased heart rate C. Increased respiratory rate D. Increased ease of breathing
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A patient is taking nystatin (Mycostatin) oral lozenges to treat an oral candidiasis infection resulting from inhaled corticosteroid therapy for asthma. Which instruction by the nurse is appropriate? A. "Chew the lozenges until they are completely dissolved." B. "Let the lozenge dissolve slowly and completely in your mouth without chewing it." C. "Rinse your mouth with water before taking the inhaler." D. "Rinse your mouth with mouthwash after taking the inhaler."
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A patient is taking omeprazole (Prilosec) for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The nurse will include which statement in the teaching plan about this medication? A. "Take this medication once a day after breakfast." B. "You will be on this medication for only 2 weeks for treatment of the reflux disease." C. "The medication may be dissolved in a liquid for better absorption." D. "The entire capsule must be taken whole, not crushed, chewed, or opened."
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A patient is taking procainamide (Pronestyl) for a cardiac dysrhythmia. The nurse will monitor the patient for which possible adverse effect? A. Bradycardia B. Shortened QT interval C. Dyspnea D. Diarrhea
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A patient is taking tegaserod (Zelnorm) to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The nurse will monitor this patient for which adverse effect? A. Chest pain B. Chronic constipation C. Abdominal cramps D. Elevated blood glucose levels
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A patient is taking the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug indomethacin (Indocin) as treatment for pericarditis. The nurse will teach the patient to watch for which adverse effect? A. Tachycardia B. Nervousness C. Nausea and vomiting D. Dizziness
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A patient is to receive acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) as part of the treatment for an acetaminophen (Tylenol) overdose. Which action by the nurse is appropriate when giving this medication? A. Giving the medication undiluted for full effect B. Avoiding the use of a straw when giving this medication C. Disguising the flavor with soda or flavored water D. Preparing to give this medication via a nebulizer
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A patient is to receive local anesthesia for removal of a lymph node from his armpit. The physician asks for a solution of premixed lidocaine and epinephrine. The nurse knows that the epinephrine is used for which reason? A. It prevents an anaphylactic reaction from occurring. B. The anesthetic enhances the effect of the epinephrine. C. Epinephrine contributes to a balanced anesthetic state. D. It keeps the anesthetic at its local site of action and decreases incisional bleeding.
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A patient is to receive testosterone therapy via a transdermal patch. He asks the nurse, "Why am I getting a patch? Can't I just take a pill?" Which response by the nurse is correct? A. "The patch reduces the incidence of side effects." B. "If you don't take the patch, you will have to have injections instead." C. "The patch allows for better absorption of the medication." D. "You will only have to change the patch weekly."
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A patient is undergoing abdominal surgery and has been anesthetized for 3 hours. Which nursing diagnosis would be appropriate for this patient? A. Anxiety related to the use of an anesthetic B. Risk for injury related to increased sensorium from general anesthesia C. Decreased cardiac output related to systemic effects of local anesthesia D. Impaired gas exchange related to central nervous system depression produced by general anesthesia
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A patient must be treated immediately for acute organ transplant rejection. The nurse anticipates that muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3) will be ordered. What is the priority assessment before beginning drug therapy with muromonab-CD3? A. Serum potassium level B. Fluid volume status C. Electrocardiogram D. Blood glucose level
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ANS: A Benzodiazepines such as diazepam are used as anxiolytics, or sedatives. Zolpidem is used as a hypnotic for sleep. Phenobarbital is not used as an anxiolytic but is used for seizure control. Cyclobenzaprine is a muscle relaxant and is not used to reduce anxiety.
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A patient newly diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) has been taking antitubercular drugs for 1 week calls the clinic and is very upset. He says, "My urine is dark orange! What's wrong with me?" Which response by the nurse is correct? A. "You will need to stop the medication, and it will go away." B. "It's possible that the TB is worse. Please come in to the clinic to be checked." C. "This is not what we usually see with these drugs. Please come in to the clinic to be checked." D. "This is an expected side effect of the medicine. Let's review what to expect."
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A patient on diuretic therapy calls the clinic because he's had the flu, with "terrible vomiting and diarrhea," and he has not kept anything down for 2 days. He feels weak and extremely tired. Which statement by the nurse is correct? A. "It's important to try to stay on your prescribed medication. Try to take it with sips of water." B. "Stop taking the diuretic for a few days, and then restart it when you feel better." C. "You will need an increased dosage of the diuretic because of your illness. Let me speak to the physician." D. "Please come into the clinic for an evaluation to make sure there are no complications."
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A patient reports having adverse effects with nicotinic acid (niacin). The nurse can suggest performing which action to minimize these undesirable effects? A. Take the drug on an empty stomach. B. Take the medication every other day until the effects subside. C. Take an aspirin tablet 30 minutes before taking the drug. D. Take the drug with large amounts of fiber.
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A patient taking entacapone (Comtan) for the first time calls the clinic to report a dark discoloration of his urine. After listening to the patient, the nurse realizes that what is happening in this situation? A. This is a harmless effect of the drug. B. The patient has taken this drug along with red wine or cheese. C. The patient is having an allergic reaction to the drug. D. The ordered dose is too high for this patient.
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A patient tells the nurse that he likes to drink kava herbal tea to help him relax. Which statement by the patient indicates that additional teaching about this herbal product is needed? A. "I will not drink wine with the kava tea." B. "If I notice my skin turning yellow, I will stop taking the tea." C. "I will not take sleeping pills if I have this tea in the evening." D. "I will be able to drive my car after drinking this tea."
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A patient tells the nurse that he likes to eat large amounts of garlic "to help lower his cholesterol levels naturally." The nurse reviews his medication history and notes that which drug has a potential interaction with the garlic? A. acetaminophen (Tylenol) B. warfarin (Coumadin) C. digoxin (Lanoxin) D. phenytoin (Dilantin)
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A patient tells the nurse that she wants to start taking the herbal product goldenseal to improve her health. The nurse will assess for which potential cautions or contraindications to goldenseal? (Select all that apply.) A. Taking a proton-pump inhibitor B. Nasal congestion C. Hypothyroidism D. Hypertension E. Sinus infections F. Pregnancy
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A patient wants to prevent problems with constipation and asks the nurse for advice about which type of laxative is safe to use for this purpose. Which class of laxative is considered safe to use on a long-term basis? A. Emollient laxatives B. Bulk-forming laxatives C. Hyperosmotic laxatives D. Stimulant laxatives
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A patient wants to take a ginseng dietary supplement. The nurse instructs the patient to look for which potential adverse effect? A. Drowsiness B. Palpitations and anxiety C. Dry mouth D. Constipation
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A patient wants to try an oral soy product to relieve perimenopausal symptoms. The nurse will assess the patient's medication history for which potential drug interaction? A. Thyroid replacement therapy B. Oral anticoagulant therapy C. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs D. Beta blockers
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A patient who has a helminthic infection has a prescription for pyrantel (Antiminth). Which is one of the common adverse effects that the patient may experience while on this therapy? A. Vertigo B. Seizures C. Diarrhea D. Insomnia
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A patient who has a history of coronary artery disease has been instructed to take one 81-mg aspirin tablet a day. The nurse is aware that the purpose of this dose of aspirin is to A. reduce anxiety. B. reduce inflammation. C. relieve pain. D. prevent thrombus formation.
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A patient who has been anticoagulated with warfarin (Coumadin) has been admitted for gastrointestinal bleeding. The history and physical examination indicates that the patient may have taken too much warfarin. The nurse anticipates that the patient will receive which antidote? A. vitamin E B. vitamin K C. protamine sulfate D. potassium chloride
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A patient who has been diagnosed with Sjögren's syndrome will be given cevimeline for the treatment of xerostomia. The nurse will monitor for what therapeutic effect? A. Reduction of salivation B. Stimulation of salivation C. Reduction of gastrointestinal peristalsis D. Improvement of fine-motor control
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A patient who has been hospitalized for 2 weeks has developed a pressure ulcer that contains multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Which drug would the nurse expect to be chosen for therapy? A. metronidazole (Flagyl) B. ciprofloxacin (Cipro) C. vancomycin (Vancocin) D. tobramycin (Nebcin)
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A patient who has been on antibiotic therapy for 2 weeks has developed persistent diarrhea. The nurse expects which medication class to be ordered to treat this diarrhea? A. Lubricants B. Adsorbents C. Anticholinergics D. Probiotics
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A patient who has been on long-term corticosteroid therapy has had surgery to correct an abdominal hernia. The nurse keeps in mind that which potential effect of this medication may have the most impact on the patient's recovery? A. Hypotension B. Delayed wound healing C. Muscle weakness D. Osteoporosis
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A patient who has been on methotrexate therapy is experiencing mild pain. Her husband calls to see if he can give her aspirin for the pain. The nurse's response is based on the fact that aspirin A. aggravates diarrhea. B. masks signs of infection. C. can lead to methotrexate toxicity. D. will cause no problems for the patient on methotrexate.
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ANS: A Blood pressure is determined by the product of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. The other options are incorrect.
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A patient who has been taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) is complaining of "feeling so badly" when he started taking an over-the-counter St. John's wort herbal product at home. The nurse suspects that he is experiencing serotonin syndrome. Which of these are symptoms of serotonin syndrome? (Select all that apply.) A. Agitation B. Drowsiness C. Tremors D. Bradycardia E. Sweating F. Constipation
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A patient who has been taking antihypertensive drugs for a few months complains of having a persistent dry cough. The nurse knows that this cough is an adverse effect of which class of antihypertensive drugs? A. Beta blockers B. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors C. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) D. Calcium channel blockers
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A patient who has been taking cimetidine (Tagamet) for hyperacidity calls the clinic to say that the medication has not been effective. The nurse reviews his history and notes that which factor may be influencing the effectiveness of this drug? A. He takes the cimetidine with meals. B. He smokes two packs of cigarettes a day. C. He drinks a glass of water with each dose. D. He takes an antacid 3 hours after the cimetidine dose.
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A patient who has been taking isoniazid (INH) has a new prescription for pyridoxine. She is wondering why she needs this medication. The nurse explains that pyridoxine is often given concurrently with the isoniazid to prevent which condition? A. Hair loss B. Renal failure C. Peripheral neuropathy D. Heart failure
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A patient who has had abdominal surgery has been discharged on a cholinergic drug to assist in increasing gastrointestinal peristalsis. The nurse will teach this patient to look for which therapeutic effect? A. Decreased pulse rate B. Abdominal cramping C. Passage of flatus D. Decreased urge to void
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A patient who has had recent myocardial infarction has been placed on a beta blocker. The nurse recognizes that the main purpose of the beta blocker for this patient is to: A. cause vasodilation of the coronary arteries. B. prevent hypertension. C. increase conduction through the SA node. D. protect the heart from circulating catecholamines.
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A patient who has received chemotherapy has a critically low platelet count. The nurse expects which drug or drug class to be used to stimulate platelet cell production? A. filgrastim (Neupogen) B. Interferons C. oprelvekin (Neumega) D. epoetin alfa (Epogen)
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A patient who has received chemotherapy has a steadily decreasing white blood cell count. The chemotherapy will end on Tuesday afternoon. The oncologist has mentioned that a colony-stimulating factor will be started soon. The nurse knows that the appropriate time to start this medication is when? A. While the patient is still receiving chemotherapy B. Two hours after the chemotherapy ends C. Wednesday afternoon, 24 hours after the chemotherapy ends D. In 2 to 4 days, after the white blood cells have reached their nadir
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A patient who has received some traumatic news is panicking and asks for some medication to help settle down. The nurse anticipates giving which drug that is most appropriate for this situation? A. diazepam (Valium) B. zolpidem (Ambien) C. phenobarbital D. cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)
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A patient who has recently started therapy on a statin drug asks the nurse how long it will take until he sees an effect on his serum cholesterol. Which statement would be the nurse's best response? A. "Blood levels return to normal within a week of beginning therapy." B. "It takes 6 to 8 weeks to see a change in cholesterol levels." C. "It takes at least 6 months to see a change in cholesterol levels." D. "You will need to take this medication for almost a year to see significant results."
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A patient who has started drug therapy for tuberculosis wants to know how long he will be on the medications. Which response by the nurse is correct? A. "Drug therapy will last until the symptoms have stopped." B. "Drug therapy will continue until the tuberculosis develops resistance." C. "You should expect to take these drugs for as long as 24 months." D. "You will be on this drug therapy for the rest of your life."
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A patient who has type 2 diabetes is scheduled for an oral endoscopy and has been NPO (nothing by mouth) since midnight. What is the best action by the nurse regarding the administration of her oral antidiabetic drugs? A. Administer half the original dose. B. Withhold all medications as ordered. C. Contact the prescriber for further orders. D. Give the medication with a sip of water.
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A patient who has undergone a lung transplant has contracted cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. The nurse expects which drug to be ordered for this patient? A. acyclovir (Zovirax) B. ganciclovir (Cytovene) C. ribavirin (Virazole) D. amantadine (Symmetrel)
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A patient who is HIV-positive has been receiving medication therapy that includes zidovudine (Retrovir). However, the prescriber has decided to stop the zidovudine because of its dose-limiting adverse effect. Which of these conditions is the dose-limiting adverse effect of zidovudine therapy? A. Retinitis B. Renal toxicity C. Hepatotoxicity D. Bone marrow suppression
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A patient who is being treated for malaria has started therapy with quinine and tetracycline. He asks the nurse why he is on an antibiotic when malaria is caused by a parasite. Which response by the nurse is correct? A. "The tetracycline prevents reinfection by the malarial parasite." B. "The antibiotic is combined with quinine to reduce the side effects of the quinine." C. "An antibacterial drug prevents the occurrence of superinfection during antimalarial therapy." D. "The two drugs are more effective against malaria when given together."
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A patient who is diagnosed with genital herpes is taking topical acyclovir. The nurse will provide which teaching for this patient? (Select all that apply.) A. "Be sure to wash your hands thoroughly before and after applying this medicine." B. "Apply this ointment until the lesion stops hurting." C. "Use a clean glove when applying this ointment." D. "If your partner develops these lesions, then he can also use the medication." E. "You will need to avoid touching the area around your eyes." F. "You will have to practice abstinence when these lesions are active."
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A patient who is diagnosed with shingles is taking topical acyclovir, and the nurse is providing instructions about adverse effects. The nurse will discuss which adverse effects of topical acyclovir therapy? A. Insomnia and nervousness B. Temporary swelling and rash C. Transient burning when applied D. This medication has no adverse effects.
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A patient who is severely anemic also has acute heart failure with severe edema due to fluid overload. The prescriber wants to raise the patient's hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. The nurse anticipates that the patient will receive which blood product? A. Fresh frozen plasma B. Albumin C. Packed red blood cells (PRBCs) D. Whole blood
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A patient who is taking propylthiouracil (PTU) for hyperthyroidism wants to know how this medicine works. Which explanation by the nurse is accurate? A. It blocks the action of thyroid hormone. B. It slows down the formation of thyroid hormone. C. It destroys overactive cells in the thyroid gland. D. It inactivates already existing thyroid hormone in the bloodstream.
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A patient who is taking the bisphosphonate alendronate (Fosamax) has been instructed to lie flat in bed for 2 days after having ophthalmic surgery. Which intervention is appropriate at this time? A. She will continue to take the alendronate with water. B. She cannot take the alendronate until she can sit up for 30 minutes. C. She can take the medication with breakfast. D. She will stop taking the medication 72 hours before her surgery.
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A patient who is taking warfarin (Coumadin) therapy has a headache and calls the prescriber's office to ask about taking a pain reliever. The nurse expects to receive instructions for which type of medication? A. aspirin tablets B. ibuprofen (Advil) C. acetaminophen (Tylenol) D. An opioid
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A patient who started taking orlistat (Xenical) 1 month ago calls the clinic to report some "embarrassing" adverse effects. She tells the nurse that she has had episodes of "not being able to control my bowel movements." Which statement is true about this situation? A. These are expected adverse effects that will eventually diminish. B. The patient will need to stop this drug immediately if these adverse effects are occurring. C. The patient will need to increase her fat intake to prevent these adverse effects. D. The patient will need to restrict fat intake to less than 30% to help reduce these adverse effects.
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A patient will be discharged on quinidine sulfate (Quinidex) extended-release tablets for the treatment of ventricular ectopy. The nurse will include which information in the teaching plan? A. The medication should be stopped once the cardiac symptoms subside. B. Signs of cinchonism, such as tinnitus, loss of hearing, or slight blurring of vision, may occur. C. It is important to use sunscreen products when outside because of increased photosensitivity. D. If any tablet or capsule is visible in the stool, contact the prescriber immediately.
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A patient will be discharged with a 1-week supply of an opioid analgesic for pain management after abdominal surgery. The nurse will include which information in the teaching plan? A. How to prevent dehydration due to diarrhea B. Importance of taking the drug only when the pain becomes severe C. How to prevent constipation D. Importance of taking the drug on an empty stomach
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A patient will be having oral surgery and has received an antibiotic to take for 1 week before the surgery. The nurse knows that this is an example of which type of therapy? A. Empirical B. Prophylactic C. Definitive D. Resistance
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A patient will be receiving a thrombolytic drug as part of the treatment for acute myocardial infarction. The nurse explains to the patient that this drug is used for which purpose? A. To relieve chest pain B. To prevent further clot formation C. To dissolve the clot in the coronary artery D. To control bleeding in the coronary vessels
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A patient will be receiving nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin) treatment for a urinary tract infection. The nurse is reviewing the patient's history and will question the nitrofurantoin order if which disorder is present in the history? (Select all that apply.) A. Liver disease B. Coronary artery disease C. Hyperthyroidism D. Type 1 diabetes mellitus E. Chronic renal disease
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A patient will be starting therapy with a corticosteroid. The nurse reviews the patient's orders and notes that an interaction may occur if the corticosteroid is taken with which of these drug classes? A. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs B. Antibiotics C. Opioid analgesics D. Antidepressants
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A patient will be taking a 2-week course of combination therapy with omeprazole (Prilosec) and another drug for a peptic ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori. The nurse expects a drug from which class to be ordered with the omeprazole? A. An antibiotic B. A nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug C. An antacid D. An antiemetic
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A patient will be taking bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) to control diarrhea. When reviewing the patient's other ordered medications, the nurse recognizes that which medication or medication class will interact significantly with the Pepto-Bismol? A. Oral hypoglycemic drugs B. Antibiotics C. acetaminophen (Tylenol) D. Antidepressants
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A patient will be taking bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) to control diarrhea. When reviewing the patient's other ordered medications, the nurse recognizes that which medication will interact significantly with the Pepto-Bismol? A. acetaminophen (Tylenol), an analgesic B. levothyroxine (Synthroid), a thyroid replacement drug C. warfarin (Coumadin), an anticoagulant D. fluoxetine (Prozac), an antidepressant
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A patient will be taking dabigatran (Pradaxa) as part of treatment for chronic atrial fibrillation. Which statements about dabigatran are true? (Select all that apply.) A. The dose of dabigatran is reduced in patients with decreased renal function. B. Bleeding is the most common adverse effect. C. Potassium chloride is given as an antidote in cases of overdose. D. Dabigatran levels are monitored by measuring prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR) results. E. This drug is a prodrug and becomes activated in the liver.
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A patient with a history of angina will be started on ranolazine (Ranexa). The nurse is reviewing the patient's history and will note potential contraindications to this drug therapy if which condition is present? (Select all that apply.) A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus B. Prolonged QT interval on the electrocardiogram C. Heart failure D. Closed-angle glaucoma E. Decreased liver function
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ANS: A Buspirone is indicated for the treatment of anxiety disorders, not depression, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder.
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ANS: A COMT inhibitors, including entacapone, may darken a patient's urine and sweat.
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A patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and type 2 diabetes has been treated for pneumonia for the past week. The patient has been receiving intravenous corticosteroids as well as antibiotics as part of his therapy. At this time, the pneumonia has resolved, but when monitoring the blood glucose levels, the nurse notices that the level is still elevated. What is the best explanation for this elevation? A. The antibiotics may cause an increase in glucose levels. B. The corticosteroids may cause an increase in glucose levels. C. His type 2 diabetes has converted to type D. The hypoxia caused by the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causes an increased need for insulin.
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A patient with a long-term intravenous catheter is going home. The nurse knows that if he is allergic to seafood, which antiseptic agent is contraindicated? A. chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibiclens) B. hydrogen peroxide C. povidone-iodine (Betadine) D. isopropyl alcohol
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A patient with a severe fungal infection has orders for voriconazole (Vfend). The nurse is reviewing the patient's medical record and would be concerned if which assessment finding is noted? A. Decreased breath sounds in the lower lobes B. History of cardiac dysrhythmias C. History of diabetes type II D. Potassium level of 0 mEq/L
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A patient with a tracheostomy has difficulty removing excessive, thick mucus from the respiratory tract. The nurse expects that which drug will be ordered to aid in the removal of mucus? A. guaifenesin (Humibid) B. benzonatate (Tessalon Perles) C. diphenhydramine (Benadryl) D. dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM)
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A patient with an intestinal infection that is positive for the Giardia lamblia organism will be taking an antiprotozoal drug. The nurse will include which information in the teaching plan for this patient? A. The urine may become dilute and pale during therapy. B. Taking the medications with food reduces gastrointestinal upset. C. The medications should be taken on an empty stomach. D. The drugs may be discontinued once the diarrhea subsides.
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A patient with elevated lipid levels has a new prescription for nicotinic acid (niacin). The nurse informs the patient that which adverse effects may occur with this medication? A. Pruritus, cutaneous flushing B. Tinnitus, urine with a burnt odor C. Myalgia, fatigue D. Blurred vision, headaches
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A patient with gout has been treated with allopurinol (Zyloprim) for 2 months. The nurse will monitor laboratory results for which therapeutic effect? A. Decreased uric acid levels B. Decreased prothrombin time C. Decreased white blood cell count D. Increased hemoglobin and hematocrit levels
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A patient with hypothyroidism is given a prescription for levothyroxine (Synthroid). When the nurse explains that this is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone, he states that he prefers to receive more "natural" forms of drugs. What will the nurse explain to him about the advantages of levothyroxine? A. It has a stronger effect than the natural forms. B. Levothyroxine is less expensive than the natural forms. C. The synthetic form has fewer adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract. D. The half-life of levothyroxine is long enough to permit once-daily dosing.
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A patient with late-stage HIV infection also has Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. The nurse anticipates treatment with which medication for this pneumonia? A. ivermectin (Stromectol) B. atovaquone (Mepron) C. praziquantel (Biltricide) D. metronidazole (Flagyl)
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A patient with multiple sclerosis will be starting therapy with an immunosuppressant drug. The nurse expects that which drug will be used? A. azathioprine (Imuran) B. glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) C. daclizumab (Zenapax) D. sirolimus (Rapamune)
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A patient with primary hypertension is prescribed drug therapy for the first time. The patient asks how long drug therapy will be needed. Which answer by the nurse is the correct response? A. "This therapy will take about 3 months." B. "This therapy will take about a year." C. "This therapy will go on until your symptoms disappear." D. "Therapy for high blood pressure is usually lifelong."
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A patient with risk factors for coronary artery disease asks the nurse about the "good cholesterol" laboratory values. The nurse knows that "good cholesterol" refers to which lipids? A. Triglycerides B. Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) C. Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) D. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
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A patient with severe liver disease is receiving the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, captopril (Capoten). The nurse is aware that the advantage of this drug for this patient is which characteristic? A. Captopril rarely causes first-dose hypotensive effects. B. Captopril has little effect on electrolyte levels. C. Captopril is a prodrug and is metabolized by the liver before becoming active. D. Captopril is not a prodrug and does not need to be metabolized by the liver before becoming active.
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A patient with the diagnosis of schizophrenia is hospitalized and is taking a phenothiazine drug. Which statement by this patient indicates that he is experiencing a common adverse effect of phenothiazines? A. "I can't sleep at night." B. "I feel hungry all the time." C. "Look at how red my hands are." D. "My mouth has been so dry lately."
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A patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus has been found to have trace proteinuria. The prescriber writes an order for an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. What is the main reason for prescribing this class of drug for this patient? A. Cardioprotective effects B. Renal protective effects C. Reduces blood pressure D. Promotes fluid output
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A patient's blood pressure elevates to 270/150 mm Hg, and a hypertensive emergency is obvious. He is transferred to the intensive care unit and started on a sodium nitroprusside (Nipride) drip to be titrated per his response. With this medication, the nurse knows that the maximum dose of this drug should be infused for how long? A. 10 minutes B. 30 minutes C. 1 hour D. 24 hours
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A patient's medication order indicates that he is to receive a dose of cosyntropin (Cortrosyn). The nurse is aware that this drug is used to diagnose which condition? A. Adrenocortical insufficiency B. Diabetes insipidus C. Myasthenia gravis D. Pituitary dwarfism
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ANS: A Caffeine should be used with caution by patients who have histories of peptic ulcers or cardiac dysrhythmias or who have recently had myocardial infarctions. The other conditions are not contraindications to the use of caffeine.
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A patient, diagnosed with lymphoma, has an allergy to one of the proposed chemotherapy drugs. The tumor has not responded to other types of treatment. The nurse expects the oncologist to follow which course of treatment? A. The physician will choose another drug to use. B. The chemotherapy will be given along with supportive measures to treat a possible allergic reaction. C. The patient will receive reduced doses of chemotherapy for a longer period of time. D. The chemotherapy cannot be given because of the patient's allergy.
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A patient, newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism, has received a prescription for thyroid replacement therapy. The nurse will instruct the patient to take this medication at which time of day? A. In the morning B. With the noon meal C. With the evening meal D. At bedtime
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A patient, newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism, receives a prescription for a thyroid hormone replacement drug. The nurse assesses for which potential contraindication to this drug? A. Infection B. Diabetes mellitus C. Liver disease D. Recent myocardial infarction
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A pituitary drug is prescribed for a patient with a hormone deficiency, and the nurse provides instructions about the medication. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further instruction? A. "I will not stop the drug unless my doctor tells me to stop it." B. "I will call my doctor if I have a fever or sore throat." C. "I will have to stop drinking my nightly glass of wine." D. "I am looking forward to a cure for my condition with this hormone replacement."
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A pregnant woman is experiencing hypertension. The nurse knows that which drug is commonly used for a pregnant patient who is experiencing hypertension? A. mannitol (Osmitrol) B. enalapril (Vasotec) C. hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL) D. methyldopa (Aldomet)
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A sanitation worker has experienced a needle stick by a contaminated needle that was placed in a trash can. The employee health nurse expects that which drug will be used to provide passive immunity to hepatitis B infection? A. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) B. Varicella virus vaccine (Varivax) C. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (BayHep B) D. Hepatitis B virus vaccine (inactivated) (Recombivax HB)
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A woman is traveling to a country where she will be at high risk for malarial infection. What will the nurse teach her regarding prophylactic therapy with hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)? A. Hydroxychloroquine is better absorbed and has fewer adverse effects if taken on an empty stomach. B. The drug is started 3 weeks before exposure but can be discontinued once she leaves the area. C. The medication is taken only when she observes mosquito bites, because it can have toxic effects if taken unnecessarily. D. The drug is usually started 1 to 2 weeks before traveling to endemic areas and is continued for 4 weeks after leaving the area.
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A woman visits a health center requesting oral contraceptives. Which laboratory test is most important for the nurse to assess before the patient begins oral contraceptive therapy? A. Complete blood count B. Serum potassium level C. Vaginal cultures D. Pregnancy test
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A woman who lives in New York City is preparing to take a plane trip to China. She has been taking the SERM raloxifene (Evista) for 6 months. The nurse will provide which instructions to this patient? A. She needs to stop taking the drug at least 72 hours before the trip. B. She must remember to take this drug with a full glass of water each morning. C. She will not take the drug while traveling on the plane. D. No change in how the drug is taken will be needed.
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A young adult calls the clinic to ask for a prescription for "that new flu drug." He says he has had the flu for almost 4 days and just heard about a drug that can reduce the symptoms. What is the nurse's best response to his request? A. "Now that you've had the flu, you will need a booster vaccination, not the antiviral drug." B. "We will need to do a blood test to verify that you actually have the flu." C. "Drug therapy should be started within 2 days of symptom onset, not 4 days." D. "We'll get you a prescription. As long as you start treatment within the next 24 hours, the drug should be effective."
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ANS: A A patient taking a SERM must be informed to discontinue the drug 72 hours before and during prolonged immobility so as to prevent the development of a thrombosis.
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ANS: A Administering penicillin reduces the vitamin K in the gut (intestines); therefore, enhanced anticoagulant effect of warfarin may occur. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Although they may be taken during aura symptoms by patients who have auras with their headaches, these drugs are not indicated for preventive migraine therapy. The medication is intended to relieve the migraine and not to prevent it or to reduce the number of attacks. The triptans do not reduce the number of migraines a person will have. Journal recordings of headaches and the patient's responses to the medication are helpful.
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ANS: A Aminoglycosides are often used in combination with other antibiotics, such as beta-lactams or vancomycin, in the treatment of various infections because the combined effect of the two antibiotics is greater than that of either drug alone.
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ANS: A An increased force of contraction is known as a positive inotropic effect.
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ANS: A Androgens used for cancer treatment, such as fluoxymesterone and testolactone, can cause menstrual irregularities, virilization of female, gynecomastia, hirsutism, acne, anxiety, headache, and nausea. The patient needs to be told of these effects before therapy begins. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Androgens, when used with oral anticoagulants, can significantly increase or decrease anticoagulant activity. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Application sites for transdermal nitroglycerin patches need to be rotated. Apply the transdermal patch to any nonhairy area of the body; the old patch should first be removed. The patch may be worn while swimming, but if it does come off, it should be replaced after the old site is cleansed.
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ANS: A Basal-bolus therapy is the attempt to mimic a healthy pancreas by delivering basal insulin constantly as a basal, and then as needed as a bolus. Glargine insulin is used as a basal dose, not as a bolus with meals. Basal-bolus therapy is a newer therapy; historically, sliding-scale coverage was implemented.
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ANS: A Cardiac depression can occur with beta blockers; instruct the patient to contact his prescriber if his pulse rate decreases to less than 60 per minute. The medication dose may need to be changed, but it is not appropriate for the nurse to change the dosage. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Cardiovascular effects of cholinergic blockers include increased heart rate and dysrhythmias. One indication for use is the treatment of sinus bradycardia accompanied by hemodynamic compromise. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Classic, or chronic stable, angina is triggered by either exertion or stress and usually subsides within 15 minutes with either rest or drug therapy.
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ANS: A Contraindications to NSAIDs include known drug allergy and conditions that place a patient at risk for bleeding, such as rhinitis (risk for epistaxis [nosebleed]), vitamin K deficiency, and peptic ulcer disease. Patients with documented aspirin allergy must not receive NSAIDs. Other common contraindications are those that apply to most drugs, including severe renal or hepatic disease. The other options are not contraindications.
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ANS: A Cosyntropin is used for the diagnosis of adrenocortical insufficiency. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) is the muscle relaxant most commonly used to reduce spasms following musculoskeletal injuries. It is not appropriate for insomnia, epilepsy, or agitation.
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ANS: A Dark stools and blue gums are two of the possible adverse effects of bismuth subsalicylate (see Table 51-2). The other adverse effects listed may occur with the use of other antidiarrheal drugs.
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ANS: A Decreased cardiac output related to the adverse effect of cardiotoxicity is a nursing diagnosis related to doxorubicin because adverse effects of doxorubicin include liver and cardiovascular toxicities. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Desirable long-term maintenance lithium levels range between 6 and 2 mEq/L. The other responses are incorrect.
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ANS: A Diazepam (Valium) is considered by many to be the drug of choice for status epilepticus. Other drugs that are used are listed in Table 14-3 and do not include the drugs listed in the other options.
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ANS: A Diltiazem (Cardizem) is indicated for the temporary control of a rapid ventricular response in a patient with atrial fibrillation or flutter and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. It is given by continuous infusion after a loading dose given by IV bolus. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Drug-related photosensitivity occurs when patients take tetracyclines, and it may continue for several days after therapy. Milk and cheese products result in decreased levels of tetracycline when the two are taken together. Antacids also interfere with absorption and should not be taken with tetracycline. Counsel patients to take the entire course of prescribed antibiotic drugs, even if they feel that they are no longer ill.
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ANS: A Expectorants such as guaifenesin work to loosen and thin sputum and the bronchial secretions, thereby indirectly diminishing the tendency to cough. The other drugs listed do not have this effect.
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ANS: A Fever and/or chills may be the first sign of an oncoming infection. Elevated white blood cell count will not occur because of the bone marrow suppression. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A First-generation cephalosporins provide excellent coverage against gram-positive bacteria but limited coverage against gram-negative bacteria.
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ANS: A Fluid retention is an undesirable effect of androgens. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Forcing fluids helps to loosen and liquefy secretions. The patient must be fully aware that any fever, chest tightness, change in sputum from clear to colored, difficult or noisy breathing, activity intolerance, or weakness needs to be reported. The patient also must report to the prescriber a fever of higher than 14° F (38° C) or symptoms that last longer than 3 to 4 days. Decongestants do not cause sedation, and therefore the patient does not need to avoid driving a car or operating heavy machinery.
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ANS: A Gabapentin (Neurontin) is commonly used to treat neuropathic pain. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Glyburide is taken in the morning, 30 minutes before breakfast. When taken at this time, it has a longer duration of action, causing a constant amount of insulin to be released. This may be beneficial in controlling blood glucose levels throughout the day.
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ANS: A Having a "narrow therapeutic index" means that there is a small difference between safe and toxic drug levels. These drugs require monitoring of therapeutic plasma levels. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Headache is one of the possible adverse effects of the fertility drugs. They may also cause vomiting, restlessness, and urticaria. See Table 34-5 for other adverse effects.
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ANS: A Hypokalemia increases the chance of digitalis toxicity. The other levels listed are incorrect.
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ANS: A Hypotension is a possible contraindication to the use of nitrates because the medications may cause the blood pressure to decrease. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A If possible, it is best to administer thyroid drugs taken once daily in the morning so as to decrease the likelihood of insomnia that may result from evening dosing.
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ANS: A In December 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required black box warnings on all antiepileptic drugs regarding the risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Patients being treated with antiepileptic drugs for any indication need to be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, or any unusual changes in mood or behavior. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A In patients for whom somatropin is indicated, increased growth is expected. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Intravenous acyclovir is stable for 12 hours at room temperature and often precipitates when refrigerated. Intravenous infusions must be diluted as recommended (e.g., with 5% dextrose in water or normal saline) and infused with caution. Infusion over longer than 1 hour is suggested to avoid the renal tubular damage seen with more rapid infusions. Adequate hydration should be encouraged (unless contraindicated) during the infusion and for several hours afterward to prevent drug-related crystalluria.
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ANS: A It is important to make sure that a patient receiving Gardasil is not pregnant and that the patient knows that there are a total of three injections, but this particular patient is too old to receive the vaccine. The guidelines recommend the vaccine for women 13 to 26 years of age and for girls 11 to 12 years of age.
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ANS: A Lactulose (Chronulac) produces a laxative effect but also works to reduce blood ammonia levels by converting ammonia to ammonium. Ammonium is a water-soluble cation that is trapped in the intestines and cannot be reabsorbed into the systemic circulation. This effect has proved helpful in reducing elevated serum ammonia levels in patients with severe liver disease. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Mannitol is administered via intravenous infusion through a filter because of possible crystallization. It is not available in oral form. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Mineral oil can decrease the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Muromonab-CD3 may cause chest pain, fever, chills, tremor, gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), and other effects as noted in Table 48- The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Musculoskeletal relaxants have a depressant effect on the CNS; thus, the patient needs to be taught the importance of taking measures to minimize self-injury and falls related to decreased sensorium. "Risk for addiction" is not a NANDA nursing diagnosis. The other nursing diagnoses are not appropriate for this situation.
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ANS: A Nervousness, tremors, and cardiac stimulation are possible and expected adverse effects of beta agonists. The other options are incorrect responses.
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ANS: A Nonpharmacologic approaches to induce sleep include providing a quiet environment, avoiding heavy exercise before bedtime, avoiding heavy meals late in the evening, and drinking warm decaffeinated drinks, such as warm milk, before bedtime.
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ANS: A Normally occurring bacteria are killed during antibiotic therapy, allowing other flora to take over and resulting in superinfections. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Once the intravenous infusion of amphotericin B has begun, vital signs must be monitored frequently to assess for adverse reactions such as cardiac dysrhythmias, visual disturbances, paresthesias (numbness or tingling of the hands or feet), respiratory difficulty, pain, fever, chills, and nausea. If these adverse effects or a severe reaction occur, the infusion must be discontinued (while the patient is closely monitored) and the prescriber contacted. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A One vial of digoxin immune Fab binds 5 mg of digoxin. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Orally administered soy may interfere with thyroid hormone absorption, so concurrent use must be avoided. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Orthostatic hypotension can occur with any dose of an alpha blocker, and patients must be warned to get up slowly from a supine position. The other responses are not drug effects of alpha blockers.
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ANS: A Patients need to be weaned off these medications slowly because rebound hypertension and chest pain are possible with abrupt withdrawal. The drugs should never be stopped abruptly nor doses skipped. First-dose hypotension occurs with alpha blockers.
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ANS: A Peliosis of the liver, the formation of blood-filled cavities, is a potential effect of androgenic anabolic steroid therapy and may be life threatening. Other serious hepatic effects are hepatic neoplasms (liver cancer), cholestatic hepatitis, jaundice, and abnormal liver function. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Pneumococcal vaccines are given by subcutaneous injection, and only once. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Possible adverse effects of nicotinic acid include pruritus, cutaneous flushing, and gastrointestinal distress. Tinnitus, urine with a burnt odor, and headaches are possible adverse effects of bile acid sequestrants. Headaches are also possible adverse effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, as are myalgia and fatigue.
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ANS: A Praziquantel is an anthelmintic that is used to kill flukes. Metronidazole is used to treat protozoal infections. The other drugs listed are used for other helminthic infestations.
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ANS: A Quick or acute relief from withdrawal symptoms is most easily achieved with the use of the gum, because rapid chewing of the gum produces an immediate dose of nicotine. However, treatment compliance is higher with the use of the transdermal patch system. Nicotine gum can be used whenever the patient has a strong urge to smoke.
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ANS: A Rapid-acting insulins, such as insulin lispro and insulin aspart, are able to mimic closely the body's natural rapid insulin output after eating a meal; for this reason, both insulins are usually administered within 15 minutes of the patient's mealtime. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis include white or Asian descent, slender body build, early estrogen deficiency, smoking, alcohol consumption, low-calcium diet, sedentary lifestyle, and family history of osteoporosis.
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ANS: A Sarcomas are malignant tumors that arise from connective tissues. These tissues can be found in bone, cartilage, muscle, blood, lymphatic, and vascular tissues. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A, C, E Common symptoms of serotonin syndrome include delirium, agitation, tachycardia, sweating, hyperreflexia, shivering, coarse tremors, and others. See Box 16-1 for a full list of symptoms.
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ANS: A Scrupulous dental care is necessary to prevent gingival hypertrophy during therapy with phenytoin. Alcohol and other central nervous system depressants may cause severe sedation. Consistent dosing is important to maintain therapeutic drug levels. Therapy with AEDs usually must continue for life and must not be stopped once seizures stop.
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ANS: A Seeing colors around lights is one potential indication of developing digoxin toxicity. If a patient complains of this, the nurse needs to assess for other signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity including bradycardia, headache, dizziness, confusion, nausea, and blurred vision, and then notify the prescriber. Administering the drug or withholding the diuretic are incorrect options.
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ANS: A Serum sickness sometimes occurs after repeated injections of equine (horse)-made immunizing drugs and is characterized by edema of the face, tongue, and throat; rash; urticaria; fever; flushing; dyspnea; and other symptoms.
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ANS: A Several days before transplant surgery, immunosuppressant drugs need to be taken by the oral route, if possible, to avoid intramuscular injections and the risk for infection caused by the injections. Avoid Styrofoam containers because the medication may adhere to the side of the container. These medications are taken with food to minimize gastrointestinal upset.
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ANS: A Sexual dysfunction is a common complication of antihypertensive medications and may be manifested in men as decreased libido or impotence. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Sodium nitroprusside is a potent vasodilator and may lead to extreme decreases in the patient's blood pressure. For this reason, it is never infused at the maximum dose for more than 10 minutes. If this drug does not control a patient's blood pressure after 10 minutes, it will most likely be ordered to be discontinued. The other times listed are incorrect.
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ANS: A Sometimes H2 receptor antagonists such as cimetidine may cause adverse effects related to the central nervous system in the elderly, including confusion and disorientation. The nurse needs to be alert for mental status changes when giving these drugs, especially if the changes are new to the patient.
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ANS: A Stress-related mucosal damage is an important issue for critically ill patients. Stress ulcer prophylaxis (or therapy to prevent severe gastrointestinal [GI] damage) is undertaken in almost every critically ill patient in an intensive care unit and for many patients on general medical surgical units. Procedures performed commonly in critically ill patients, such as passing nasogastric tubes, placing patients on ventilators, and others, predispose patients to bleeding of the GI tract. Guidelines suggest that all such patients receive either a histamine receptor-blocking drug or a proton pump inhibitor. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Take the diuretic medication early in the morning to prevent urination during the night. Taking the diuretic at the other times may cause nighttime urination and disrupt sleep.
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ANS: A Taking oral hypoglycemic drugs with an adsorbent such as bismuth subsalicylate may result in decreased absorption of the hypoglycemic drugs. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A Teach patients to report signs of bleeding, which would include black, tarry stools. Commercial mouthwashes must not be used because of their alcohol content. Fluids are needed to prevent dehydration. Contraceptive measures may have to be continued for months to years after antineoplastic therapy.
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ANS: A Tegaserod (Zelnorm) has been associated with serious adverse effects, including angina, heart attacks, and stroke. Abdominal cramps and chronic constipation are symptoms of irritable bowel disease. Elevated blood glucose levels are not an adverse effect of tegaserod.
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ANS: A The antibiotic clarithromycin is active against H. pylori and is used in combination with omeprazole to eradicate the bacteria. First-line therapy against H. pylori includes a 10- to 14-day course of a proton pump inhibitor such as omeprazole plus the antibiotics clarithromycin and either amoxicillin or metronidazole, or a combination of a proton pump inhibitor, bismuth subsalicylate, and the antibiotics tetracycline and metronidazole. Many different combinations are used.
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ANS: A The cardiovascular effects of cholinergic drugs are decreased heart rate (not tachycardia) and vasodilation. Palpitations are not effects of cholinergic drugs.
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ANS: A The fluid retention that may occur with interleukin therapy is reversible; if therapy is stopped, the prescriber must be notified. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A The glucosamine in glucosamine-chondroitin supplements may cause an increase in insulin resistance, necessitating the need for higher doses of oral hypoglycemics or insulin.
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ANS: A The lowest neutrophil count reached after a course of chemotherapy is known as the nadir. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A The nurse needs to monitor for hypokalemia, a possible adverse effect of amphotericin B. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A The onset of action for lispro insulin is 15 minutes. The peak plasma concentration is 1 to 2 hours; the elimination half-life is 80 minutes; and the duration of action is 3 to 5 hours.
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ANS: A The use of corticosteroids with aspirin, other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and other ulcerogenic drugs produces additive gastrointestinal effects and an increased chance for the development of gastric ulcers. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A There is an increased risk for digitalis toxicity in the presence of hypokalemia, which may develop with hydrochlorothiazide therapy. Potassium supplements are often prescribed with hydrochlorothiazide therapy to prevent hypokalemia. The other options do not have interactions with hydrochlorothiazide.
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ANS: A Treatment of gout with allopurinol should result in decreased uric acid levels. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A, B, D ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and beta blockers are now considered the first-line treatments for heart failure. Digoxin is used when the first-line treatments are not successful; nesiritide is considered a last-resort treatment.
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ANS: A, B, D The most common adverse effect of the sulfonylureas is hypoglycemia, the degree to which depends on the dose, eating habits, and presence of hepatic or renal disease. Another predictable adverse effect is weight gain because of the stimulation of insulin secretion. Other adverse effects include skin rash, nausea, epigastric fullness, and heartburn.
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ANS: A, B, D, E Anti-HIV drugs produce strain on the liver and may result in liver disease. A major adverse effect of protease inhibitors is lipid abnormalities, including lipodystrophy, or redistribution of fat stores under the skin. In addition, dyslipidemias such as hypertriglyceridemia can occur, and insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes symptoms can result. The increase in long-term antiretroviral drug therapy due to prolonged disease survival has led to the emergence of another long-term adverse effect associated with these medications-bone demineralization and possible osteoporosis. Kaposi's sarcoma is an opportunistic disease associated with HIV, not a result of long-term drug therapy.
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ANS: A, B, D, E The coadministration of barbiturates and alcohol, antihistamines, benzodiazepines, opioids, and tranquilizers may result in additive CNS depression. Coadministration of anticoagulants and barbiturates can result in decreased anticoagulation response and possible clot formation. Coadministration of barbiturates and oral contraceptives can result in accelerated metabolism of the contraceptive drug and possible unintended pregnancy. There are no interactions with diuretics and insulin.
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ANS: A, B, D, E When taken with beta blockers, diuretics and alcohol may cause additive hypotensive effects; oral hypoglycemic medications may cause the blood glucose to decrease; and anticholinergics may cause decreased beta blocker effects. Penicillins and anticoagulants are not known to interact with beta blockers.
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ANS: A, B, D, F The undersecretion (hyposecretion) of adrenocortical hormones causes a condition known as Addison's disease, which is associated with decreased blood sodium and glucose levels, increased potassium levels, dehydration, and weight loss. Steroid psychosis is an effect of glucocorticoid excess.
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ANS: A, B, E Angle-closure glaucoma, a history of melanoma or other undiagnosed skin conditions, and concurrent use of MAOIs are contraindications to the use of carbidopa-levodopa. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A, B, E Appropriate teaching instructions for a patient taking an antidysrhythmic drug include: do not chew or crush extended-release forms; if gastrointestinal distress occurs, take the drug with food; and limit or avoid the use of caffeine. Do not double medication doses or take medications with an antacid. The presence of a portion of a capsule or tablet in the stool is actually the wax matrix that carried the medication, which has been absorbed. The physician does not need to be notified.
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ANS: A, B, E Dabigatran is excreted extensively in the kidneys, and the dose is dependent upon renal function. The normal dose is 150 mg twice daily, but it must be reduced to 75 mg twice daily if creatinine clearance is less than 30 mL/min. The most common and serious side effect is bleeding. Dabigatran is a prodrug that becomes activated in the liver. There is no antidote to dabigatran. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A, B, E Dexmedetomidine (Precedex) is used for procedural sedation and for surgeries of short duration, and it is also used in the intensive care setting for sedation of mechanically ventilated patients. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A, B, F Zoster vaccine (Zostavax) is used to prevent shingles; it also prevents reactivation of the zoster virus that causes shingles. It is given to patients age 50 years of age and older, and it is a one-time vaccine. It is not given to prevent chickenpox or given to children. It does not prevent postherpetic neuralgia, and it can be given to patients who have already had shingles.
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ANS: A, C Contraindications to NSAIDs include known drug allergy as well as conditions that place the patient at risk for bleeding, such as rhinitis (risk for epistaxis, or nosebleed) and peptic ulcer disease. NSAIDs may be used to treat arthralgia and pericarditis. Neuropathy is not a contraindication.
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ANS: A, C, D Signs and symptoms of severe ethanol withdrawal (delirium tremens) include systolic blood pressure higher than 200 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure higher than 140 mm Hg, pulse rate higher than 140 beats/min, temperature above 101° F (3° C), tremors, insomnia, and agitation. See Box 17-6 for all signs and symptoms of ethanol withdrawal.
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ANS: A, C, D, E Cisplatin can cause nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and peripheral neuropathy. Nephrotoxicity is manifested by rising blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels; ototoxicity is manifested by tinnitus, hearing loss, and dizziness; peripheral neuropathy is manifested by numbness or tingling of the extremities.
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ANS: A, C, D, E Counsel patients who are taking methotrexate to expect hair loss and to report any unusual bleeding or bruising. Because of the possibility of thrombocytopenia, straight-edged razors should not be used. Foods that are too hot or too cold or rough in texture may be irritating to the oral mucosa. Fluid intake is to be encouraged to prevent dehydration.
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ANS: A, C, D, E Hypersensitivity reactions may be manifested by wheezing; shortness of breath; swelling of the face, tongue, or hands; itching; or rash.
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ANS: A, C, D, F Constant monitoring for drug-related neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and superinfection remain critical to patient safety. Monitor for nephrotoxicity by monitoring serum creatinine levels. Ototoxicity may be indicated if the patient experiences dizziness or a feeling of fullness in the ears, and these symptoms must be reported immediately. Vancomycin infusions may cause red man syndrome, which is characterized by flushing of the neck and face and a decrease in blood pressure. In addition, adequate hydration (at least 2 liters of fluids every 24 hours unless contraindicated) is most important to prevent nephrotoxicity. Optimal trough blood levels of vancomycin are 10 to 20 mcg/mL; therefore, the drug should not be administered when there is a trough level of 24 mcg/mL.
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ANS: A, C, E Chemotherapy toxicities generally stem from the fact that chemotherapy drugs affect rapidly dividing cells-both harmful cancer cells and healthy, normal cells. Three types of rapidly dividing human cells are the cells of hair follicles, GI tract cells, and bone marrow cells. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A, C, E Patients must be educated about the need to use alternative birth control methods for at least 1 month during and after taking any of the following drugs: antibiotics (especially penicillins and cephalosporins); barbiturates; isoniazid; and rifampin. The effectiveness of other drugs, such as anticonvulsants, beta blockers, hypnotics, antidiabetic drugs, warfarin, theophylline, tricyclic antidepressants, and vitamins, may be reduced when they are taken with oral contraceptives.
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ANS: A, C, E, F This medication needs to be applied as long as prescribed, and the medication needs to be applied with clean gloves. Prescriptions should not be shared; if the partner develops these lesions, the partner will have to be evaluated before medication is prescribed, if needed. Eye contact should be avoided. The presence of active genital herpes lesions requires sexual abstinence.
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ANS: A, C, E, G With sublingual forms, the medication is taken at the first sign of chest pain, not delayed until the pain is severe. The patient needs to sit down or lie down and take one sublingual tablet. According to current guidelines, if the chest pain or discomfort is not relieved in 5 minutes, after one dose, the patient (or family member) must call 911 immediately. The patient can take one more tablet while awaiting emergency care and may take a third tablet 5 minutes later, but no more than a total of three tablets. These guidelines reflect the fact that angina pain that does not respond to nitroglycerin may indicate a myocardial infarction. The sublingual dose is placed under the tongue, and the patient needs to avoid swallowing until the tablet has dissolved. Placing a tablet between the gum and cheek is the buccal route.
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ANS: A, C, F Keeping a record of weekly blood pressure checks helps to monitor the effectiveness of the therapy. Remind the patient not to stop taking the medication just because he or she is feeling better. Abruptly stopping the medication may lead to rebound hypertension. Therapy is often life-long, even though symptoms may improve. Many over-the-counter drugs, especially decongestants, have serious interactions with antihypertensive drugs. The patient needs to consult his or her prescriber before taking any other medication.
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ANS: A, D, E Contraindications to the administration of immunizing drugs include a history of reactions to or serious adverse effects resulting from the drugs, and patients who are already immunosuppressed (patients with AIDS and patients receiving chemotherapy). Immunizations are best deferred until after a febrile illness. Children younger than 1 year of age and the elderly may receive immunizing drugs.
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ANS: A, D, E Danazol is used to treat hereditary angioedema and to treat women who have endometriosis or fibrocystic breast disease. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: A, D, E, F Central nervous system stimulants can be used for narcolepsy, neonatal apnea, ADHD, and appetite suppression in the treatment of obesity. They are not used for depression and panic attacks.
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ANS: A, D, E, F Diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, rash, and headache are potential adverse effects of hydroxychloroquine. See Table 43-1 for other common adverse effects. The other options are not adverse effects of this drug.
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ANS: A, D, E, F Indications of an oncologic emergency include fever and/or chills with a temperature higher than 15° F (1° C); new sores or white patches in the mouth or throat; changes in bladder function or patterns; dry, burning, "scratchy," or "swollen" throat; and other signs and symptoms (see Box 46-4). The prescriber must be contacted immediately if any of the listed signs or symptoms occur. Loss of hair and decreased red blood cell count (a result of bone marrow suppression) are expected effects of chemotherapy.
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ANS: A, D, E, G Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system causes bronchodilation, increased heart rate, pupil dilation, and glycogenolysis as well as many other effects (see Table 18-1). The other responses are effects that occur as a result of the stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.
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ANS: A, D, F Anticholinergic drugs are used for symptomatic bradycardia and certain other cardiac conditions. It is given preoperatively to control secretions during surgery and is used as an antidote for anticholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. The other options are contraindications to the use of atropine.
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ANS: A, D, F Goldenseal is contraindicated in patients with acute or chronic gastrointestinal disorders and during pregnancy (because it has uterine stimulant properties). It should be used with caution by those with cardiovascular disorders. Potential drug interactions may occur with gastric acid suppressors such as antacids, histamine H2 blockers (e.g., ranitidine), and proton pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole), theoretically because of their reduced effectiveness resulting from the acid-promoting effect of the herb, and with antihypertensive drugs (because of the vasoconstrictive activity of the herb). Goldenseal is potentially useful for sinus infections and chronic nasal allergies.
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ANS: A, E Nitrofurantoin is contraindicated in cases of known drug allergy and also in cases of significant renal function impairment, because the drug concentrates in the urine. Because adverse effects include hepatotoxicity, which is rare but often fatal, the nurse should also question the order if liver disease is present. The other options are not contraindications.
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ANS: A, E, F Risk factors include being male, 45 years of age or older, and being female, 55 years of age or older; having a family history of premature congenital heart disease (e.g., myocardial infarction or sudden death before 55 years of age in a father or other male first-degree relative, or before 65 years of age in a mother or other female first-degree relative); currently smoking cigarettes; having hypertension (blood pressure higher than 140/90 mm Hg or current antihypertensive drug therapy); having a low HDL level (lower than 40 mg/dL); and having diabetes mellitus.
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ANS: B A negative chronotropic effect results in a reduced heart rate; this is one effect of cardiac glycosides. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B A normal INR (without warfarin) is 0, whereas a therapeutic INR (with warfarin) ranges from 2 to 5, depending on the indication for use of the drug (e.g., atrial fibrillation, thromboprevention, prosthetic heart valve).
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ANS: B Capsicum pepper, feverfew, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, St. John's wort, and ginseng are some herbals that have potential interactions with anticoagulants, especially with warfarin.
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ANS: B A patient who has lost a massive amount (over 25%) of blood volume would receive whole blood. PRBCs are given to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity in patients with anemia, in patients with substantial hemoglobin deficits, and in patients who have lost up to 25% of their total blood volume. A patient with a coagulation disorder or a clotting-factor deficiency would receive fresh frozen plasma; albumin is used to expand fluid volume.
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ANS: B ACE inhibitors cause a characteristic dry, nonproductive cough that reverses when therapy is stopped. The other drug classes do not cause this cough.
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ANS: B ACE inhibitors have been shown to have a protective effect on the kidneys because they reduce glomerular filtration pressure. This is one reason that they are among the cardiovascular drugs of choice for diabetic patients. The other drugs do not have this effect.
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ANS: B Abatacept must be used cautiously in patients with recurrent infections or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Abrupt discontinuation of antiepileptic drugs can lead to withdrawal seizures. The other options are incorrect. The nurse cannot change the dose or stop the medication without a prescriber's order.
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ANS: B After the patient has used the corticosteroid inhalers, cleaning the oral cavity helps to prevent possible oral fungal infections from developing. Adrenal drugs need be taken with meals to minimize gastrointestinal upset and in the mornings to minimize adrenal suppression, and they need to be discontinued by weaning, not abruptly.
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ANS: B Alcohol has an additive effect when combined with barbiturates and causes central nervous system depression. Multivitamins and aspirin do not interact with barbiturates, and this situation does not illustrate an allergic reaction.
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ANS: B Allopurinol is indicated for the treatment of gout but is not indicated for the other disorders listed.
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ANS: B Although the drug exhibits many characteristics of the opiate class, physical dependence on loperamide has not been reported. All antidiarrheal drugs are orally administered. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Although the optimal level may vary from patient to patient, most standard references have suggested that the therapeutic range for theophylline blood level is 10 to 20 mcg/mL. However, most clinicians now advise levels between 5 and 15 mcg/mL.
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ANS: B Aluminum-based antacids have a constipating effect as well as an acid-neutralizing capacity. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B An inhaled bronchodilator is used before the inhaled corticosteroid to provide bronchodilation before administration of the antiinflammatory drug.
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ANS: B An undesirable effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is that they elevate the blood glucose level and cause glycosuria in diabetic patients. They induce metabolic acidosis, making their usefulness limited. In addition, hypokalemia and drowsiness may occur.
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ANS: B Anthelmintics are very specific in their actions, and it is important to identify the cause of the infestation before beginning treatment. They are not used to treat protozoal infections, and they do not cause severe drowsiness.
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ANS: B Anticholinergic drugs work to slow peristalsis by reducing the rhythmic contractions and the smooth muscle tone of the gastrointestinal tract. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Anticonvulsants are often used as adjuvants for treatment of neuropathic pain to enhance analgesic efficacy. The other indications listed are not correct.
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ANS: B Antithyroid drugs may cause bone marrow suppression, resulting in agranulocytosis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and other problems. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Antivenins, also known as antisera, are used to prevent or minimize the effects of poisoning by poisonous snakes and spiders. They provide the person who has been bitten with the substance needed to overcome the effects of the venom.
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ANS: B Applying warm compresses to the injection site and using acetaminophen (not aspirin, which carries the risk for Reye's syndrome) should help to relieve the discomfort. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Assess fluid volume status because muromonab-CD3 is contraindicated in the presence of fluid overload. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Assessment of baseline height and weight is important before beginning Ritalin therapy because it may cause a temporary slowing of growth in prepubertal children. The other studies are not as essential at this time.
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ANS: B At doses that exceed 10 mg per day, selegiline becomes a nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), contributing to the development of the cheese effect, so-called because it interacts with tyramine-containing foods (cheese, red wine, beer, and yogurt) and can cause severe hypertension.
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ANS: B Because drug-resistant cells commonly develop, exposure to multiple drugs with multiple mechanisms and sites of action will destroy more subpopulations of cells. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Bisphosphonates must be taken in the morning, with 6 to 8 ounces of plain water, to prevent esophageal erosion. In addition, the patient must sit upright for 30 minutes after taking them.
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ANS: B Blood products should be given only with normal saline 9% because D5W will also cause hemolysis of the blood product.
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ANS: B Both calcium- and magnesium-based antacids are more likely to accumulate to toxic levels in patients with renal disease and are commonly avoided in this patient group. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Bulk-forming laxatives are the only laxatives recommended for long-term use. Stimulant laxatives are the most likely of all the laxative classes to cause dependence. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Give bisacodyl only with water because interactions with milk, juices, and antacids may occur. All laxative tablets should be swallowed whole; a normal bowel pattern does not necessarily mean one bowel movement a day. Bisacodyl is a stimulant laxative; this class of laxative is the most likely of all the classes to cause dependence.
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ANS: B Glatiramer acetate and fingolimod are the only immunosuppressants currently indicated for reduction of the frequency of relapses (exacerbations) in a type of multiple sclerosis known as relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
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ANS: B High-dose methotrexate is associated with bone marrow suppression, and it is always given in conjunction with the rescue drug leucovorin, which is an antidote for folic acid antagonists. Basically, leucovorin rescues the healthy cells from methotrexate. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Ibutilide (Corvert) is one of two class III antidysrhythmic drugs available for rapid conversion of these atrial fibrillations and atrial flutters into normal sinus rhythm.
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ANS: B If a patient is taking long-acting opioid analgesics, breakthrough pain must be treated with an immediate-release dosage form that is given between scheduled doses of the long-acting opioid. The other options are not appropriate actions.
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ANS: B In 2005, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued special black-box warnings regarding the use of all classes of antidepressants in both adult and pediatric patient populations. Data from the FDA indicated a higher risk for suicide in patients receiving these medications. As a result, current recommendations for all patients receiving antidepressants include regular monitoring for signs of worsening depressive symptoms, especially when the medication is started or the dosage is changed. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B In patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease, especially those on nitrates, erectile dysfunction drugs such as sildenafil lower blood pressure substantially, potentially leading to more serious adverse events. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Intravenous phenytoin is given only with normal saline solution to prevent precipitation formation caused by incompatibilities. The IV push dose must be given slowly (not exceeding 50 mg/min in adults), and the patient must be monitored for bradycardia and decreased blood pressure.
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ANS: B Leukopenia is a potential adverse effect of azathioprine therapy, so white blood cells need to be monitored. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Liver failure, kidney failure, and porphyria (for griseofulvin) are the most common contraindications for antifungal drugs. The other options are not contraindications.
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ANS: B Mannitol, an osmotic diuretic, is commonly used to reduce intracranial pressure and cerebral edema resulting from head trauma.
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ANS: B Many of the undesirable adverse effects are due to nicotinic receptor stimulation. The desired effects come from muscarinic receptor stimulation. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Metformin decreases glucose production by the liver; decreases intestinal absorption of glucose; and improves insulin receptor sensitivity in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue, resulting in decreased insulin resistance. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Methylnaltrexone is approved only for terminally ill (hospice) patients who have opioid-induced constipation. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Moderate sedation effectively reduces patient anxiety, sensitivity to pain, and recall of the medical procedure, yet it preserves a patient's ability to maintain his or her own airway and respond to verbal commands. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Monoclonal antibodies are used for the treatment of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases, multiple sclerosis, and organ transplantation.
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ANS: B Muscle weakness and osteoporosis may also result from long-term therapy, but delayed wound healing would have the most impact on the patient's recovery from abdominal surgery at this time. Hypertension, not hypotension, may result from long-term corticosteroid therapy.
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ANS: B Myopathy (muscle pain) is a clinically important adverse effect that may occur with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. It may progress to a serious condition known as rhabdomyolysis. Patients receiving statin therapy need to be advised to report any unexplained muscular pain or discomfort to their health care providers immediately. The other drugs and drug classes do not cause muscle pain or myopathy.
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ANS: B Nesiritide is indicated for the treatment of acutely decompensated heart failure with dyspnea at rest. Digoxin is used for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and systolic heart failure. Long-term treatment of heart failure is not an indication for nesiritide.
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ANS: B Not all beta blockers are used for the treatment of heart failure. Carvedilol and metoprolol are currently used in the treatment of heart failure. The other options are not indicated for the treatment of heart failure.
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ANS: B Nystatin may be given orally in the form of lozenges, or troches, which need to be slowly and completely dissolved in the mouth for optimal effects; tablets are not to be chewed or swallowed whole. The other options are incorrect. Patients taking an inhaled corticosteroid must rinse their mouths with water thoroughly after taking the inhaler.
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ANS: B One of the most serious adverse effects of opioids is respiratory depression. The nurse must assess the patient's respiratory rate before administering an opioid. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Ongoing aPTT values are used to monitor heparin therapy. PT/INR is used to monitor warfarin therapy. The other two options are not used to monitor anticoagulant therapy.
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ANS: B Opioid tolerance is a common physiologic result of long-term opioid use. Patients with opioid tolerance require larger doses of the opioid agent to maintain the same level of analgesia. This situation does not describe toxicity (overdose), addiction, or abstinence syndrome (withdrawal).
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ANS: B PRBCs are given to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity in patients with anemia, in patients with substantial hemoglobin deficits, and in patients who have lost up to 25% of their total blood volume. Patients with coagulation disorder or clotting-factor deficiency would receive fresh frozen plasma; a patient who has lost a massive amount of blood would receive whole blood.
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ANS: B Patients and family members need to be told that antidepressant drugs commonly require several weeks before full therapeutic effects are noted. The other answers are incorrect.
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ANS: B Patients need to understand that it may take up to 3 to 4 weeks to see the full therapeutic effects of thyroid drugs. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Patients on aminoglycoside therapy have an increased risk for injury caused by nephrotoxicity. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Patients on antithyroid therapy need to avoid iodine-containing foods. These foods may interfere with the effectiveness of the antithyroid drug. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Patients receiving anticholinergic drugs are at risk for urinary retention and constipation, not diarrhea. The other nursing diagnoses are not applicable to anticholinergic drugs.
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ANS: B Patients receiving fludrocortisone need to take it with food or milk to minimize gastrointestinal upset; weight gain of 5 pounds or more in 1 week needs to be reported to the physician; abrupt withdrawal is not recommended because it may precipitate an adrenal crisis. Adverse effects are related to the fluid retention and may include heart failure and hypertension.
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ANS: B Patients who are neutropenic and susceptible to infections need to adhere to a low-microbe diet by washing fresh fruits and vegetables and making sure foods are well cooked. The other options are correct.
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ANS: B Patients who receive interferon therapy may experience flulike symptoms: fever, chills, headache, malaise, myalgia, and fatigue. Fatigue is the major dose-limiting factor for interferon therapy. Patients taking high dosages become so exhausted that they are commonly confined to bed.
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ANS: B Pentamidine and atovaquone are used for the treatment of pneumonia caused by P. jirovecii. The other options are not used for this pneumonia.
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ANS: B Phenobarbital has the longest half-life of all standard AEDs, including those listed in the other options, so it allows for once-a-day dosing.
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ANS: B Pilocarpine is a direct-acting drug that is used topically to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. The other disorders are not indications for pilocarpine.
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ANS: B Prehypertension is defined as having a systolic blood pressure between 120 and 139 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure between 80 and 89 mm Hg. The other parameters listed are incorrect.
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ANS: B Prophylactic antibiotic therapy is used to prevent infection. Empiric therapy involves selecting the antibiotic that can best kill the microorganisms known to be the most common causes of an infection. Definitive therapy occurs once the culture and sensitivity results are known. Resistance is not a type of antibiotic therapy.
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ANS: B Propylthiouracil impedes the formation of thyroid hormone but has no effect on already existing thyroid hormone. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Quinidine, a cinchona alkaloid, may cause the symptoms of cinchonism, including tinnitus, loss of hearing, slight blurring of vision, and gastrointestinal upset. The medication will need to be continued even after symptoms subside, or the symptoms may return. Tablets or capsules that are visible in the stool are actually the wax matrixes that contained the drug; the medication is extracted while in the intestines. Photosensitivity occurs with class III drugs, not with quinidine (class Ia).
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ANS: B Regular insulin is the usual insulin product to be dosed via intravenous bolus, intravenous infusion, or even intramuscularly. These routes, especially the intravenous infusion route, are often used in cases of diabetic ketoacidosis, or coma associated with uncontrolled type 1 diabetes.
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ANS: B Sexual dysfunction is a potential nursing diagnosis related to possible adverse effects of antihypertensive drug therapy. The other nursing diagnoses are not appropriate.
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ANS: B Sitagliptin is indicated for management of type 2 diabetes either as monotherapy or in combination with metformin, a sulfonylurea, or a glitazone, but not with insulin.
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ANS: B Smoking may impair the absorption of H2 antagonists. The other factors are correct interventions for this medication.
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ANS: B Smoking should be avoided during estrogen therapy because it adds to the risk for thrombosis formation. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Some antifungal drugs, including fluconazole and itraconazole, increase the effects of oral anticoagulants, which manifest as increases in PT/INR. As a result, increased bleeding may occur. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Sun exposure and tanning booths need to be avoided with conventional antipsychotics because of the adverse effect of photosensitivity. Instruct the patient to apply sunscreen liberally and to wear sun-protective clothing and hats.
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ANS: B Systemic glucocorticoid drugs may cause potassium depletion, hyperglycemia, and hypernatremia. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Tachycardia, tachypnea, muscle rigidity, and raised temperature are symptoms of malignant hyperthermia, which is treated with cardiorespiratory supportive care as needed to stabilize heart and lung function as well as with immediate treatment with the skeletal muscle relaxant dantrolene. CPR is not immediately needed because the patient still has a pulse and respirations. Naltrexone and anticholinesterase drugs are not appropriate in this situation.
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ANS: C Adverse effects of beta blockers include bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, drowsiness, impotence, and several other effects, but not dry cough.
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ANS: B Taking HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors with grapefruit juice may cause complications. Components in grapefruit juice inactivate CYP3A4 in both the liver and intestines. This enzyme plays a key role in statin metabolism. The presence of grapefruit juice in the body may therefore result in sustained levels of unmetabolized statin drug, which increases the risk for major drug toxicity, possibly leading to rhabdomyolysis. The other foods do not interact with these drugs.
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ANS: B Taking these drugs with food reduces gastrointestinal upset. Antiprotozoal drugs may cause the urine to turn dark. These drugs should be administered for the prescribed length of time to ensure complete eradication of the infection.
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ANS: B The allopurinol may cause increased levels of cyclosporine, and toxicity may result. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B The common adverse effects of the xanthine derivatives include nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. In addition, gastroesophageal reflux has been observed to occur during sleep in patients taking these drugs. Cardiac adverse effects include sinus tachycardia, extrasystole, palpitations, and ventricular dysrhythmias. Transient increased urination and hyperglycemia are other possible adverse effects.
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ANS: B The first dose of the series of three injections is given at 6 weeks of age. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B The fluorquinolone ciprofloxacin is used to treat more severe (i.e., the inhalational form) cases of anthrax. Doxycycline is used for more mild cases (gastrointestinal and cutaneous forms). The anthrax vaccine is used to prevent anthrax. Immunoglobulin is not an appropriate treatment.
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ANS: B The hemoglobin A1C level reflects the patient's adherence to the therapy regimen for several months previously, thus evaluating how well the patient has been doing with diet and drug therapy. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B The maximum extent to which lipid levels are lowered may not occur until 6 to 8 weeks after the start of therapy. The other responses are incorrect.
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ANS: B The most common manifestations of chronic salicylate intoxication in adults are tinnitus and hearing loss. Hyperventilation and CNS effects are most commonly seen in children.
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ANS: B The normal therapeutic drug level of digoxin is between 5 and 2 ng/mL. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B The nurse must emphasize that the patient should remain upright in either a standing or sitting position for approximately 30 minutes after taking a bisphosphonate so as to help prevent esophageal erosion or irritation. Because this patient will be required to lie flat in bed for 2 days after the surgery, the prescriber will need to be notified that the patient cannot take the medication during this time.
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ANS: B The proper syringe for insulin injection is the insulin syringe, which is marked in units. The other syringes listed are not correct for use with insulin because they are not marked in units.
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ANS: B The short-acting beta2 agonists are commonly used during the acute phase of an asthmatic attack to reduce airway constriction quickly and to restore airflow to normal levels. The other drugs listed are not appropriate for acute asthma attacks. Anticholinergic drugs and long-acting beta2 agonists are used to prevent attacks; corticosteroids are used to reduce airway inflammation.
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ANS: B The signs of excess dosages of thyroid replacement hormone mimic those of hyperthyroidism. Instruct the patient to report immediately any of the following to the prescriber: chest pain, weight loss, palpitations, tremors, sweating, nervousness, shortness of breath, or insomnia. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B The therapeutic effects of the antipsychotic drugs include improvement in mood and affect, and alleviation or decrease in psychotic symptoms (decrease in hallucinations, paranoia, delusions, garbled speech). Tardive dyskinesia is a potential adverse effect of these drugs. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B The use of disulfiram (Antabuse) with alcohol-containing over-the-counter products will elicit severe adverse reactions. As little as 7 mL of alcohol may cause symptoms in a sensitive person. Cigarette smoking does not cause problems when taking disulfiram. Disulfiram does not have the same effects as alcohol.
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ANS: B The use of multiple medications reduces the possibility that the organism will become drug resistant. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B There is a potential for cross-allergy in patients who are allergic to sulfonamide antibiotics. Although such an allergy is listed as a contraindication by the manufacturer, most clinicians do prescribe sulfonylureas for such patients. The order needs to be clarified.
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ANS: B Tocolytics relax uterine smooth muscles and stop the uterus from contracting and are used along with nonpharmacologic measures to prevent preterm labor between 20 and 37 weeks of pregnancy.
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ANS: B Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants with warfarin results in an increased anticoagulant effect. SSRI antidepressants do not interact with the other drugs or drug classes listed. See Table 16-6 for important drug interactions with SSRIs.
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ANS: B Vaughan Williams class III drugs (amiodarone, dronedarone, sotalol, ibutilide, and dofetilide) increase the action potential duration by prolonging repolarization in phase The other answers are incorrect.
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ANS: B Vitamin K is given to reverse the anticoagulation effects of warfarin toxicity. Protamine sulfate is the antidote for heparin overdose. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Voriconazole is contraindicated when coadministered with certain other drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme 3A4 (e.g., quinidine) because of the risk for inducing serious cardiac dysrhythmias.
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ANS: B When an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor is taken with the first bite of a meal, excessive postprandial blood glucose elevation (a glucose spike) can be reduced or prevented.
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ANS: B When given in combination with levodopa, carbidopa inhibits the breakdown of levodopa in the periphery and thus allows smaller doses of levodopa to be used. Lesser amounts of levodopa result in fewer unwanted adverse effects. Levodopa, not carbidopa, is the biologic precursor of dopamine and can penetrate into the CNS.
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ANS: B When using garlic, it is recommended to avoid any other drugs that may interfere with platelet and clotting function. These drugs include antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and aspirin. The other drugs listed do not have known interactions with garlic.
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ANS: B With carbamazepine, autoinduction occurs and leads to lower-than-expected drug concentrations. Therefore, the dosage may have to be adjusted with time. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B Zidovudine, along with various other antiretroviral drugs, is given to HIV-infected pregnant women and even to newborn babies to prevent maternal transmission of the virus to the infant. The other drugs are non-HIV antiviral drugs.
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ANS: B, C, D Cerebral edema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and organ transplantation are indications for glucocorticoid therapy. Glaucoma, varicella, and septicemia are all contraindications to glucocorticoid therapy.
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ANS: B, C, D Instructions need to include preventing constipation by encouraging a diet that is plentiful in raw vegetables, fruit, and bran. Forcing fluids (up to 3000 mL/day unless contraindicated) may also help to prevent constipation. Notify the prescriber if there are any new or troublesome symptoms, abnormal or unusual bleeding, yellow discoloration of the skin, or muscle pain. These drugs are highly protein bound, therefore they interact with many drugs. Taking these drugs with food may help to reduce gastrointestinal distress.
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ANS: B, C, D, E This drug should be taken in the morning to avoid interference with sleep, and the patient should also be on a supervised exercise and dietary regime. Caffeine-containing products should be avoided because of possible additional stimulation. Dry mouth can be minimized by the use of mouth rinses, sugarless gum, or hard candy. The other option is incorrect.
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ANS: B, C, D, F Cautious use of laxatives is recommended in the presence of the following: acute surgical abdomen; appendicitis symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting; intestinal obstruction; and undiagnosed abdominal pain. Oral laxatives must not be used with fecal impaction; mineral oil enemas are indicated for fecal impaction. The other options are indications for laxative use.
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ANS: B, C, E Antacids neutralize acid in the stomach. Magnesium-based antacids cause diarrhea, and aluminum-based antacids cause constipation. Calcium-based antacids often cause rebound hyperacidity.
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ANS: B, C, E Patients need to know that AED therapy is usually lifelong, and compliance (with consistent dosing) is important for effective seizure control. Abruptly stopping AED therapy may cause withdrawal (or rebound) seizure activity.
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ANS: B, C, E Some of the more serious adverse effects of the thyroid drugs include tachycardia, palpitations, and chest pains. The other options are not adverse effects of thyroid replacement drugs.
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ANS: B, C, E, F Constipation (not diarrhea), lightheadedness (not nervousness), urinary retention, and itching are some of the common adverse effects that the patient may experience while taking Vicodin.
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ANS: B, C, E, F Contraindications to the use of cholinergic drugs include gastrointestinal or genitourinary obstruction, bradycardia, hypotension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The other options are possible indications for cholinergic drugs.
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ANS: B, C, E, F Potential adverse effects of hematopoietic drugs include edema, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, fever, and headache. See Table 47-1 for a complete list. The other options are not adverse effects of these drugs.
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ANS: B, C, E, F Sulfonamides may potentiate the hypoglycemic effects of sulfonylureas in diabetes treatment, the toxic effects of phenytoin, and the anticoagulant effects of warfarin, which can lead to hemorrhage. Sulfonamides may also reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives.
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ANS: B, C, F Albuterol (a short-acting beta2 agonist) and epinephrine (a beta1 and beta2 agonist) are used for acute bronchospasms. Aminophylline can be used for mild to moderate cases of acute asthma. Salmeterol is a long-acting beta2 agonist that is indicated for maintenance treatment, not acute episodes. Fluticasone is an inhaled corticosteroid; montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA). These types of medications are used for asthma prophylaxis.
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ANS: B, C, F Patients on aminoglycoside therapy must be monitored for signs of nephrotoxicity (rising serum creatinine level) and ototoxicity (hearing loss, dizziness). The other options are not signs of toxicity.
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ANS: B, D Patients taking varenicline have reported drowsiness, which has prompted the FDA to recommend caution when driving and engaging in other potentially hazardous activities until the patient can determine how the drug affects his or her mental status. In addition, the FDA has warned about psychiatric symptoms including agitation, depression, and suicidality. Varenicline is an oral tablet, and common adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, and insomnia. There are no cautions about taking caffeine while on this drug.
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ANS: B, D The inhaled corticosteroid is a maintenance drug used to prevent asthma attacks; it is not indicated for acute asthma attacks. Rinsing the mouth with water is appropriate and necessary to prevent oral fungal infections; the water is not to be swallowed after rinsing. The patient needs to be given instructions about keeping the inhaler clean, including removing the canister from the plastic casing weekly and washing the casing in warm soapy water. Once the casing is dry, the canister and mouthpiece may be put back together and the cap applied. The glucocorticoid may predispose the patient to oral fungal overgrowth, thus the need for implicit instructions about cleaning inhaling devices. Use of a peak flow meter assists in monitoring the patient's response to therapy. The medication needs to be taken as ordered every day, regardless of whether the patient is feeling better.
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ANS: B, D, E Clinical situations that would require the use of digoxin immune Fab in a patient with digoxin toxicity include serum potassium level above 5 mEq/L, severe sinus bradycardia that does not respond to cardiac pacing, or an overdose of more than 10 mg of digoxin. Seeing colorful halos around lights and experiencing nausea, anorexia, fatigue, and headaches are potential adverse effects of digoxin therapy but are not necessarily reasons for digoxin immune Fab treatment.
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ANS: B, D, E Contraindications to barbiturates include pregnancy, significant respiratory difficulties, and severe liver disease. The other disorders are not contraindications.
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ANS: B, D, E Hyponatremia is manifested by lethargy, hypotension, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and seizures. The other options are symptoms of hypernatremia.
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ANS: B, D, E Leukopenia is an expected adverse effect of azathioprine therapy, as are thrombocytopenia and hepatotoxicity. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: B, D, E, F Acetaldehyde syndrome results when alcohol is taken while on disulfiram (Antabuse) therapy. Adverse effects include CNS effects (pulsating headache, sweating, marked uneasiness, weakness, vertigo, others); GI effects (nausea, copious vomiting, thirst); and difficulty breathing. Cardiovascular effects also occur; see Table 17- Euphoria and diarrhea are not adverse effects associated with acetaldehyde syndrome.
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ANS: B, D, E, F Cyclosporine is infused intravenously with an infusion pump, not as an IV bolus. Monitor the patient closely for the first 30 minutes for adverse effects, especially for allergic reactions, and monitor blood levels periodically to ensure therapeutic, not toxic, levels of the medication. Perform oral hygiene frequently to prevent dry mouth and subsequent infections.
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ANS: B, D, E, F If the patient develops tingling and numbness in the extremities (paresthesias), discontinue the drug immediately. An infusion pump is necessary for the infusion, and the nurse will monitor the IV site for signs of phlebitis and infiltration. Premedication to reduce the adverse effects of fever, malaise, and nausea may be ordered. The IV solution must be clear and without precipitates; and muscle weakness, not twitching, may indicate hypokalemia. The medication must be administered at the rate recommended and stopped, not slowed, if adverse reactions occur.
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ANS: B, D, F, G There are numerous adverse effects of amiodarone, including pulmonary toxicity, thyroid disorders, bradycardia, hypotension, SA node dysfunction, QT prolongation, blue-gray coloring of the skin (face, arms, neck), constipation, and others. Tachycardia, chest pain, and headache are not adverse effects of amiodarone therapy.
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ANS: B, E Ranolazine is contraindicated in patients with preexisting QT prolongation or hepatic impairment. The other options are not contraindications.
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ANS: B, E, G, H Medications for tuberculosis must be taken on a consistent schedule to maintain blood levels. Medication therapy for tuberculosis may last up to 24 months, long after symptoms disappear, and patients are infectious during the early part of the treatment. Compliance with antitubercular drug therapy is key, so if symptoms become severe, the prescriber should be contacted for an adjustment of the drug therapy. The medication must not be stopped. Because of potential liver toxicity, patients on this drug therapy must not drink alcohol. Discoloration of the urine is an expected adverse effect, and patients need to be warned about it beforehand. Burning or tingling in the fingers or toes may indicate that peripheral neuropathy is developing, and the prescriber needs to be notified immediately. A second form of birth control must be used because antitubercular drug therapy makes oral contraceptives ineffective.
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ANS: C A fasting blood glucose level between 70 and 100 mg/dL indicates a therapeutic response to drugs that decrease glucose levels. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C A patient with coronary heart disease is considered to be at high or very high risk, and with an LDL level greater than or equal to 130 mg/dL, drug therapy will be initiated. The other situations would warrant dietary therapy, initially.
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ANS: C A single oral dose of fluconazole may be used to treat vaginal candidiasis. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C A variety of serious neurologic and mental disorders, such as Korsakoff's psychosis and Wernicke's encephalopathy, as well as cirrhosis of the liver, may occur with chronic use of alcohol. Renal failure, cerebrovascular accident, and Alzheimer's disease are not associated directly with chronic use of alcohol.
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ANS: C According to current guidelines, if the chest pain or discomfort is not relieved in 5 minutes, after one dose, the patient (or family member) must call 911 immediately. The patient may take one more tablet while awaiting emergency care and may take a third tablet 5 minutes later, but no more than a total of three tablets. The sublingual dose is placed under the tongue, and the patient needs to avoid swallowing until the tablet has dissolved.
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ANS: C According to the JNC 7 guidelines, calcium channel blockers and diuretics have been shown to be more effective in African Americans than in white patients. Thiazide diuretics are also recommended for newly diagnosed stage 1 hypertension.
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ANS: C Acetaminophen should be safe in regular doses; high doses, however, as well as other nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and aspirin, may cause an increased anticoagulant effect. Taking an opioid for a headache may not be appropriate.
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ANS: C Acetylcysteine has the flavor of rotten eggs and so is better tolerated if it is diluted and disguised by mixing with a drink such as cola or flavored water to help increase its palatability. The use of a straw helps to minimize contact with the mucous membranes of the mouth and is recommended. The nebulizer form of this medication is used for certain types of pneumonia, not for acetaminophen overdose.
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ANS: C Adenosine has an extremely short half-life of less than 10 seconds; its onset occurs within 1 minute; and it must be given as a fast IV push injection. In addition, a very brief episode of asystole may occur after administration.
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ANS: C Adrenergic drugs mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
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ANS: C Aged cheeses, such a Swiss or cheddar cheese, and salami contain tyramine. Patients who are taking MAOIs need to avoid tyramine-containing foods because of a severe hypertensive reaction that may occur. Orange juice, eggs, biscuits, and honey do not contain tyramine.
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ANS: C All categories of laxatives share the same general contraindications and precautions, including avoidance in cases of drug allergy and the need for cautious use in the presence of the following: acute surgical abdomen; appendicitis symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting; fecal impaction (mineral oil enemas excepted); intestinal obstruction; and undiagnosed abdominal pain. The other options are possible indications for laxatives.
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ANS: C Allergy to penicillin may also result in hypersensitivity to cephalosporins. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Alosetron must be discontinued immediately if constipation or signs of ischemic colitis occur. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Amiodarone (Cordarone) is the drug of choice for ventricular dysrhythmias according to the Advanced Cardiac Life Support guidelines. The other drugs are not used for acute ventricular dysrhythmias.
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ANS: C Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is a common adverse effect of antibiotics. However, it becomes a serious superinfection when it causes antibiotic-associated colitis, also known as pseudomembranous colitis or simply C. difficile infection. This happens because antibiotics disrupt the normal gut flora and can cause an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile. The most common symptoms of C. difficile colitis are watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Whenever a patient who was previously treated with antibiotics develops watery diarrhea, the patient needs to be tested for C. difficile infection. If the results are positive, the patient will need to be treated for this serious superinfection.
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ANS: C Anticholinergic drugs commonly cause the adverse effects of dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and urinary retention. They also cause mydriasis (pupillary dilation).
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ANS: C Anticoagulants prevent thrombus formation but do not dissolve or stabilize an existing thrombus, nor do they dilate vessels around a clot.
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ANS: C Aspirin is contraindicated in children with flulike symptoms because the use of this drug has been strongly associated with Reye's syndrome. This is an acute and potentially life-threatening condition involving progressive neurologic deficits that can lead to coma and may also involve liver damage. Acetaminophen is appropriate for this patient. The other responses are incorrect.
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ANS: C Because dobutamine is a vasoactive adrenergic, it works by increasing the cardiac output in heart failure patients by increasing myocardial contractility and stroke volume. However, adrenergic drugs may worsen a preexisting cardiac disorder, such as causing a myocardial infarction in a patient with coronary artery disease. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Because of the possibility of a transfusion reaction, the infusion should be discontinued immediately and the prescriber notified. The intravenous line should be kept patent with isotonic normal saline solution infusing at a slow rate, and the facility's protocol for transfusion reactions should always be followed. The other options are inappropriate actions.
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ANS: C Benzodiazepines suppress REM sleep to a degree (although not as much as barbiturates) and, thus, result in daytime sleepiness (a hangover effect). The other statements are incorrect.
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ANS: C Bleomycin causes pulmonary toxicity (pulmonary fibrosis and pneumonitis). Patients receiving cytotoxic antibiotics such as bleomycin may require more frequent monitoring of pulmonary function, and baseline chest radiographs may be obtained for comparison with subsequent radiographs if pneumonitis occurs at a later point.
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ANS: C Bulk-forming drugs increase water absorption, which results in greater total volume (bulk) of the intestinal contents. Bulk-forming laxatives tend to produce normal, formed stools. Their action is limited to the gastrointestinal tract, so there are few, if any, systemic effects. However, they need to be taken with liberal amounts of water to prevent esophageal obstruction and fecal impaction.
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ANS: C Cardiac toxicity may occur, so frequent checking of heart and breath sounds is necessary and daily weights need to be recorded (with reporting of an increase of 2 pounds or more in 24 hours or 5 pounds or more in 1 week).
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ANS: C Caspofungin is used for treating severe infection by Aspergillus species (invasive aspergillosis) in patients who are intolerant of or refractory to other drugs.
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ANS: C Corticosteroids have an antiinflammatory effect, which may help to reduce pain. The other medications do not have antiinflammatory properties.
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ANS: C Death from overdose of tricyclic antidepressants usually results from either seizures or dysrhythmias. SSRIs are associated with significantly fewer and less severe systemic adverse effects, especially anticholinergic and cardiovascular adverse effects. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Decreased white blood cell counts are an indication of reduction of infection and are a therapeutic effect of antibiotic therapy. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Dextromethorphan suppresses the cough reflex through a direct action on the cough center. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Diarrhea and abdominal pain are some of the possible gastrointestinal effects of pyrantel. See Table 43-11 for other adverse effects. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Dizziness, tinnitus, hearing loss, or a sense of fullness in the ears could indicate ototoxicity, a potentially serious toxicity in a patient. Nephrotoxicity is indicated by rising blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. Fever may be indicative of the patient's infection; a white blood cell count of 7000 cells/mm3 is within the normal range of 5000 to 10,000 cells/mm
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ANS: C The adverse effects listed may occur with use of stimulants and are commonly an extension of their therapeutic effects. Opioids, alcohol, and depressants do not have these effects.
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ANS: C Donepezil therapy is not a cure for Alzheimer's disease, but it may help to improve symptoms in the early stages. It may take up to 6 weeks to see improvement. The family should be taught that the medication must be taken exactly as ordered and with meals, and the medication should not be abruptly stopped or the dosage increased without the physician's approval because of the possibility of serious complications.
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ANS: C Drowsiness is usually the chief complaint of people who take antihistamines.
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ANS: C Drug interactions may occur between the taking of aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and the taking of ginkgo. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Drug interactions with thyroid replacement preparations include oral antidiabetic drugs, anticoagulants, cholestyramine, and digitalis. See Table 31-
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ANS: C Drug therapy commonly lasts for 24 months if consistent drug therapy has been maintained. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Drugs administered by the oral route produce prolonged decongestant effects, but the onset of action is more delayed and the effect less potent than those of decongestants applied topically. However, the clinical problem of rebound congestion associated with topically administered drugs is almost nonexistent with oral dosage forms.
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ANS: C Drugs that are given to enhance the activity of bone marrow cells interfere directly with the action of myelosuppressive cancer therapy. For this reason, therapy with colony-stimulating factors usually begins 24 hours after the chemotherapy has been completed.
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ANS: C During the infusion of albumin, the development of fluid volume overload must be monitored by the nurse, especially in those at risk for heart failure. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Early symptoms of hypoglycemia include the central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of confusion, irritability, tremor, and sweating. Hypothermia and seizures are later symptoms of hypoglycemia. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Edrophonium, another indirect-acting cholinergic drug, is commonly used to diagnose myasthenia gravis. Edrophonium is not used in diagnosing Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or Alzheimer's disease.
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ANS: C Encourage the patient to contact the prescriber if there is unresolved nausea, vomiting, profuse diarrhea, or abdominal pain and to report immediately any visual disturbances, dizziness, or respiratory difficulties.
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ANS: C Enteric-coated aspirin is best taken with 6 to 8 ounces of water and with food to help decrease gastrointestinal upset. Enteric-coated tablets should not be crushed. Risk for bleeding increases with aspirin therapy, even at low doses.
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ANS: C Ethambutol may cause a decrease in visual acuity or even blindness resulting from retrobulbar neuritis. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Excessive use of sodium bicarbonate may lead to systemic alkalosis. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Extrapyramidal symptoms are manifested by tremors and muscle twitching, and the incidence of such symptoms is high during haloperidol therapy. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Fresh frozen plasma is indicated to increase clotting factor levels in patients with demonstrated deficiency. Cryoprecipitate is used to manage acute bleeding; PRBCs are used to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood; albumin is used to expand fluid volume.
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ANS: C Fresh frozen plasma is used as an adjunct to massive blood transfusion in the treatment of patients with underlying coagulation disorders. The other options are not indications for fresh frozen plasma.
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ANS: C Furosemide must not be injected into an intravenous line with milrinone because it will precipitate immediately. The infusion must not be stopped because of the patient's condition. A separate line will be needed. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Gastrointestinal adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation, are the most common adverse effects associated with opioid analgesics. Physical dependence usually occurs in patients undergoing long-term treatment. Diarrhea is not an effect of opioid analgesics. Taking the dose with food may help minimize GI upset.
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ANS: C Gastrointestinal effects include dyspepsia, heartburn, epigastric distress, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal pain, and others. See Table 44-3 for the other adverse effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The other options are not adverse effects of NSAIDs.
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ANS: C Hepatic necrosis is the most serious acute toxic effect of an acute overdose of acetaminophen. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Hydroxychloroquine, which is used for malaria, also possesses antiinflammatory actions and has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Hypersensitivity reactions are characterized by wheezing; shortness of breath; swelling of the face, tongue, or hands; itching; or rash. The nurse should immediately stop the antibiotic infusion, have someone notify the prescriber, and stay with the patient to monitor the patient's vital signs and condition. Checking for allergies should have been done before the infusion.
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ANS: C Hypoglycemia can be reversed if the patient eats glucose tablets or gel, corn syrup, or honey, or drinks fruit juice or a nondiet soft drink or other quick sources of glucose, which must always be kept at hand. She should not wait for instructions from her physician, nor delay taking the glucose by resting. The regular insulin would only lower her blood glucose levels more.
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ANS: C If extravasation is suspected, administration of the drug must be stopped immediately but the IV catheter left in place and the appropriate antidote instilled through the existing IV tube, after which the needle may be removed. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C If there are any questions about the medication order or the medication prescribed, contact the prescriber immediately for clarification and for an order of the appropriate dose form of the medication. Do not change the route without the prescriber's order. Withholding the medication may lead to seizure activity during the surgical procedure.
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ANS: C In addition to producing hematologic adverse effects, irinotecan has been associated with severe diarrhea, known as cholinergic diarrhea, which may occur during infusions. Delayed diarrhea may occur 2 to 10 days after infusion of irinotecan. It is recommended that this condition be treated with atropine unless use of that drug is strongly contraindicated. This diarrhea can be severe and even life threatening.
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ANS: C In patients suffering a decrease in gastrointestinal peristalsis postoperatively, taking a cholinergic drug should result in an increase in bowel sounds, the passage of flatus, and the occurrence of bowel movements that indicate increased gastrointestinal peristalsis.
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ANS: C Indirect-acting drugs such as pyridostigmine inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thus reversing the neuromuscular blockade produced by anticholinergic poisoning as well as poisoning by irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors such as the organophosphates and carbonates, common classes of insecticides. The other drugs listed are not appropriate antidotes.
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ANS: C Intravenous glucose raises blood glucose levels when the patient is unconscious and unable to take oral forms of glucose.
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ANS: C Iodine compounds are contraindicated in patients with allergies to seafood. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Lipid pneumonia may occur if the oral mineral oil is accidentally aspirated into the respiratory tract. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Lithium may cause a decreased therapeutic effect of desmopressin. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Liver disease is a contraindication to the use of acetaminophen. Fever and mild headache are both possible indications for the medication. Having a history of peptic ulcer disease is not a contraindication.
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ANS: C Long-term use of laxatives or cathartics often results in decreased bowel tone and may lead to dependency. Patients need to be taught that daily bowel movements are not necessary for bowel health.
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ANS: C Medications are not to be taken, unless prescribed, within 1 to 2 hours of taking an antacid because of their impact on the absorption of many medications in the stomach.
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ANS: C Megestrol can cause appetite stimulation and weight gain, and therefore is used in the management of anorexia, cachexia, or unexplained substantial weight loss in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and in patients with cancer. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Methotrexate interacts with weak organic acids, such as aspirin, and can lead to toxicity by displacing the methotrexate from protein-binding sites.
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ANS: C Mix the powder with food or at least 4 to 6 ounces of fluid. The powder may not mix completely at first, but patients should be sure to mix the dose as much as possible and then dilute any undissolved portion with additional fluid. The powder should be dissolved for at least 1 full minute. Powder and granule dosages are never to be taken in dry form.
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ANS: C Monoclonal antibodies can target cancer cells specifically and have minimal effects on healthy cells, unlike conventional cancer treatments. As a result, there are fewer adverse effects when compared to traditional antineoplastic therapy. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Multiple births are a possible consequence of treatment for infertility with ovulation-inducing drugs.
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ANS: C NSAIDs have antipyretic effects but not the other effects listed.
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ANS: C Naloxone, an opioid-reversal agent, is used to reverse the effects of acute opioid overdose and is the drug of choice for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression. This situation is describing an opioid overdose, not opioid tolerance. Intubation and artificial ventilation are not appropriate because the patient is still breathing at 7 breaths per minute. It would be inappropriate to assess the patient's level of pain.
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ANS: C Natural passive immunization occurs when antibodies are transferred from the mother to her infant in breast milk or through the bloodstream via the placenta during pregnancy. Artificial active immunization causes an antigen-antibody response and stimulates the body's defenses to resist any subsequent exposures. Passive immunization is conferred by bypassing the host's immune system and injecting the person with antiserum or concentrated antibodies obtained from other humans or animals; this gives the host direct means of fighting off an invading microorganism. The host's immune system therefore does not have to manufacture these antibodies.
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ANS: C Nervousness, dizziness, and nausea and vomiting are expected adverse effects of ergot alkaloids. However, if chest pain occurs, the prescriber should be contacted immediately, or the patient should seek emergency care.
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ANS: C Newer lipid formulations of amphotericin B have been developed in an attempt to decrease the incidence of its adverse effects and increase its efficacy. However, the lipid formulations are more costly.
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ANS: C Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen can reduce the antihypertensive effect of ACE inhibitors. In addition, the use of NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors may also predispose patients to the development of acute renal failure.
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ANS: C Octreotide (Sandostatin) is used for the management of a cancer-related condition called carcinoid crisis and treatment of the severe diarrhea caused by vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumors (VIPomas). The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Oprelvekin (Neumega) stimulates bone marrow cells, specifically megakaryocytes, which eventually form platelets. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Optimal blood levels of vancomycin are a trough level of 10 to 20 mcg/mL. Measurement of peak levels is no longer routinely recommended, and only trough levels are commonly monitored. Blood samples for measurement of trough levels are drawn immediately before administration of the next dose. Because of the increase in resistant organisms, many clinicians use a trough level of 15 to 20 mcg/mL as their goal. These trough levels mean that even just before the next dose is due, when drug levels should be low, the drug levels are actually too high.
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ANS: C Orlistat (Xenical) is a nonstimulant drug that is used as part of a weight loss program. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Oxytocin is infused via an infusion pump, not via an intravenous bolus. Magnesium sulfate is not administered with oxytocin. Fetal heart rate and maternal vital signs should be monitored continuously.
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ANS: C PRBCs are given to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity in a patient with anemia, in a patient with substantial hemoglobin deficits, and in a patient who has lost up to 25% of total blood volume. A patient with a coagulation disorder or a clotting-factor deficiency would receive fresh frozen plasma; a patient who has lost a massive amount of blood would receive whole blood.
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ANS: C Patients taking oral estrogen therapy should report weight gain of 5 pounds or more per week to a physician. The other statements are not true for estrogen replacement therapy.
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ANS: C Positive inotropic drugs increase myocardial contractility, thus increasing the force of cardiac conduction. Positive chronotropic drugs increase the heart rate. Positive dromotropic drugs increase the conduction of electrical impulses across the heart. Blood vessel dilation is not affected.
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ANS: C Potassium supplements are contraindicated in the presence of renal disease; the other conditions listed may be treated with potassium supplements.
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ANS: C Premedication with antiemetics 30 to 60 minutes before administration of the antineoplastics is the preferred treatment protocol to help reduce nausea and vomiting, prevent dehydration and malnutrition, and promote comfort. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Primary hypothyroidism stems from an abnormality in the thyroid gland itself and occurs when the thyroid gland is not able to perform one of its many functions. Secondary hypothyroidism begins at the level of the pituitary gland and results from reduced secretion of TSH. TSH is needed to trigger the release of the T3 and T4 stored in the thyroid gland. Tertiary hypothyroidism is caused by a reduced level of the TRH from the hypothalamus. This reduced level, in turn, reduces TSH and thyroid hormone levels.
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ANS: C Probenecid is recommended as concurrent drug therapy with cidofovir to help alleviate the nephrotoxic effects of probenecid. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Protamine sulfate is a specific heparin antidote and forms a complex with heparin, completely reversing its anticoagulant properties. Vitamin K is the antidote for warfarin (Coumadin) overdose. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) may be beneficial for isoniazid-induced peripheral neuropathy. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Ramelteon is contraindicated in cases of severe liver dysfunction. The other conditions are not contraindications.
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ANS: C Recombivax HB promotes active immunity to hepatitis B infection in people who are considered to be at high risk for potential exposure to the virus, whereas hepatitis B immunoglobulin provides passive immunity for the prophylaxis and postexposure treatment of people exposed to hepatitis B virus or HBs-Ag-positive materials, such as blood, plasma, or serum. Hib and Varivax vaccines are not appropriate for this situation.
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ANS: C Saline laxatives such as magnesium hydroxide (MOM) produce a watery stool, usually within 3 to 6 hours of ingestion. Bulk-forming laxatives such as psyllium do not produce a bowel movement rapidly. Stool softeners such as docusate salts do not cause patients to defecate; they simply soften the stool to ease its passage. Magnesium oxide tablets are used as magnesium supplements, not as laxatives.
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ANS: C Somatropin is to be used with caution in acute or chronic illnesses, such as migraine headaches, epilepsy, and asthma. It will not have to be immediately discontinued but will require close monitoring. The patient's growth will be measured and documented throughout therapy with somatropin.
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ANS: C Special spill kits are employed to clean up even the smallest chemotherapy spills. These precautions are necessary to protect the health care provider from the cytotoxic effects of these drugs.
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ANS: C Stimulation of beta2-adrenergic receptors results in bronchodilation. The other choices are incorrect.
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ANS: C Studies performed as part of the Women's Health Initiative have indicated that because of a high incidence of cardiovascular problems, estrogen therapy is not considered the first choice for osteoporosis prevention.
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ANS: C Sulfonamides achieve very high concentrations in the kidneys, through which they are eliminated. Therefore, they are often used in the treatment of urinary tract infections.
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ANS: C Taking INH with phenytoin will cause decreased metabolism of the phenytoin, leading to increased drug effects. Pyridoxine is often given with isoniazid to prevent peripheral neuropathy. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Taking the medication 30 minutes before meals allows time for the onset of action and therapeutic effects during the meal. The doses should be spaced evenly apart to optimize the effects of the medication. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7) guidelines recommend thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment for hypertension. The other drug classes are not considered first-line treatments.
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ANS: D Digoxin immune Fab (Digifab) is the antidote for a severe digoxin overdose. It is given intravenously. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C The main ingredient in NoDoz, caffeine, is a central nervous system stimulant that can be used to increase mental alertness. Restlessness, anxiety, and insomnia are common adverse effects. Thus, sleep deprivation is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis of those listed.
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ANS: C The most serious adverse effect of opioid use is CNS depression, which may lead to respiratory depression. Pinpoint pupils, not dilated pupils, are seen. Restlessness and a heart rate of 55 beats per minute are not indications of an opioid overdose.
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ANS: C The old ointment should be removed before a new dose is applied. The ointment should be applied to clean, dry, hairless skin of the upper arms or body, not below the elbows or below the knees. The ointment is not massaged or spread on the skin, and it is not indicated for the treatment of acute angina.
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ANS: C The oral anticoagulant warfarin is more likely to cause increased bleeding times or bruising when coadministered with adsorbents. This is thought to be because the adsorbents bind to vitamin K, which is needed to make certain clotting factors. Vitamin K is synthesized by the normal bacterial flora in the bowel. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C The transdermal form allows for better absorption of testosterone because of its high first-pass effect. Oral forms are poorly absorbed, and the transdermal form is preferable to an injection and is preferred for hormonal replacement therapy. The patch is changed daily.
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ANS: C The triphasic drugs most closely duplicate the normal hormonal levels of the female menstrual cycle. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C The undesirable effects of nicotinic acid can be minimized by starting with a low initial dose, taking the drug with meals, and taking small doses of aspirin with the drug to minimize cutaneous flushing. Fiber intake has no effect on niacin's adverse effects, and it is not within the nurse's scope of practice to suggest a change of medication dosage.
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ANS: C The use of a spacer may be indicated with metered-dose inhalers, especially if success with inhalation is limited. The other options are not appropriate interventions.
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ANS: C The wearing-off phenomenon occurs when antiparkinson medications begin to lose their effectiveness, despite maximal dosing, as the disease progresses. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C There are no antagonists/antidotes for barbiturates. Treatment supports respirations and maintains the airway. The other interventions are not appropriate.
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ANS: C There have been reported cases of severe anaphylactic reactions to ipratropium inhalers in patients with allergies to peanuts, and such use must be avoided.
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ANS: C These drugs are indicated for chronic, not acute, asthma and are to be taken every day on a continuous schedule, even if symptoms improve. These drugs are taken orally.
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ANS: C These drugs need to be started within 2 days of influenza symptom onset; they can be used for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C This medication is used to relieve impaired urinary flow in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, but it also can cause orthostatic hypotension when changing positions from sitting or lying positions. Because of these effects, the blood pressure may become dramatically lowered, and lightheadedness may occur, increasing the risk of falling.
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ANS: C Thrombolytic drugs lyse, or dissolve, thrombi. They are not used to prevent further clot formation or to control bleeding. As a result of dissolving of the thrombi, chest pain may be relieved, but that is not the primary purpose of thrombolytic therapy.
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ANS: C Tolcapone is contraindicated in patients who have shown a hypersensitivity reaction to it, and it should be used with caution in patients with preexisting liver disease. The other conditions listed are not contraindications.
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ANS: C Tolterodine (Detrol) is used for urinary frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence caused by bladder (detrusor) overactivity. The conditions in the other options are not indications.
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ANS: C Transdermal dosage formulations of nitroglycerin are used for the long-term prophylactic management (prevention) of angina pectoris. Transdermal nitroglycerin patches are not appropriate for the relief of shortness of breath, to prevent palpitations, or to control the heart rate during exercise.
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ANS: C Transient burning may occur with topical application of acyclovir. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Treatment of cardiac arrest is an indication for the use of epinephrine. The other options are not indications for epinephrine.
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ANS: C Tricyclic antidepressant overdoses are notoriously lethal. The primary organ systems affected are the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system, and death usually results from either seizures or dysrhythmias.
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ANS: C Urinary intake and output and daily weights are the best reflections of a patient's fluid volume status.
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ANS: C Vancomycin is the drug of choice for the treatment of MRSA. The other drugs are not used for MRSA.
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ANS: C When the diabetic patient is NPO, the prescriber needs to be contacted for further orders regarding the administration of the oral antidiabetic drugs. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: C Women taking oral contraceptives and rifampin need to be counseled about other forms of birth control because of the impaired effectiveness of the oral contraceptives during concurrent use of rifampin.
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ANS: C, D During SSRI medication, therapeutic effects may not be seen for 4 to 6 weeks. To prevent the potentially fatal pharmacodynamic interactions that can occur between the SSRIs and the MAOIs, a 2- to 5-week washout period is recommended between uses of these two classes of medications. The other options apply to other classes of psychotherapeutic drugs, not SSRIs.
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ANS: C, D, E Octreotide is used with caution in patients with diabetes (type 1 or 2), gallbladder impairment, or renal impairment. Carcinoid crisis, which may be associated with severe diarrhea and flushing, is an indication for octreotide; esophageal varices are also an indication.
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ANS: C, D, F Antihistamines should be taken with food, even though this slightly reduces the absorption of the drug, so as to minimize the gastrointestinal upset that can occur. Over-the-counter medications must not be taken with an antihistamine unless approved by the physician because of the serious drug interactions that may occur. Drinking extra fluids will help to ease the removal of secretions, and activities that require alertness, such as driving, must not be engaged in until the patient knows how he or she responds to the sedating effects of antihistamines.
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ANS: C, E, F Anticoagulants taken with NSAIDs may cause increased bleeding tendencies because of platelet inhibition and hypoprothrombinemia. NSAIDs taken with diuretics may cause reduced hypotensive and diuretic effects. NSAIDs taken with corticosteroids may cause increased ulcerogenic effects. See Table 44- The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D A black-box warning is required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for all quinolones because of the increased risk for tendonitis and tendon rupture with use of the drugs. This effect is more common in elderly patients, patients with renal failure, and those receiving concurrent glucocorticoid therapy (e.g., prednisone). The other options are not common adverse effects.
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ANS: D A patient who is starting doxazosin should take the first dose while lying down because there is a first-dose hypotensive effect with this medication. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D A prodrug relies on a functioning liver to be converted to its active form. Captopril is not a prodrug, and therefore it would be safer for the patient with liver dysfunction.
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ANS: D A prostatic-specific antigen test and digital rectal examination needs to be performed before initiation of treatment with saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Adverse effects may include gastrointestinal upset, headache, back pain, and dysuria.
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ANS: D A sudden elevation in body temperature during the postoperative period may indicate the occurrence of malignant hyperthermia, a life-threatening emergency. The elevated temperature does not reflect the other problems listed.
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ANS: D A therapeutic response to antitubercular therapy is manifested by a decrease in the symptoms of tuberculosis, such as cough and fever, and by weight gain. The results of laboratory studies (culture and sensitivity tests) and the chest radiographic findings will be used to confirm the clinical findings of resolution of the infection.
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ANS: D Acetaminophen is indicated for mild to moderate pain and does not cause drowsiness, as an opioid would. Currently, the maximum daily amount of acetaminophen is 3000 mg per day. The 1000-mg amount per day is too low. Telling the patient not to take any pain medications is incorrect.
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ANS: D After surgery and the termination of general anesthesia, the priority assessment is the patient's airway, breathing, and circulation status. The other assessments are important but are not the immediate concern.
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ANS: D Aldesleukin, when given with antihypertensives, can produce additive hypotensive effects. The other responses are incorrect.
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ANS: D All H2 receptor antagonists may inhibit the absorption of certain drugs, such as the antifungal ketoconazole, which require an acidic gastrointestinal environment for gastric absorption. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Almost all patients given the drug intravenously experience fever, chills, hypotension, tachycardia, malaise, muscle and joint pain, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, and headache. For this reason, pretreatment with an antipyretic (acetaminophen), antihistamines, and antiemetics may be conducted to decrease the severity of the infusion-related reaction. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Although a topically applied adrenergic nasal decongestant can be absorbed into the bloodstream, the amount absorbed is usually too small to cause systemic effects at normal dosages. Excessive dosages of these medications, however, are more likely to cause systemic effects elsewhere in the body. These may include cardiovascular effects, such as hypertension and palpitations, and central nervous system effects such as headache, nervousness, and dizziness. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Although most of the time coughing is a beneficial response, there are times when it is not useful and may even be harmful (e.g., after a surgical procedure such as hernia repair or in cases of nonproductive, or dry, cough). Coughing would be beneficial in the other three situations.
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ANS: D Aminoglutethimide is an adrenal steroid inhibitor that is used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Anticholinergic drugs are given preoperatively to control oral and gastrointestinal secretions during surgery. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Anticholinergic drugs block or inhibit the actions of acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Antilipemic drugs may adversely affect liver function; therefore, liver function studies need to be closely monitored. The other options do not reflect problems that may occur with antilipemic drugs.
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ANS: D Antiseptics primarily inhibit microorganisms but do not necessarily kill them. They are applied exclusively to living tissue. Disinfectants are able to kill organisms and are used only on nonliving objects.
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ANS: D Aspirin can reduce platelet aggregation; low doses of aspirin (81 to 325 mg once daily) are used for thromboprevention. Higher doses are required for pain relief, reduction of inflammation, and reduction of fever. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Dipyridamole (Persantine) is used as an adjunct to warfarin in the prevention of postoperative thromboembolic complications. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Barbiturates such as phenobarbital deprive people of REM sleep, which can result in agitation and the inability to deal with normal stress. A rebound phenomenon occurs when the drug is stopped (not during therapy), and the proportion of REM sleep increases, sometimes resulting in nightmares. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Because viruses reproduce in human cells, selective killing is difficult; consequently, many healthy human cells, in addition to virally infected cells, may be killed in the process, and this results in the serious toxicities that are involved with these drugs. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Beta blockers are also considered to be cardioprotective because they inhibit stimulation of the myocardium by circulating catecholamines. Myocardial infarction causes catecholamines to be released. Unopposed stimulation by catecholamines would further increase the heart rate and the contractile force and thereby increase myocardial oxygen demand. When a beta blocker occupies myocardial beta1 receptors, circulating catecholamine molecules are prevented from binding to the receptors. Thus, the beta blockers protect the heart from being stimulated by these catecholamines. The other responses are incorrect.
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ANS: D Beta blockers are frequently given to patients after they have suffered an MI because of their cardioprotective properties. The other responses are incorrect.
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ANS: D Beta blockers can cause both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. They may also cause weight gain if heart failure is developing, and decreased pulse rate. The use of hot tubs and saunas is not recommended because of the possibility of hypotensive episodes.
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ANS: D Bleeding, both internal and superficial, as well as intracranial, is the most common undesirable effect of thrombolytic therapy. The other options list possible adverse effects of thrombolytic drugs, but they are not the most common effects.
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ANS: D Bone marrow suppression is often the reason that a patient with HIV infection has to be switched to another anti-HIV drug such as didanosine. The two drugs can be taken together, cutting back on the dosages of both and thus decreasing the likelihood of toxicity. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Bran, in large amounts, may decrease the absorption of oral digitalis drugs. The other foods do not affect digoxin levels.
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ANS: D COMT inhibitors are associated with fewer wearing-off effects and have prolonged therapeutic benefits. They have a quicker onset, and they prolong the duration of action of levodopa.
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ANS: D Caution must be exercised in the administration of diuretics to the elderly because they are more sensitive to the therapeutic effects of these drugs and are more sensitive to the adverse effects of diuretics, such as dehydration, electrolyte loss, dizziness, and syncope. Taking the diuretic with the evening meal may disrupt sleep because of nocturia. Doses should never be skipped or stopped without checking with the prescriber.
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ANS: D Central nervous system stimulants should be taken 4 to 6 hours before bedtime to decrease insomnia. Generally speaking, once-a-day dosing is used with extended-release or long-acting preparations. These formulations eliminate the need to take this medication at school.
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ANS: D Colchicine may cause renal effects; therefore, these symptoms must be reported immediately. The drug is taken on an empty stomach for better absorption, and fluids should be increased unless contraindicated. Successful treatment depends upon continuing the medication as ordered.
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ANS: D Colistimethate (Coly-Mycin), commonly referred to as colistin, is now being used again, often as one of the only drugs available to treat KPC. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Consistent dosing, taken regularly at the same time of day, at the recommended dose, and with meals to reduce the common gastrointestinal adverse effects, is the key to successful management of seizures when taking AEDs. Noncompliance is the factor most likely to lead to treatment failure.
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ANS: D Constipation is a common effect of CCBs, and a high-fiber diet and plenty of fluids will help to prevent it. Grapefruit juice decreases the metabolism of CCBs. Extended-release tablets must never be chewed or crushed. These medications should never be discontinued abruptly because of the risk for rebound hypertension.
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ANS: D Consuming small, frequent meals with nutritional supplements, and maintaining a bland diet help to improve nutrition during antineoplastic therapy.
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ANS: D Contraindications include drug allergy, urinary or gastric retention, and uncontrolled angle-closure glaucoma. Neurogenic bladder is an indication for oxybutynin. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Contraindications to thyroid preparations include known drug allergy to a given drug product, recent myocardial infarction, adrenal insufficiency, and hyperthyroidism. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Convulsions are possible if lidocaine reaches toxic levels. The other options are not adverse effects of lidocaine.
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ANS: D Culture specimens should be obtained before initiating antibiotic drug therapy; otherwise, the presence of antibiotics in the tissues may result in misleading culture and sensitivity results. The other responses are incorrect.
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ANS: D Cytotec inhibits gastric acid secretions and stimulates mucous secretions; it has proved successful in preventing the gastric ulcers that may occur in patients taking NSAIDs.
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ANS: D Decreased severe thirst and decreased urinary output are the therapeutic responses expected with vasopressin. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Diarrhea is a potential adverse effect of procainamide therapy. Prolonged QT interval on the ECG is also possible. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Digoxin doses are held and the prescriber notified if the apical pulse is 60 beats/minute or lower or is higher than 100 beats/minute. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Dry mouth can be managed with artificial saliva through drops or gum, frequent mouth care, forced fluids, and sucking on sugar-free hard candy. Anticholinergics should be taken with or after meals to minimize gastrointestinal upset and must not be discontinued suddenly. The patient must drink at least 3000 mL per day unless contraindicated. Drinking water is important, even if the patient is not thirsty or in need of hydration, to prevent and manage the adverse effect of constipation.
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ANS: D Elderly patients who take an anticholinergic drug need to be reminded that they are at a greater risk for suffering heat stroke because of decreased sweating and loss of normal heat-regulating mechanisms.
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ANS: D Estrogenic drugs are contraindicated in people who have active thromboembolic disorders and in those with histories of thromboembolic disease. Atrophic vaginitis and inoperable prostate cancer are potential indications for estrogen therapy. Estrogen is not used to prevent lactation.
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ANS: D Eszopiclone (Lunesta) is one of the newest prescription hypnotics to be approved for long-term use in treatment of insomnia. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are not appropriate for long-term treatment of insomnia; midazolam is used for procedural (moderate) sedation.
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ANS: D Ezetimibe selectively inhibits absorption in the small intestine of cholesterol and related sterols. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Female patients taking antifungal medications for the treatment of vaginal infections need to abstain from sexual intercourse until the treatment has been completed and the infection has resolved. The medication needs to be taken for as long as prescribed. Instruct patients to continue to take the medication even if they are actively menstruating. Douching is not an appropriate intervention.
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ANS: D Foods containing tyramine, such as beer and aged cheeses, should be avoided while a patient is taking an MAOI. Drinking beer while taking an MAOI may precipitate a dangerous hypertensive crisis. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D H. influenzae type b conjugate vaccine is usually given to patients with one of the following disorders: sickle cell anemia, an immunodeficiency syndrome, Hodgkin's disease, and others. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D HDLs are responsible for the "recycling" of cholesterol. HDLs are sometimes referred to as the "good" lipid (or good cholesterol) because they are believed to be cardioprotective. LDLs are known as the "bad" cholesterol.
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ANS: D If mixing insulins in one syringe, the clear (regular) insulin is always drawn up in to the syringe first. Patients always need to rotate injection sites. Mixing of insulins may be ordered.
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ANS: D Impotence is a potential adverse effect of beta blockers and may cause patients to stop taking the medication. The other options are not adverse effects of beta blockers.
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ANS: D Infuse the medication over at least 1 hour to reduce the occurrence of red man syndrome. Adequate hydration (at least 2 liters of fluid in 24 hours) during vancomycin therapy is important for the prevention of nephrotoxicity. Hypotension may occur during the infusion, especially if it is given too rapidly.
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ANS: D Interferon is given parenterally (not orally), and injection sites need to be rotated. Fluids need to be increased during interferon therapy. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D LMWHs are contraindicated in patients with an indwelling epidural catheter; they can be given 2 hours after the epidural is removed. This is very important to remember, because giving an LMWH with an epidural has been associated with epidural hematoma.
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ANS: D Levothyroxine is dosed in micrograms. A common medication error is to write the intended dose in milligrams instead of micrograms. If not caught, this error would result in a thousandfold overdose. Doses higher than 200 mcg need to be questioned in case this error has occurred. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Linezolid may cause serotonin syndrome when used concurrently with serotonergic drugs such as the selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressants. The other drugs and drug classes do not cause interactions.
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ANS: D Long-term self-medication with antacids may mask symptoms of serious underlying diseases, such as bleeding ulcer or malignancy. Patients with ongoing symptoms need to undergo regular medical evaluations, because additional medications or other interventions may be needed.
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ANS: D Many antidysrhythmics are themselves capable of producing new dysrhythmias (the prodysrhythmic effect). The other options are not adverse effects of antidysrhythmic drugs.
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ANS: D Medroxyprogesterone, a progestin, is one of the drugs most commonly used for secondary amenorrhea. Secondary amenorrhea is not an indication for the other drugs listed.
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ANS: D Methyldopa is used in the treatment of hypertension during pregnancy. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Methyltestosterone can be used in cases of inoperable breast cancer in women. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Mild hyponatremia is usually treated by oral administration of sodium chloride tablets. Pronounced sodium depletion is treated by intravenous normal saline or lactated Ringer's solution.
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ANS: D Moderate hypertension may occur in as much as 50% of patients taking cyclosporine. The other options are potential adverse effects of other immunosuppressant drugs.
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ANS: D Muscle weakness is an early symptom of hypokalemia, as are hypotension, lethargy, mental confusion, and nausea. Cardiac dysrhythmias are a late symptom of hypokalemia. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Naltrexone works to eliminate the euphoria that occurs with opioid drug use; therefore, the reinforcing effect of the drug is lost.
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ANS: D New concerns have arisen over the potential for long-term users of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to develop osteoporosis. This is thought to be due to the inhibition of stomach acid, and it is speculated that PPIs speed up bone mineral loss. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Nonspecific/nonselective beta-blocking drugs may precipitate bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, heart failure, bronchoconstriction, and/or increased airway resistance. Therefore, any preexisting respiratory condition such as asthma might be worsened by the concurrent use of any of these medications.
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ANS: D Omeprazole needs to be taken before meals, and an entire capsule must be taken whole, not crushed, chewed, opened, or dissolved in liquid when treating GERD. This medication is used on a long-term basis to maintain healing.
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ANS: D One advantage of levothyroxine over the natural forms is that it can be administered only once a day because of its long half-life. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Oral candidiasis and dry mouth are two possible adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroids. The other responses are incorrect.
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ANS: D Oral doses should be given with at least 8 ounces of fluids and food to minimize gastrointestinal upset; however, antacids and dairy products will bind with the tetracycline and make it inactive.
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ANS: D Oral medications are generally not recommended for pregnant patients because of a lack of firm safety data. For this reason, insulin therapy is the only currently recommended drug therapy for pregnant women with diabetes. Insulin is given to pediatric patients, with extreme care. Patients with type 2 diabetes may require insulin in certain situations or as their disease progresses.
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ANS: D Orthostatic hypotension is a possible problem with diuretic therapy. Foods high in potassium should be eaten more often, and the drug needs to be taken in the morning so that the diuretic effects do not interfere with sleep. A weight gain of 5 pounds or more per week must be reported immediately.
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ANS: D Partial agonists such as nalbuphine are similar to the opioid agonists in terms of their therapeutic indications; however, they have a lower risk of misuse and addiction. They do not have antiinflammatory effects, nor are they given to reverse the effects of opiates. They do not have a higher potency than agonists.
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ANS: D Patients on antitubercular therapy should report experiencing numbness and tingling of extremities, which may indicate peripheral neuropathy. Some drugs may color the urine, stool, and other body secretions reddish-orange, but this is not an effect that needs to be reported. Patients need to be informed of this expected effect. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Patients receiving neuromuscular blocking drugs require artificial mechanical ventilation because of the resultant paralysis of the respiratory muscles. In addition, they do not cause sedation or pain relief. They are used along with, not instead of, general anesthesia during surgery.
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ANS: D Patients should not drive after drinking this tea because it may cause sedation. Kava tea may cause skin discoloration (with long-term use). In addition, it must not be taken with alcohol, barbiturates, and psychoactive drugs.
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ANS: D Patients taking insulin injections need to be instructed to rotate sites, but to do so within the same location for about 1 week (so that all injections are rotated in one area-for example, the right arm-before rotating to a new location, such as the left arm). Also, each injection needs to be at least to 1 inch away from the previous site.
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ANS: D Phenothiazines produce anticholinergic-like adverse effects of dry mouth, urinary hesitancy, and constipation.
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ANS: D Phentolamine is an alpha blocker that reduces peripheral vascular resistance when given systemically, but local subcutaneous injection around the site of extravasated vasoconstrictive drugs, such as dobutamine, causes an alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade and vasodilation. This allows for increased blood flow to the ischemic tissue and may prevent permanent tissue damage.
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ANS: D Physostigmine salicylate is the antidote to an atropine overdose in patients who show extreme delirium or agitation and could inflict injury to themselves. Its routine use as an antidote for cholinergic-blocker overdose is controversial, however. The other options are incorrect choices.
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ANS: D Polyethylene glycol is a very potent laxative that induces total cleansing of the bowel and is most commonly used before diagnostic or surgical bowel procedures. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Pregnancy should be ruled out before beginning oral contraceptive therapy because the medications can be harmful to the fetus; they are classified as pregnancy category X.
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ANS: D Primaquine is one of the few antimalarial drugs that can destroy the malarial parasites while they are in their exoerythrocytic phase. The other drugs are effective during the erythrocytic, or blood, phase.
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ANS: D Probiotics work by replenishing bacteria that may have been destroyed by antibiotic therapy, thus restoring the balance of normal flora and suppressing the growth of diarrhea-causing bacteria.
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ANS: D Prompt administration of atropine sulfate can reverse a toxic dose of cholinergic drugs. The other drugs listed are not antidotes to cholinergic toxicity.
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ANS: D Prophylaxis of malaria with hydroxychloroquine is usually started 1 to 2 weeks before exposure and continued for 4 weeks after the person has left the area. The medication should be taken with food to decrease gastrointestinal upset.
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ANS: D Restricting dietary intake of fat to less than 30% of total calories can help reduce some of the GI adverse effects, which include oily spotting, flatulence, and fecal incontinence. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D The primary adverse effects seen with milrinone are cardiac dysrhythmias, mainly ventricular. It may also cause hypotension, hypokalemia, and other effects, but not nausea and vomiting.
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ANS: D Results of liver function studies (e.g., bilirubin level, liver enzyme levels) need to be assessed because isoniazid and rifampin may cause hepatic impairment; severe liver dysfunction is a contraindication to these drugs. In addition, the patient's history of alcohol use needs to be assessed.
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ANS: D Rifampin, one of the first-line drugs for TB, causes a red-orange-brown discoloration of urine, tears, sweat, and sputum. Patients need to be warned about this side effect. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D SERMs such as raloxifene are contraindicated in women with a venous thromboembolic disorder, including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or a history of such disorders. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Salmeterol is a long-acting beta2 agonist bronchodilator, while fluticasone is a corticosteroid. In combination, they are used for the maintenance treatment of asthma and COPD. As a long-acting inhaler, Advair is not appropriate for treatment of acute bronchospasms. The other statements are incorrect.
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ANS: D Salmeterol is indicated for the prevention of bronchospasms, not treatment of acute symptoms. The dosage is usually two puffs twice daily, 12 hours apart, for maintenance effects in patients older than 12 years of age. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Simethicone alters the elasticity of mucus-coated bubbles, causing them to break, and is an over-the-counter antiflatulent. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Spironolactone (Aldactone) is a potassium-sparing diuretic, and patients taking this drug must be monitored for signs of hyperkalemia. The other drugs do not cause hyperkalemia but instead cause hypokalemia.
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ANS: D Switching brands of levothyroxine during treatment can destabilize the course of treatment. Thyroid function test results need to be monitored more carefully when switching products.
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ANS: D Testoderm patches are applied to the scrotal skin. Other forms (e.g., Androderm) may be applied to the back, abdomen, upper arms, or thighs.
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ANS: D The GI adverse effects of metformin can be reduced by administering it with meals. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D The combination of quinine and tetracycline takes advantage of their synergistic protozoacidal effects. The other responses are incorrect.
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ANS: D The elderly are more sensitive to the blood pressure-lowering effects of vasodilators, and consequently experience more problems with hypotension, dizziness, and syncope. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D The elderly patient is more affected by anesthesia than the young or middle-aged adult patient because of the effects of aging on the hepatic, cardiac, respiratory, and renal systems.
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ANS: D The herbal product St. John's wort must not be used with SSRIs. Potential interactions include confusion, agitation, muscle spasms, twitching, and tremors. The other responses by the nurse are inappropriate.
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ANS: D The incidence of dry mouth is much lower with use of the newer cholinergic-blocker drugs, such as darifenacin, because the actions of these drugs are more specific for the bladder as opposed to the salivary glands. These drugs are contraindicated if narrow-angle glaucoma or urinary retention is present. The newer cholinergic-blocker drugs are not necessarily more effective.
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ANS: D The inhalational form of ribavirin (Virazole) is used primarily in the treatment of hospitalized infants with severe lower respiratory tract infections caused by RSV. The other drugs listed are not used for the treatment of RSV.
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ANS: D The medication does not lead to a cure but does help to alleviate the symptoms of the disease for which it is being given. The patient needs to avoid alcohol while taking any of the pituitary drugs. Instruct the patient not to discontinue this drug abruptly because of possible negative consequences to the patient and the levels of pituitary hormones. Any fever, sore throat, joint pain, or muscular pain needs to be reported to the prescriber immediately.
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ANS: D The monoclonal antibodies basiliximab and daclizimab have a tendency to cause the allergy-like reaction known as cytokine release syndrome, which can be severe and even involve anaphylaxis. In an effort to avoid or alleviate this problem, it is recommended that an injection of a corticosteroid, such as methylprednisolone, be administered before the injection of monoclonal antibodies.
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ANS: D The most common manifestations of chronic salicylate intoxication in adults are tinnitus and hearing loss. Those in children are hyperventilation and CNS effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, and behavioral changes.
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ANS: D The non-PVC infusion kits are used to avoid absorption and/or uptake of the nitrate by the intravenous tubing and bag and/or decomposition of the nitrate. The medication is given by infusion via an infusion pump and not with other medications. It is not given by bolus injection. If the parenteral solution is discolored blue or green, it should be discarded.
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ANS: D The normal range for neutrophils is above 1500 cells/mm If neutrophils are decreased to levels of less than 500 cells/mm3 (neutropenia), there is risk for severe infection. Chemotherapy will be held until the count returns toward normal levels.
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ANS: D The nurse must double-check the formulation before giving cyclosporine. Cyclosporine-modified products (such as Neoral or Gengraf) are interchangeable with each other but are not interchangeable with Sandimmune. In this case, the nurse must obtain the Sandimmune form of the drug from the pharmacy. The other options are incorrect..
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ANS: D The nursing diagnosis of impaired gas exchange is appropriately worded for this patient. Anxiety would not be appropriate while the patient is in surgery. Sensorium would be decreased during surgery, not increased. Cardiac output is affected by general anesthesia, not local anesthesia.
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ANS: D The physician would examine the fundus of a patient's eyes during antihypertensive therapy because it is a more reliable indicator than blood pressure readings of the long-term effectiveness of treatment.
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ANS: D The symptoms of stomatitis consist of pain or burning in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, taste changes, viscous saliva, dryness, cracking, and fissures, with or without bleeding mucosa. Teach patients to avoid consuming foods containing citric acid and foods that are hot or spicy or high in fiber. Assessing stools is important but is not related to stomatitis, and aspirin must not be used during this therapy.
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ANS: D The therapeutic effects of bronchodilating drugs such as xanthine derivatives include increased ease of breathing. The other responses are incorrect.
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ANS: D Therapeutic drug levels for phenytoin are usually 10 to 20 mcg/mL (see Table 14-6). The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Therapeutic responses to antiparkinson agents include an improved sense of well-being, improved mental status, increased appetite, increased ability to perform activities of daily living and to concentrate and think clearly, and less intense parkinsonian manifestations.
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ANS: D There is no cure for the disease, and treatment will be lifelong. The other answers are not appropriate.
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ANS: D These medications must never be abruptly discontinued, and lifelong therapy is usually the norm. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D This overlapping is done purposefully to allow time for the blood levels of warfarin to rise, so that when the heparin is eventually discontinued, therapeutic anticoagulation levels of warfarin will have been achieved. The full therapeutic effect of warfarin does not occur until 4 to 5 days after the first dose. This overlap of activity is required in patients who have been receiving heparin for anticoagulation and are to be switched to warfarin so that prevention of clotting is continuous.
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ANS: D To prevent tolerance, remove the transdermal patch at night for 8 hours, and apply a new patch in the morning. Transdermal patches must never be cut or left on for 2 days, and doses must not be omitted.
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ANS: D Transdermal scopolamine (Transderm- ) is a patch that can be applied just behind the ear 4 to 5 hours before travel for the prevention of motion sickness. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Triptans are contraindicated in patients with serious cardiovascular disease because of the vasoconstrictive potential of these medications. The other options are incorrect.
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ANS: D Vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine are coadministered with local anesthetics to keep the anesthetic at its local site of action and to prevent systemic absorption. The other options are not correct rationales for using this medication.
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ANS: D Vomiting and diarrhea cause fluid and electrolyte loss. The patient must not continue to take the diuretic until these problems have stopped. He needs to be checked for possible hypokalemia and dehydration. The other options are incorrect responses.
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ANS: D When giving intravenous potassium, the medication must always be given in a diluted form and administered slowly. Intravenous bolus or undiluted forms may cause cardiac arrest. Intravenous rates are not to exceed 10 mEq/hr unless the patient is on a cardiac monitor. Oral forms should be mixed with juice or water or taken according to instructions.
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ANS: D With capillary leak syndrome, the capillaries lose their ability to retain vital colloids, and these substances migrate into the surrounding tissues, resulting in massive fluid retention. As a result, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and dysrhythmias may occur. The other options do not reflect capillary leak syndrome.
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ANS: D, E, F Symptoms of hypokalemia include anorexia, nausea, lethargy, muscle weakness, mental confusion, and hypotension. The other symptoms are not associated with hypokalemia.
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Abatacept (Orencia) is prescribed for a patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis. The nurse checks the patient's medical history, knowing that this medication would need to be used cautiously if which condition is present? A. Coronary artery disease B. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease C. Diabetes mellitus D. Hypertension
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After a severe auto accident, a patient has been taken to the trauma unit and has an estimated blood loss of more than 30% of his blood volume. The nurse prepares to administer which product? A. Albumin B. Whole blood C. Packed red blood cells D. Fresh frozen plasma
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After receiving a nebulizer treatment with a beta agonist, the patient complains of feeling slightly nervous and wonders if her asthma is getting worse. What is the nurse's best response? A. "This is an expected adverse effect. Let me take your pulse." B. "The next scheduled nebulizer treatment will be skipped." C. "I will notify the physician about this adverse effect." D. "We will hold the treatment for 24 hours."
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After starting treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus 6 months earlier, a patient is in the office for a follow-up examination. The nurse will monitor which laboratory test to evaluate the patient's adherence to the antidiabetic therapy over the past few months? A. Hemoglobin levels B. Hemoglobin A1C level C. Fingerstick fasting blood glucose level D. Serum insulin levels
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Aldesleukin [IL-2] (Proleukin) is prescribed for a patient. The nurse reviews the patient's medication list and would note a potential drug interaction if which drug class is also ordered? A. Anticoagulants B. Antiepileptic drugs C. Oral hypoglycemic drugs D. Antihypertensive drugs
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Amantadine (Symmetrel) is prescribed for a patient with Parkinson's disease. The nurse informs the patient that which common adverse effects can occur with this medication? A. Dyskinesias, drowsiness B. Dizziness, insomnia, nausea C. Peripheral edema, fatigue, syncope D. Heart palpitations, hypotension, urinary retention
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An 8-year-old child has been diagnosed with true pituitary dwarfism and is being treated with somatropin. In follow-up visits, the nurse will monitor for which expected outcome? A. Increased growth B. Decreased urinary output C. Increased muscle strength D. Increased height when the child reaches puberty
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An infant has been hospitalized with a severe lung infection caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and will be receiving medication via the inhalation route. The nurse expects which drug to be used? A. acyclovir (Zovirax) B. ganciclovir (Cytovene) C. amantadine (Symmetrel) D. ribavirin (Virazole)
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Antilipemic drug therapy is prescribed for a patient, and the nurse is providing instructions to the patient about the medication. Which instructions will the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) A. Limit fluid intake to prevent fluid overload. B. Eat extra servings of raw vegetables and fruit. C. Report abnormal or unusual bleeding or yellow discoloration of the skin. D. Report the occurrence of muscle pain immediately. E. Drug interactions are rare with antilipemics. F. Take the drug 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals to maximize absorption.
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At 09:00, the nurse is about to give morning medications, and the patient has asked for a dose of antacid for severe heartburn. Which schedule for the antacid and medications is correct? A. Give both the antacid and medications at 09: B. Give the antacid at 09:00, and then the medications at 09: C. Give the medications at 09:00, and then the antacid at 10: D. Give the medications at 09:00, and then the antacid at 09:
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Before a patient receives triptans for the treatment of migraines, the nurse will assess for the presence of which condition, which is a contraindication if present? A. Hypotension B. Renal disease C. Liver damage D. Cardiovascular disease
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Before beginning a patient's therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, the nurse will assess for concurrent use of which medications or medication class? A. Aspirin B. Anticoagulants C. Diuretics D. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
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Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) is prescribed for a patient, and the nurse provides instructions to the patient about the medication. The nurse includes which information? A. The patient needs to avoid caffeine while on this drug. B. The patient needs to wear sunscreen while outside because of photosensitivity. C. Long-term therapy may result in nervousness and excitability. D. The medication may be taken with an antacid to reduce gastrointestinal upset.
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Cyclosporine is prescribed for a patient who had an organ transplant. The nurse will monitor the patient for which common adverse effect? A. Nausea and vomiting B. Fever and tremors C. Agitation D. Hypertension
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During a blood transfusion, the patient begins to have chills and back pain. What is the nurse's priority action? A. Observe for other symptoms. B. Slow the infusion rate of the blood. C. Discontinue the infusion immediately, and notify the prescriber. D. Tell the patient that these symptoms are a normal reaction to the blood product.
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During a follow-up visit, a patient who has been on estrogen therapy admits that she has continued to smoke cigarettes. The nurse will remind the patient that smoking while on estrogen may lead to increased A. incidence of nausea. B. risk for thrombosis. C. levels of triglycerides. D. tendency to bleed during menstruation.
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During a follow-up visit, the health care provider examines the fundus of the patient's eye. Afterward, the patient asks the nurse, "Why is he looking at my eyes when I have high blood pressure? It does not make sense to me!" What is the best response by the nurse? A. "We need to monitor for drug toxicity." B. "We must watch for increased intraocular pressure." C. "The provider is assessing for visual changes that may occur with drug therapy." D. "The provider is making sure the treatment is effective over the long-term."
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During a patient's therapy with interleukins, the nurse monitors the patient for capillary leak syndrome. Which assessment finding, if present, would indicate this problem? A. Bradycardia B. A dry cough C. Bruising on the skin D. A sudden, 15-pound weight gain
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During a routine appointment, a patient with a history of seizures is found to have a phenytoin (Dilantin) level of 23 mcg/mL. What concern will the nurse have, if any? A. The patient is at risk for seizures because the drug level is not at a therapeutic level. B. The patient's seizures should be under control because this is a therapeutic drug level. C. The patient's seizures should be under control if she is also taking a second antiepileptic drug. D. The drug level is at a toxic level, and the dosage needs to be reduced.
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During a routine checkup, a patient states that she is unable to take the prescribed antihistamine because of one of its most common adverse effects. The nurse suspects that which adverse effect has been bothering this patient? A. Constipation B. Abdominal cramps C. Drowsiness D. Decreased libido
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During a teaching session about self-monitoring while taking a beta blocker at home, the nurse has taught the patient to take his apical pulse daily for 1 minute. If the pulse rate decreases to less than 60 beats per minute, the nurse will instruct the patient to: A. notify his prescriber. B. reduce the dose of his beta blocker by half. C. continue the medication because this is an expected effect. D. skip the medication dose that day, and check his pulse again the next day.
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During a teaching session for a patient on antithyroid drugs, the nurse will discuss which dietary instructions? A. Using iodized salt when cooking B. Avoiding foods containing iodine C. Restricting fluid intake to 2500 mL per day D. Increasing intake of sodium- and potassium-containing foods
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During an admission assessment, the patient tells the nurse that he has been self-treating his heartburn for 1 year with over-the-counter Prilosec OTC (omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor). The nurse is aware that this self-treatment may have which result? A. No serious consequences B. Prevention of more serious problems, such as an ulcer C. Chronic constipation D. Masked symptoms of serious underlying diseases
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During an infusion of albumin, the nurse monitors the patient closely for the development of which adverse effect? A. Hypernatremia B. Fluid volume deficit C. Fluid volume overload D. Transfusion reaction
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During an intravenous (IV) infusion of amphotericin B, a patient develops tingling and numbness in his toes and fingers. What will the nurse do first? A. Discontinue the infusion immediately. B. Reduce the infusion rate gradually until the adverse effects subside. C. Administer the medication by rapid IV infusion to reduce these effects. D. Nothing; these are expected side effects of this medication.
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During antibiotic therapy, the nurse will monitor closely for signs and symptoms of a hypersensitivity reaction. Which of these assessment findings may be an indication of a hypersensitivity reaction? (Select all that apply.) A. Wheezing B. Diarrhea C. Shortness of breath D. Swelling of the tongue E. Itching F. Black, hairy tongue
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During assessment of a patient with osteoarthritis pain, the nurse knows that which condition is a contraindication to the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? A. Renal disease B. Diabetes mellitus C. Headaches D. Rheumatoid arthritis
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During chemotherapy, a patient develops severe diarrhea caused by a vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting tumor (VIPoma). The nurse expects to administer which drug for this problem? A. dexrazoxane (Zinecard) B. allopurinol (Zyloprim) C. octreotide (Sandostatin) D. bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)
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During diuretic therapy, the nurse monitors the fluid and electrolyte status of the patient. Which assessment findings are symptoms of hyponatremia? (Select all that apply.) A. Red, flushed skin B. Lethargy C. Decreased urination D. Hypotension E. Stomach cramps F. Elevated temperature
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During drug therapy for pneumonia, a female patient develops a vaginal superinfection. The nurse explains that this infection is caused by A. large doses of antibiotics that kill normal flora. B. the infection spreading from her lungs to the new site of infection. C. resistance of the pneumonia-causing bacteria to the drugs. D. an allergic reaction to the antibiotics.
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During drug therapy with a tetracycline antibiotic, a patient complains of some nausea and decreased appetite. Which statement is the nurse's best advice to the patient? A. "Take it with cheese and crackers or yogurt." B. "Take each dose with a glass of milk." C. "Take an antacid with each dose as needed." D. "Drink a full glass of water with each dose."
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During initial rounds, the nurse notes that a dobutamine infusion has extravasated into the forearm of a patient. After stopping the infusion, the nurse follows standing orders and immediately injects phentolamine (Regitine) subcutaneously in a circular fashion around the extravasation site. What is the mechanism of action of the phentolamine in this situation? A. It neutralizes the extravasated dobutamine immediately. B. It causes arterial vasoconstriction and reduced pain and swelling at the site. C. It increases peripheral vascular resistance and reduces arterial pressure at the site. D. It increases blood flow to the ischemic site by vasodilation to prevent tissue damage.
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During interleukin drug therapy, a patient is showing signs of severe fluid retention, with increasing dyspnea and severe peripheral edema. The next dose of the interleukin is due now. Which action will the nurse take next? A. Hold the drug, and notify the prescriber. B. Give the drug, and notify the prescriber. C. Give the drug along with acetaminophen and diphenhydramine (Benadryl). D. Monitor the patient for 2 hours, and then give the drug if the patient's condition improves.
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During the administration of finasteride (Proscar), the nurse must remember which important precaution? A. It must be taken on an empty stomach. B. It must not be handled by pregnant women. C. It is given by deep intramuscular injection to avoid tissue irritation. D. The patient needs to be warned that alopecia is a common adverse effect.
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During the immediate postoperative period, the Post Anesthesia Care Unit nurse is assessing a patient who had hip surgery. The patient is experiencing tachycardia, tachypnea, and muscle rigidity, and his temperature is 103° F (4° C). The nurse will prepare for what immediate treatment? A. naltrexone hydrochloride (Narcan) injection, an opioid reversal drug B. dantrolene (Dantrium) injection, a skeletal muscle relaxant C. An anticholinesterase drug, such as neostigmine D. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and intubation
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During the immediate postoperative recovery period, what is the nurse's priority assessment? A. Pupil responses B. Return to sensation C. Level of consciousness D. Airway, breathing, and circulation
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During therapy with a beta blocker, the patient notices that she has swollen feet, has gained 3 pounds within 2 days, feels short of breath even when walking around the house, and has been dizzy. The nurse suspects that which of the following is occurring? A. The patient is experiencing an allergic reaction. B. The patient may be developing heart failure. C. More time is needed for the patient to see a therapeutic response to the drug. D. The patient is experiencing expected adverse effects of the drug.
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During therapy with amphotericin B, the nurse will monitor the patient for known adverse effects that would be reflected by which laboratory result? A. Serum potassium level of 7 mEq/L B. Serum potassium level of 8 mEq/L C. White blood cell count of 7000 cells/mm3 D. Platelet count of 300,000 per microliter
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During therapy with hematopoietic drugs, the nurse will monitor the patient for which adverse effects? (Select all that apply.) A. Hypotension B. Edema C. Diarrhea D. Black, tarry stools E. Nausea and vomiting F. Headache
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During therapy with the cytotoxic antibiotic bleomycin, the nurse will assess for a potentially serious adverse effect by monitoring which assessment finding? A. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels B. Cardiac ejection fraction C. Respiratory function D. Peripheral nerve sensation
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During treatment of a patient who has brain cancer, the nurse hears the oncologist mention that the patient has reached the "nadir." The nurse knows that this term means the A. lowest level of neutrophils reached during therapy. B. highest level of neutrophils reached during therapy. C. point at which the adverse effects of chemotherapy will stop. D. point at which the cytotoxic action against cancer cells is the highest.
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Furosemide (Lasix) is prescribed for a patient who is about to be discharged, and the nurse provides instructions to the patient about the medication. Which statement by the nurse is correct? A. "Take this medication in the evening." B. "Avoid foods high in potassium, such as bananas, oranges, fresh vegetables, and dates." C. "If you experience weight gain, such as 5 pounds or more per week, be sure to tell your physician during your next routine visit." D. "Be sure to change positions slowly and rise slowly after sitting or lying so as to prevent dizziness and possible fainting because of blood pressure changes."
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Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) is prescribed as part of malaria prophylaxis for a patient who will be traveling. The nurse will discuss which potential adverse effects with the patient? (Select all that apply.) A. Diarrhea B. Constipation C. Insomnia D. Dizziness E. Rash F. Headache
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If a patient is taking fluconazole (Diflucan) with an oral anticoagulant, the nurse will monitor for which possible interaction? A. Reduced action of oral anticoagulants, resulting in decreased prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR) B. Increased effects of oral anticoagulants, resulting in increased PT/INR C. Increased change in renal impairment caused by the antifungal drug D. Decreased effectiveness of the antifungal drug
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In assessing a patient before administration of a cardiac glycoside, the nurse knows that which lab result can increase the toxicity of the drug? A. Potassium level 8 mEq/L B. Potassium level 9 mEq/L C. Sodium level 140 mEq/L D. Calcium level 10 mg/dL
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In preparation for eye surgery, the nurse monitors for which desired drug effect in a patient who is receiving a cholinergic-blocking eyedrop medication? A. Miosis B. Mydriasis C. Increased intraocular fluid production D. Enhanced tear production
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Just before the second course of chemotherapy, the laboratory calls to report that the patient's neutrophil count is 450 cells/mm The nurse expects that the oncologist will follow which course of treatment? A. Chemotherapy will continue as scheduled. B. Chemotherapy will resume with a lowered dosage. C. Chemotherapy will resume after a transfusion of neutrophils. D. Chemotherapy will be withheld until the neutrophil count returns toward normal levels.
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Levothyroxine (Synthroid) has been prescribed for a patient with hypothyroidism. The nurse provides information to the patient about the medication and tells the patient to contact the prescriber if which potential adverse effect occurs? (Select all that apply.) A. Fatigue B. Chest pains C. Palpitations D. Drowsiness E. Rapid heart rate F. Constipation
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Mannitol (Osmitrol) has been ordered for a patient with acute renal failure. The nurse will administer this drug using which procedure? A. Intravenously, through a filter B. By rapid intravenous bolus C. By mouth in a single morning dose D. Through a gravity intravenous drip with standard tubing
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Methotrexate is ordered for a patient with a malignant tumor, and the nurse is providing education about self-care after the chemotherapy is given. Which statements by the nurse are appropriate for the patient receiving methotrexate? (Select all that apply.) A. Report unusual bleeding or bruising. B. Hair loss is not expected with this drug. C. Prepare for hair loss. D. Avoid straight-edged razors. E. Avoid foods that are too hot or too cold or rough in texture. F. Restrict fluid intake to reduce nausea and vomiting.
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One patient has cancer of the bone; another has cancer in the connective tissues of the thigh muscles; a third patient has cancer in the vascular tissues. These patients have a type of tumor referred to as a A. sarcoma. B. leukemia. C. carcinoma. D. lymphoma.
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Phenytoin (Dilantin) has a narrow therapeutic index. The nurse recognizes that this characteristic means that A. the safe and the toxic plasma levels of the drug are very close to each other. B. phenytoin has a low chance of being effective. C. there is no difference between safe and toxic plasma levels. D. a very small dosage can result in the desired therapeutic effect.
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Ramelteon (Rozerem) is prescribed for a patient with insomnia. The nurse checks the patient's medical history, knowing that this medication is contraindicated in which disorder? A. Coronary artery disease B. Renal insufficiency C. Liver disease D. Anemia
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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has issued a warning for users of antiepileptic drugs. Based on this report, the nurse will monitor for which potential problems with this class of drugs? A. Increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors B. Signs of bone marrow depression C. Indications of drug addiction and dependency D. Increased risk of cardiovascular events, such as strokes
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The barbiturate phenobarbital is prescribed for a patient with epilepsy. While assessing the patient's current medications, the nurse recognizes that interactions may occur with which drugs? (Select all that apply.) A. Antihistamines B. Opioids C. Diuretics D. Anticoagulants E. Oral contraceptives F. Insulin
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The drug nalbuphine (Nubain) is an agonist-antagonist (partial agonist). The nurse understands that which is a characteristic of partial agonists? A. They have antiinflammatory effects. B. They are given to reverse the effects of opiates. C. They have a higher potency than agonists. D. They have a lower dependency potential than agonists.
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The insulin order reads, "Give 10 units of NPH insulin and 5 units of regular insulin, subcut, every morning before breakfast." Choose the proper syringe for this injection. A. B. C. D.
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The nurse administering the phosphodiesterase inhibitor milrinone (Primacor) recognizes that this drug will have a positive inotropic effect. Which result reflects this effect? A. Increased heart rate B. Increased blood vessel dilation C. Increased force of cardiac contractions D. Increased conduction of electrical impulses across the heart
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The nurse checks the patient's laboratory work prior to administering a dose of vancomycin (Vancocin) and finds that the trough vancomycin level is 24 mcg/mL. What will the nurse do next? A. Administer the vancomycin as ordered. B. Hold the drug, and administer 4 hours later. C. Hold the drug, and notify the prescriber. D. Repeat the test to verify results.
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The nurse expects that a patient is experiencing undersecretion of adrenocortical hormones when which conditions are found upon assessment? (Select all that apply.) A. Dehydration B. Weight loss C. Steroid psychosis D. Increased potassium levels E. Increased blood glucose levels F. Decreased serum sodium levels
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The nurse is assessing a patient who is receiving chemotherapy with an alkylating drug. Which assessment findings would be considered indications of an oncologic emergency? (Select all that apply.) A. Dry, "scratchy," or "swollen" throat B. Loss of hair C. Decreased red blood cell count D. White patches in the mouth or throat E. Temperature of 17° F (2° C) F. Decreased urine output
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The nurse follows which procedures when giving intravenous (IV) cyclosporine? (Select all that apply.) A. Administering it as a single IV bolus injection to minimize adverse effects B. Using an infusion pump to administer this medication C. Monitoring the patient for potential delayed adverse effects, which may be severe D. Monitoring the patient closely for the first 30 minutes for severe adverse effects E. Checking blood levels periodically during cyclosporine therapy F. Performing frequent oral care during therapy
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The nurse has given medication instructions to a patient receiving phenytoin (Dilantin). Which statement by the patient indicates that the patient has an adequate understanding? A. "I will need to take extra care of my teeth and gums while on this medication." B. "I can go out for a beer while on this medication." C. "I can skip doses if the side effects bother me." D. "I will be able to stop taking this drug once the seizures stop."
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The nurse is about to administer a stat dose of intravenous atropine sulfate to a patient who is experiencing a symptomatic cardiac dysrhythmia. During administration of this drug, the nurse will monitor the patient closely for which adverse effect? A. Tachycardia B. Bradycardia C. Ectopic beats D. Cardiac standstill
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The nurse is administering a combination of three different antineoplastic drugs to a patient who has metastatic breast cancer. Which statement best describes the rationale for combination therapy? A. There will be less nausea and vomiting. B. Increased cancer-cell killing will occur. C. The drugs will prevent metastasis. D. Combination therapy reduces the need for radiation therapy.
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The nurse is administering a stat dose of epinephrine. Epinephrine is appropriate for which situation? A. Severe hypertension B. Angina C. Cardiac arrest D. Tachycardia
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The nurse is administering a vancomycin (Vancocin) infusion. Which measure is appropriate for the nurse to implement in order to reduce complications that may occur with this drug's administration? A. Monitoring blood pressure for hypertension during the infusion B. Discontinuing the drug immediately if red man syndrome occurs C. Restricting fluids during vancomycin therapy D. Infusing the drug over at least 1 hour
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The nurse is administering adrenal drugs to a patient. Which action by the nurse is appropriate for this patient? A. Administering oral drugs on an empty stomach to maximize absorption B. Rinsing the oral cavity after using corticosteroid inhalers C. Administering the corticosteroids before bedtime to minimize adrenal suppression D. Discontinuing the medication immediately if weight gain of 5 pounds or more in 1 week occurs
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The nurse is administering an amphotericin B infusion. Which actions by the nurse are appropriate? (Select all that apply.) A. Administering the medication by rapid IV infusion B. Discontinuing the drug immediately if the patient develops tingling and numbness in the extremities C. If adverse effects occur, reducing the IV rate gradually until they subside D. Using an infusion pump for IV therapy E. Monitoring the IV site for signs of phlebitis and infiltration F. Administering premedication for fever and nausea G. Knowing that the intravenous solution for amphotericin B will be cloudy H. Knowing that muscle twitching may indicate hypokalemia
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The nurse is administering an interferon and will implement which intervention? A. Giving the medication with meals B. Monitoring daily weights C. Limiting fluids while the patient is taking this medication D. Rotating sites if administered subcutaneously
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The nurse is administering intravenous acyclovir (Zovirax) to a patient with a viral infection. Which administration technique is correct? A. Infuse intravenous acyclovir slowly, over at least 1 hour. B. Infuse intravenous acyclovir by rapid bolus. C. Refrigerate intravenous acyclovir. D. Restrict oral fluids during intravenous acyclovir therapy.
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The nurse is administering intravenous vancomycin (Vancocin) to a patient who has had gastrointestinal surgery. Which nursing measures are appropriate? (Select all that apply.) A. Monitoring serum creatinine levels B. Restricting fluids while the patient is on this medication C. Warning the patient that a flushed feeling or facial itching may occur D. Instructing the patient to report dizziness or a feeling of fullness in the ears E. Reporting a trough drug level of 11 mcg/mL and holding the drug F. Reporting a trough drug level of 24 mcg/mL and holding the drug
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The nurse is administering lispro (Humalog) insulin and will keep in mind that this insulin will start to have an effect within which time frame? A. 15 minutes B. 1 to 2 hours C. 80 minutes D. 3 to 5 hours
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The nurse is administering one of the lipid formulations of amphotericin B. When giving this drug, which concept is important to remember? A. The lipid formulations may be given in oral form. B. The doses are much lower than the doses of the older drugs. C. The lipid formulations are associated with fewer adverse effects than the older drugs. D. There is no difference in cost between the newer and older forms.
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The nurse is administering oxytocin (Pitocin). Which situation is an indication for the use of oxytocin? A. Decreased fetal heart rate and movements B. Stimulation of contractions in prolonged labor C. Cervical ripening near term in pregnant patients D. To reverse premature onset of labor
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The nurse is assessing a patient for contraindications to drug therapy with acetaminophen (Tylenol). Which patient should not receive acetaminophen? A. A patient with a fever of 101° F (3° C) B. A patient who is complaining of a mild headache C. A patient with a history of liver disease D. A patient with a history of peptic ulcer disease
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The nurse is assessing a patient who has been admitted to the emergency department for a possible opioid overdose. Which assessment finding is characteristic of an opioid drug overdose? A. Dilated pupils B. Restlessness C. Respiration rate of 6 breaths/minute D. Heart rate of 55 beats/minute
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The nurse is assessing a patient who is about to receive antifungal drug therapy. Which condition, if found in the patient, would be of most concern? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Liver disease C. Pulmonary disease D. Bleeding disorders
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When monitoring a patient who is taking hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL), the nurse notes that which drug is most likely to cause a severe interaction with the diuretic? A. Digitalis B. Penicillin C. Potassium supplements D. Aspirin
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The nurse is assessing the medication history of a patient with a new diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Which condition is a contraindication for the patient, who will be taking tolcapone (Tasmar)? A. Glaucoma B. Seizure disorder C. Liver failure D. Benign prostatic hyperplasia
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The nurse is aware that adrenergic drugs produce effects similar to which of these nervous systems? A. Central nervous system B. Somatic nervous system C. Sympathetic nervous system D. Parasympathetic nervous system
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The nurse is conducting a class about antilipemic drugs. The antilipemic drug ezetimibe (Zetia) works by which mechanism? A. Inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase B. Preventing resorption of bile acids from the small intestines C. Activating lipase, which breaks down cholesterol D. Inhibiting cholesterol absorption in the small intestine
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The nurse is conducting a class on potential bioterrorism agents, and a participant asks, "Which one has three routes of exposure to humans?" Which response by the nurse is correct? A. Anthrax B. Smallpox C. Botulism D. Tularemia
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The nurse is conducting a smoking-cessation program. Which statement regarding drugs used in cigarette-smoking-cessation programs is true? A. Rapid chewing of the nicotine gum releases an immediate dose of nicotine. B. Quick relief from withdrawal symptoms is most easily achieved by using a transdermal patch. C. Compliance with treatment is higher with use of the gum rather than the transdermal patch. D. The nicotine gum can be used only up to six times per day.
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The nurse is counseling a woman who will be starting rifampin (Rifadin) as part of antitubercular therapy. The patient is currently taking oral contraceptives. Which statement is true regarding rifampin therapy for this patient? A. Women have a high risk for thrombophlebitis while on this drug. B. A higher dose of rifampin will be necessary because of the contraceptive. C. Oral contraceptives are less effective while the patient is taking rifampin. D. The incidence of adverse effects is greater if the two drugs are taken together.
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The nurse is creating a plan of care for a patient with a new diagnosis of hypertension. Which is a potential nursing diagnosis for the patient taking antihypertensive medications? A. Diarrhea B. Sexual dysfunction C. Urge urinary incontinence D. Impaired memory
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The nurse is developing a care plan for a patient who is taking an anticholinergic drug. Which nursing diagnosis would be appropriate for this patient? A. Diarrhea B. Urinary retention C. Risk for infection D. Sleep deprivation
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The nurse is developing a plan of care for a patient who is experiencing gastrointestinal adverse effects, including anorexia and nausea, after the first course of antineoplastic therapy. What is an appropriate goal for this patient when dealing with this problem? The patient will A. eat three balanced meals a day within 2 days. B. return to normal eating pattern within 4 weeks. C. maintain normal weight by consuming healthy snacks as tolerated. D. maintain a diet of small, frequent feedings with nutrition supplements within 2 weeks.
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The nurse is discussing adverse effects of antitubercular drugs with a patient who has active tuberculosis. Which potential adverse effect of antitubercular drug therapy should the patient report to the prescriber? A. Gastrointestinal upset B. Headache and nervousness C. Reddish-orange urine and stool D. Numbness and tingling of extremities
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The nurse is discussing the use of adsorbents such as bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) with a patient who has diarrhea. The nurse will warn the patient about which possible adverse effects? A. Dark stools and blue gums B. Urinary hesitancy C. Drowsiness and dizziness D. Blurred vision and headache
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The nurse is giving an intravenous dose of phenytoin (Dilantin). Which action is correct when administering this drug? A. Give the dose as a fast intravenous (IV) bolus. B. Mix the drug with normal saline, and give it as a slow IV push. C. Mix the drug with dextrose (D5W), and give it as a slow IV push. D. Mix the drug with any available solution as long as the administration rate is correct.
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The nurse is giving intravenous nitroglycerin to a patient who has just been admitted because of an acute myocardial infarction. Which statement is true regarding the administration of the intravenous form of this medication? A. The solution will be slightly colored green or blue. B. The intravenous form is given by bolus injection. C. It can be given in infusions with other medications. D. Non-polyvinylchloride (non-PVC) plastic intravenous bags and tubing must be used.
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The nurse is giving oral mineral oil as an ordered laxative dose. The nurse will take measures to prevent which potential problem that may occur with mineral oil? A. Fecal impaction B. Electrolyte imbalances C. Lipid pneumonia D. Esophageal blockage
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The nurse is instructing a male patient about application of transdermal testosterone (Testoderm) patches. Which body location is preferred for this specific patch? A. Back B. Chest C. Thigh D. Scrotum
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The nurse is monitoring a patient who has been on antibiotic therapy for 2 weeks. Today the patient tells the nurse that he has had watery diarrhea since the day before and is having abdominal cramps. His oral temperature is 101° F (3° C). Based on these findings, which conclusion will the nurse draw? A. The patient's original infection has not responded to the antibiotic therapy. B. The patient is showing typical adverse effects of antibiotic therapy. C. The patient needs to be tested for Clostridium difficile infection. D. The patient will need to take a different antibiotic.
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The nurse is monitoring a patient who has been taking carbamazepine (Tegretol) for 2 months. Which effects would indicate that autoinduction has started to occur? A. The drug levels for carbamazepine are higher than expected. B. The drug levels for carbamazepine are lower than expected. C. The patient is experiencing fewer seizures. D. The patient is experiencing toxic effects from the drug.
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The nurse is monitoring a patient who has severe bone marrow suppression following antineoplastic drug therapy. Which is considered the principal early sign of infection? A. Fever B. Diaphoresis C. Tachycardia D. Elevated white blood cell count
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The nurse is monitoring a patient who is experiencing severe ethanol withdrawal. Which are signs and symptoms of severe ethanol withdrawal? (Select all that apply.) A. Agitation B. Drowsiness C. Tremors D. Systolic blood pressure higher than 200 mm Hg E. Temperature over 100° F (7° C) F. Pulse rate 110 beats/minute
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The nurse is monitoring a patient who is receiving muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3) after an organ transplant. Which effect is possible with muromonab-CD3 therapy? A. Chest pain B. Hypotension C. Confusion D. Dysuria
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The nurse is monitoring drug levels for a patient who is receiving theophylline. The most recent theophylline level was 13 mcg/mL, and the nurse evaluates this level to be A. below the therapeutic level. B. at a therapeutic level. C. above the therapeutic level. D. at a toxic level.
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The nurse is monitoring for adverse effects in a patient who is receiving an amiodarone (Cordarone) infusion. Which are adverse effects for amiodarone? (Select all that apply.) A. Tachycardia B. Constipation C. Chest pain D. QT prolongation E. Headache F. Hypotension G. Blue-gray coloring of the skin on the face, arms, and neck
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The nurse is monitoring for therapeutic results of antibiotic therapy in a patient with an infection. Which laboratory value would indicate therapeutic effectiveness of this therapy? A. Increased red blood cell count B. Increased hemoglobin level C. Decreased white blood cell count D. Decreased platelet count
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The nurse is preparing an infusion of amphotericin B for a patient who has a severe fungal infection. Which intervention is appropriate regarding the potential adverse effects of amphotericin B? A. Discontinuing the infusion immediately if fever, chills, or nausea occur B. Gradually increasing the infusion rate until the expected adverse effects occur C. If fever, chills, or nausea occur during the infusion, administering medications to treat the symptoms D. Before beginning the infusion, administering an antipyretic and an antiemetic drug
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The nurse is preparing for a community education program on hypertension. Which of these parameters determine the regulation of arterial blood pressure? A. Cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance B. Heart rate and peripheral resistance C. Blood volume and renal blood flow D. Myocardial contractility and arteriolar constriction
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The nurse is preparing to administer a barbiturate. Which conditions or disorders would be a contraindication to the use of these drugs? (Select all that apply.) A. Gout B. Pregnancy C. Epilepsy D. Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease E. Severe liver disease F. Diabetes mellitus
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The nurse is preparing to administer adenosine (Adenocard) to a patient who is experiencing an acute episode of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. When giving this medication, which is important to remember? A. The onset of action occurs in 5 minutes. B. The medication must be given as a slow intravenous (IV) push. C. Asystole may occur for a few seconds after administration. D. The medication has a long half-life, and therefore duration of action is very long.
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The nurse is preparing to administer an injection of monoclonal antibodies. Which additional drug will the nurse administer to minimize adverse reactions to the monoclonal antibodies? A. A nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) B. A benzodiazepine C. An opioid pain reliever D. A corticosteroid
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The nurse is preparing to administer dexmedetomidine (Precedex) to a patient. Which is an appropriate indication for dexmedetomidine? (Select all that apply.) A. Procedural sedation B. Surgeries of short duration C. Surgeries of long duration D. Postoperative anxiety E. Sedation of mechanically ventilated patients
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The nurse is preparing to administer dipyridamole (Persantine). Which statement about this drug is true? A. It has antiinflammatory and antipyretic properties. B. It has analgesic properties as well as antithrombotic effects. C. It is useful in reducing the risk for fatal and nonfatal thrombotic stroke. D. It is used with warfarin to prevent postoperative thromboembolic complications.
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The nurse is preparing to administer dopamine. Which is the correct technique for administering dopamine? A. Orally B. Intravenous (IV) push injection C. Intermittent IV infusions (IV piggyback) D. Continuous IV infusion with an infusion pump
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The nurse is preparing to administer insulin intravenously. Which statement about the administration of intravenous insulin is true? A. Insulin is never given intravenously. B. Only regular insulin can be administered intravenously. C. Insulin aspart or lispro can be administered intravenously, but there must be a 50% dose reduction. D. Any form of insulin can be administered intravenously at the same dose as that is ordered for subcutaneous administration.
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The nurse is preparing to administer methylnaltrexone (Relistor), a peripherally acting opioid antagonist. This drug is appropriate for which patient? A. A patient with diarrhea B. A terminally ill patient who has opioid-induced constipation C. A patient who is scheduled for a colonoscopy D. A patient who will be having colon surgery in the morning
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The nurse is preparing to administer morning medications to a patient who has been newly diagnosed with tuberculosis. The patient asks, "Why do I have to take so many different drugs?" Which response by the nurse is correct? A. "Your prescriber hopes that at least one of these drugs will work to fight the tuberculosis." B. "Taking multiple drugs reduces the chance that the tuberculosis will become drug resistant." C. "Using more than one drug can help to reduce side effects." D. "Using multiple drugs enhances the effect of each drug."
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The nurse is preparing to administer the contraceptive form of medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera). What route is appropriate? A. Subcutaneous B. Intramuscular C. Vaginal D. Transdermal
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The nurse is preparing to give a potassium supplement. Which laboratory test should be checked before the patient receives a dose of potassium? A. Complete blood count B. Serum potassium level C. Serum sodium level D. Liver function studies
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The nurse is reviewing the dosage schedule for several different antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Which antiepileptic drug allows for once-a-day dosing? A. levetiracetam (Keppra) B. phenobarbital C. valproic acid (Depakote) D. gabapentin (Neurontin)
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The nurse is preparing to transfuse a patient with a unit of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). Which intravenous solution is correct for use with the PRBC transfusion? A. 5% dextrose in water (D5W) B. 9% sodium chloride (NS) C. 5% dextrose in 45% sodium chloride (D5NS) D. 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution (D5LR)
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The nurse is preparing to transfuse a patient with a unit of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). Which patient would be best treated with this transfusion? A. A patient with a coagulation disorder B. A patient with severe anemia C. A patient who has lost a massive amount of blood after an accident D. A patient who has a clotting-factor deficiency
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The nurse is preparing to use an antiseptic. Which statement is correct regarding how antiseptics differ from disinfectants? A. Antiseptics are used to sterilize surgical equipment. B. Disinfectants are used as preoperative skin preparation. C. Antiseptics are used only on living tissue to kill microorganisms. D. Disinfectants are used only on nonliving objects to destroy organisms.
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The nurse is presenting a substance-abuse lecture for teenage girls and is asked about "roofies." The nurse recognizes that this is the slang term for which substance? A. cocaine B. flunitrazepam C. secobarbital D. methamphetamine
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The nurse is presenting information to a class of students about adrenergic drugs. Which are effects of drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system? (Select all that apply.) A. Dilation of bronchioles B. Constriction of bronchioles C. Decreased heart rate D. Increased heart rate E. Dilated pupils F. Constricted pupils G. Glycogenolysis
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The nurse is providing counseling to a woman who is HIV positive and has just discovered that she is pregnant. Which anti-HIV drug is given to HIV-infected pregnant women to prevent transmission of the virus to the infant? A. acyclovir (Zovirax) B. zidovudine (Retrovir) C. ribavirin (Virazole) D. foscarnet (Foscavir)
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The nurse is providing education about the use of sublingual nitroglycerin tablets. She asks the patient, "What would you do if you experienced chest pain while mowing your yard? You have your bottle of sublingual nitroglycerin with you." Which actions by the patient are appropriate in this situation? (Select all that apply.) A. Stop the activity, and lie down or sit down. B. Call 911 immediately. C. Call 911 if the pain is not relieved after taking 1 sublingual tablet. D. Call 911 if the pain is not relieved after taking 3 sublingual tablets in 15 minutes. E. Place a tablet under the tongue. F. Place a tablet in the space between the gum and cheek. G. Take another sublingual tablet if chest pain is not relieved after 5 minutes, up to three total.
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The nurse is providing education regarding chemotherapy to a patient who is about to receive the first course of treatment. Which statement by the nurse is appropriate? A. "Report black, tarry stools if they occur." B. "Perform daily oral care with mouthwash." C. "Limit your fluid intake to reduce nausea and vomiting." D. "Contraceptive measures can be discontinued as soon as chemotherapy is completed."
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The nurse is providing instructions about the Advair inhaler (fluticasone propionate and salmeterol). Which statement about this inhaler is accurate? A. It is indicated for the treatment of acute bronchospasms. B. It needs to be used with a spacer for best results. C. Patients need to avoid drinking water for 1 hour after taking this drug. D. It is used for prevention of bronchospasms.
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The nurse is providing instructions to a patient who has a new prescription for a corticosteroid metered-dose inhaler. Which statement by the patient indicates that further instruction is needed? (Select all that apply.) A. "I will rinse my mouth with water after using the inhaler and then spit out the water." B. "I will gargle after using the inhaler and then swallow." C. "I will clean the plastic inhaler casing weekly by removing the canister and then washing the casing in warm soapy water. I will then let it dry before reassembling." D. "I will use this inhaler for asthma attacks." E. "I will continue to use this inhaler, even if I am feeling better." F. "I will use a peak flow meter to measure my response to therapy."
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The nurse is providing patient education for a patient taking an oral contraceptive. Which drugs may cause interactions with oral contraceptives? (Select all that apply.) A. cephalexin (Keflex) B. guaifenesin (Robitussin) C. warfarin (Coumadin) D. ibuprofen (Motrin) E. theophylline (Uniphyl)
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The nurse is providing patient teaching about antacids. Which statements about antacids are accurate? (Select all that apply.) A. Antacids reduce the production of acid in the stomach. B. Antacids neutralize acid in the stomach. C. Rebound hyperacidity may occur with calcium-based antacids. D. Aluminum-based antacids cause diarrhea. E. Magnesium-based antacids cause diarrhea.
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The nurse is providing patient teaching about the oral bisphosphonate alendronate (Fosamax). Which statement by the patient indicates a good understanding of when this drug should be taken? A. "I will take it in the evening just before bedtime." B. "I will take it in the morning with an 8-ounce glass of water." C. "I will take it with the first bite of the morning meal." D. "I will take it between meals on an empty stomach."
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The nurse is providing patient teaching for a patient who is starting antitubercular drug therapy. Which of these statements should be included? (Select all that apply.) A. "Take the medications until the symptoms disappear." B. "Take the medications at the same time every day." C. "You will be considered contagious during most of the illness and must take precautions to avoid spreading the disease." D. "Stop taking the medications if you have severe adverse effects." E. "Avoid alcoholic beverages while on this therapy." F. "If you notice reddish-brown or reddish-orange urine, stop taking the drug and contact your doctor right away." G. "If you experience a burning or tingling in your fingers or toes, report it to your prescriber immediately." H. "Oral contraceptives may not work while you are taking these drugs, so you will have to use another form of birth control."
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The nurse is providing teaching for a patient who is to receive estrogen replacement therapy. Which statement is correct to include in the teaching session? A. "If you miss a dose, double-up on the next dose." B. "There's no need to be concerned about breast lumps or bumps that occur." C. "Be sure to report any weight gain of 5 pounds or more per week." D. "Take the medication on an empty stomach to enhance absorption."
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The nurse is providing teaching regarding drug therapy to the husband of a woman with Alzheimer's disease. She was diagnosed 3 months ago, has mild memory loss, and will be receiving donepezil (Aricept). What is the drug's expected action? A. Prevents memory loss in later stages B. Reverses the course of Alzheimer's disease C. Provides sedation to prevent agitation and restlessness D. May help to improve the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease
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The nurse is providing teaching to a patient taking an oral tetracycline antibiotic. Which statement by the nurse is correct? A. "Avoid direct sunlight and tanning beds while on this medication." B. "Milk and cheese products result in increased levels of tetracycline." C. "Antacids taken with the medication help to reduce gastrointestinal distress." D. "Take the medication until you are feeling better."
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The nurse is providing teaching to a patient who will be taking the laxative bisacodyl (Dulcolax). Which statement by the nurse is appropriate during this teaching session? A. "You can crush the laxative tablets for improved action." B. "Take the tablets with water, not milk or juice." C. "This laxative is not known to cause dependence." D. "In a normal bowel pattern, a bowel movement occurs daily."
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The nurse is reviewing a patient's medication history and notes that the patient is taking the cholinergic blocker tolterodine (Detrol). Which is an indication for this medication? A. Irritable bowel disease B. Induction of mydriasis C. Urge incontinence D. Reduction of secretions preoperatively
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The nurse is reviewing a patient's medication list and notes that sitagliptin (Januvia) is ordered. The nurse will question an additional order for which drug or drug class? A. glitazone B. insulin C. metformin (Glucophage) D. sulfonylurea
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The nurse is reviewing antimalarial drug therapy with a patient and instructs the patient to watch for and report which potential adverse reactions? A. Drowsiness B. Insomnia C. Visual disturbances D. Constipation
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The nurse is reviewing discharge teaching for a patient who will be taking digoxin (Lanoxin) therapy. The nurse will teach the patient to avoid which foods when taking the digoxin? A. Leafy green vegetables B. Dairy products C. Grapefruit juice D. Bran muffins
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The nurse is reviewing drug therapy for hypertension. According to the JNC 7 guidelines, antihypertensive drug therapy for a newly diagnosed stage 1 hypertensive African-American patient would most likely include which drug or drug classes? A. Vasodilators alone B. ACE inhibitors alone C. Calcium channel blockers with thiazide diuretics D. Beta blockers with thiazide diuretics
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The nurse is reviewing herbal therapies. Which is a common use of the herb feverfew? A. Muscle aches B. Migraine headaches C. Leg cramps D. Incision pain after surgery
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The nurse is reviewing infection-prevention measures with a patient who is receiving antineoplastic drug therapy. Which statement by the patient indicates the need for further teaching? A. "I will avoid those who have recently had a vaccination." B. "I will eat only fresh fruits and vegetables." C. "I will report a sore throat, cough, or low-grade temperature." D. "It is important for both my family and me to practice good hand washing."
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The nurse is reviewing instructions for a patient with type 2 diabetes who also takes insulin injections as part of the therapy. The nurse asks the patient, "What should you do if your fasting blood glucose is 47 mg/dL?" Which response by the patient reflects a correct understanding of insulin therapy? A. "I will call my doctor right away." B. "I will give myself the regular insulin." C. "I will take an oral form of glucose." D. "I will rest until the symptoms pass."
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The nurse is reviewing instructions for vaginal antifungal drugs with a patient. Which statement by the nurse is an appropriate instruction regarding these drugs? A. "The medication can be stopped when your symptoms are relieved." B. "Discontinue this medication if menstruation begins." C. "Daily douching is part of the treatment for vaginal fungal infections." D. "Abstain from sexual intercourse until the treatment has been completed and the infection has resolved."
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The nurse is reviewing medications for the treatment of asthma. Which drugs are used for acute asthma attacks? (Select all that apply.) A. salmeterol (Serevent) inhaler B. albuterol (Proventil) nebulizer solution C. epinephrine D. montelukast (Singulair) E. fluticasone (Flovent) Rotadisk inhaler F. aminophylline IV infusion
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The nurse is reviewing medications used for depression. Which of these statements is a reason that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are more widely prescribed today than tricyclic antidepressants? A. SSRIs have fewer sexual side effects. B. Unlike tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs do not have drug-food interactions. C. Tricyclic antidepressants cause serious cardiac dysrhythmias if an overdose occurs. D. SSRIs cause a therapeutic response faster than tricyclic antidepressants.
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The nurse is reviewing new medication orders for a patient who has an epidural catheter for pain relief. One of the orders is for enoxaparin (Lovenox), a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). What is the nurse's priority action? A. Give the LMWH as ordered. B. Double-check the LMWH order with another nurse, and then administer as ordered. C. Stop the epidural pain medication, and then administer the LMWH. D. Contact the prescriber because the LMWH cannot be given if the patient has an epidural catheter.
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The nurse is reviewing principles of immunization. What type of immunization occurs when antibodies pass from mother to infant during breastfeeding or through the placenta during pregnancy? A. Artificial active immunization B. Attenuating immunization C. Natural passive immunization D. Artificial passive immunization
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The nurse is reviewing the JNC 7 guidelines for treatment of hypertension. Which blood pressure would be classified as "prehypertension" according to the JNC 7 guidelines? A. 118/76 mm Hg B. 130/88 mm Hg C. 150/90 mm Hg D. 160/104 mm Hg
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The nurse is reviewing the classes of antidysrhythmic drugs. Amiodarone (Cordarone) is classified on the Vaughan Williams classification as a class III drug, which means it works by which mechanism of action? A. Blocking slow calcium channels B. Prolonging action potential duration C. Blocking sodium channels and affecting phase 0 D. Decreasing spontaneous depolarization and affecting phase 4
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The nurse is reviewing the food choices of a patient who is taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). Which food choice would indicate the need for additional teaching? A. Orange juice B. Fried eggs over-easy C. Salami and Swiss cheese sandwich D. Biscuits and honey
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The nurse is reviewing the health history of a new patient who may need immunizations. Active immunizations are usually contraindicated in which patients? (Select all that apply.) A. Patients with a febrile illness B. Children younger than 1 year of age C. Elderly patients D. Patients who are immunosuppressed E. Those receiving cancer chemotherapy
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The nurse is reviewing the history of a patient who has a new order for a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) to treat tendonitis. Which conditions are contraindications to the use of NSAIDs? (Select all that apply.) A. Rhinitis B. Arthralgia C. Peptic ulcer disease D. Neuropathy E. Pericarditis
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The nurse is reviewing the indications for atropine sulfate. Atropine is appropriate for which of these patients? (Select all that apply.) A. A patient who has suddenly developed symptomatic bradycardia with a heart rate of 32 beats/minute B. A patient who has suddenly developed symptomatic tachycardia with a heart rate of 180 beats/minute C. A patient with severe narrow-angle glaucoma D. A patient who is about to have surgery E. A patient newly diagnosed with myasthenia gravis F. A patient with anticholinesterase inhibitor poisoning
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The nurse is reviewing the information about the herpes zoster vaccine (Zostavax) before administering the dose. Which statements about the vaccine are true? (Select all that apply.) A. It is a one-time vaccine. B. The vaccine is recommended for patients 50 years of age and older. C. The vaccine is given to children to prevent chickenpox. D. It is used to prevent postherpetic neuralgia. E. It is contraindicated in patients who have already had shingles. F. The vaccine is used to prevent reactivation of the zoster virus that causes shingles.
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The nurse is reviewing the mechanism of action of antidiarrheal drugs. Which type of antidiarrheal medication works by decreasing the intestinal muscle tone and peristalsis of the intestines? A. Adsorbents such as Pepto-Bismol B. Anticholinergics such as belladonna alkaloids C. Probiotics such as Lactinex D. Lubricants such as mineral oil
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The nurse is reviewing the mechanism of action of cholinergic drugs. The undesired effects of cholinergic drugs come from the stimulation of which receptors? A. Muscarinic B. Nicotinic C. Cholinergic D. Ganglionic
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The nurse is reviewing the medication administration record of a patient who is taking isoniazid (INH). Which drug or drug class has a significant drug interaction with isoniazid? A. pyridoxine (vitamin B6) B. Penicillins C. phenytoin (Dilantin) D. Benzodiazepines
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The nurse is reviewing the medication history of a patient who will be taking a sulfonamide antibiotic. During sulfonamide therapy, a significant drug interaction may occur with which of these drugs or drug classes? (Select all that apply.) A. Opioids B. Oral contraceptives C. Sulfonylureas D. Antihistamines E. phenytoin (Dilantin) F. warfarin (Coumadin)
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The nurse is reviewing the medication list of a patient who will be starting androgen therapy. Which drug classes, if taken with androgens, may have an interaction with them? A. Oral anticoagulants B. Nitrates C. Beta blockers D. Proton pump inhibitors
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The nurse is reviewing the medication orders for a patient who will be receiving linezolid (Zyvox) therapy. Which other medication or medication class, if ordered, would be a potential interaction concern? A. Calcium channel blockers B. Phenytoin C. Anticoagulants D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants
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The nurse is reviewing the medication orders for a patient who will be taking an H2 antagonist. Which drug may have an interaction if taken along with the H2 antagonist? A. ibuprofen (Motrin) B. ranitidine (Zantac) C. tetracycline (Doryx) D. ketoconazole (Nizoral)
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The nurse is reviewing the orders for a patient and notes a new order for an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. The nurse checks the current medication orders, knowing that this drug class may have a serious interaction with what other drug class? A. Calcium channel blockers B. Diuretics C. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs D. Nitrates
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The nurse is reviewing the sputum culture results of a patient with pneumonia and notes that the patient has a gram-positive infection. Which generation of cephalosporin is most appropriate for this type of infection? A. First-generation B. Second-generation C. Third-generation D. Fourth-generation
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The nurse is reviewing the therapeutic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which include which effect? A. Anxiolytic B. Sedative C. Antipyretic D. Antimicrobial
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The nurse is reviewing the use of anticholinergic drugs. Anticholinergic drugs block the effects of which nervous system? A. Central nervous system B. Somatic nervous system C. Sympathetic nervous system D. Parasympathetic nervous system
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The nurse is reviewing the use of antitussive drugs. Antitussive drugs would be most appropriate for which patient? A. A patient who has pneumonia with a productive cough B. A patient who has a tracheostomy and thick mucus secretions C. A patient who has had a productive cough for 2 weeks D. A patient who has developed bronchitis 2 days after abdominal surgery
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The nurse is reviewing the use of central nervous system stimulants. Which of these are indications for this class of drugs? (Select all that apply.) A. Narcolepsy B. Depression C. Panic attacks D. Neonatal apnea E. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) F. Appetite suppression
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The nurse is reviewing the use of uterine tocolytics, such as indomethacin (Indocin). Which statement best describes the indication for these drugs? A. Prevention of preterm labor in the 15th week of pregnancy B. Prevention of preterm labor in the 22nd week of pregnancy C. Stimulation of contractions in prolonged labor D. Stimulation of ovulation as part of infertility treatments
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When monitoring a patient who is taking a thyroid replacement hormone, which adverse effect needs to be reported to the prescriber? A. Weakness B. Palpitations C. Constipation D. Drowsiness
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The nurse is reviewing the uses of oral laxatives. Which conditions are general contraindications to or cautions about the use of oral laxatives? (Select all that apply.) A. Irritable bowel syndrome B. Abdominal pain of unknown origin C. Nausea and vomiting D. Fecal impaction E. Ingestion of toxic substances F. Acute abdominal pain
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The nurse is reviewing therapy with glucocorticoid drugs. Which conditions are indications for glucocorticoid drugs? (Select all that apply.) A. Glaucoma B. Cerebral edema C. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma D. Organ transplantation E. Varicella F. Septicemia
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The nurse is screening a patient who will be taking a nonspecific/nonselective beta blocker. Which condition, if present, may cause serious problems if the patient takes this medication? A. Angina B. Hypertension C. Glaucoma D. Asthma
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The nurse is teaching a class about the various chemotherapy drugs and explains that alkylating drugs are also called "cell cycle-nonspecific drugs" because they are A. cytotoxic during a specific cell cycle. B. cytotoxic in any phase of the cell cycle. C. effective against several types of neoplasms. D. more highly differentiated than cell cycle-specific drugs.
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The nurse is teaching a group of patients about management of diabetes. Which statement about basal dosing is correct? A. "Basal dosing delivers a constant dose of insulin." B. "With basal dosing, you can eat what you want and then give yourself a dose of insulin." C. "Glargine insulin is given as a bolus with meals." D. "Basal-bolus dosing is the traditional method of managing blood glucose levels."
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The nurse is teaching a group of patients about self-administration of insulin. What content is important to include? A. Patients need to use the injection site that is the most accessible. B. If two different insulins are ordered, they need to be given in separate injections. C. When mixing insulins, the cloudy (such as NPH) insulin is drawn up into the syringe first. D. When mixing insulins, the clear (such as regular) insulin is drawn up into the syringe first.
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The nurse is teaching a patient about the adverse effects of fertility drugs such as clomiphene (Clomid). Which is a potential adverse effect of this drug? A. Headache B. Drowsiness C. Dysmenorrhea D. Hypertension
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The nurse is teaching a patient how to self-administer triptan injections for migraine headaches. Which statement by the patient indicates that he needs further teaching? A. "I will take this medication regularly to prevent a migraine headache from occurring." B. "I will take this medication when I feel a migraine headache starting." C. "This medication does not reduce the number of migraines I will have." D. "I will keep a journal to record the headaches I have and how the injections are working."
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The nurse is teaching a patient who is taking colchicine for the treatment of gout. Which instruction will the nurse include during the teaching session? A. "Fluids should be restricted while on colchicine therapy." B. "Take colchicine with meals." C. "The drug will be discontinued when symptoms are reduced." D. "Call your doctor if you have increased pain or blood in the urine."
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The nurse is teaching a patient who will be taking a proton pump inhibitor as long-term therapy about potential adverse effects. Which statement is correct? A. Proton pump inhibitors can cause diarrhea. B. These drugs can cause nausea and anorexia. C. Proton pump inhibitors cause drowsiness. D. Long-term use of these drugs may contribute to osteoporosis.
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The nurse is teaching a review class to nurses about diabetes mellitus. Which statement by the nurse is correct? A. "Patients with type 2 diabetes will never need insulin." B. "Oral antidiabetic drugs are safe for use during pregnancy." C. "Pediatric patients cannot take insulin." D. "Insulin therapy is possible during pregnancy if managed carefully."
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The nurse is teaching patients about self-injection of insulin. Which statement is true regarding injection sites? A. Avoid the abdomen because absorption there is irregular. B. Choose a different site at random for each injection. C. Give the injection in the same area each time. D. Rotate sites within the same location for about 1 week before rotating to a new location.
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The nurse is working with a graduate nurse to prepare an intravenous dose of potassium. Which statement by the graduate nurse reflects a need for further teaching? A. "We will need to monitor this infusion closely." B. "The infusion rate should not go over 10 mEq/hour." C. "The intravenous potassium will be diluted before we give it." D. "The intravenous potassium dose will be given undiluted."
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The nurse knows to administer acarbose (Precose), an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, at which time? A. 30 minutes before breakfast B. With the first bite of each main meal C. 30 minutes after breakfast D. Once daily at bedtime
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The nurse notes in a female patient's history that she has an order for the androgen methyltestosterone (Android). Based on this finding, the nurse interprets that the patient has which disorder? A. Fibrocystic breast disease B. Hereditary angioedema C. Hypertension D. Inoperable breast cancer
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The nurse notes in a patient's medical record that nesiritide (Natrecor) has been ordered. Based on this order, the nurse interprets that the patient has which disorder? A. Atrial fibrillation B. Acutely decompensated heart failure with dyspnea at rest C. Systolic heart failure D. Long-term treatment of heart failure
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The nurse notes in a patient's medication history that the patient has been taking desmopressin (DDAVP). Based on this finding, the nurse interprets that the patient has which disorder? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Diabetes insipidus C. Adrenocortical insufficiency D. Carcinoid tumor
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The nurse notes in a patient's medication history that the patient is taking allopurinol (Zyloprim). Based on this finding, the nurse interprets that the patient has which disorder? A. Rheumatoid arthritis B. Gout C. Osteoarthritis D. Systemic lupus erythematosus
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The nurse notes in a patient's medication history that the patient is taking pilocarpine (Pilocar). Based on this finding, the nurse interprets that the patient has which disorder? A. Anticholinergic poisoning B. Glaucoma C. Bladder atony D. Myasthenia gravis
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The nurse notes in a patient's medication history that the patient is taking the synthetic androgen danazol (Danocrine). Indications for danazol include which conditions? (Select all that apply.) A. Endometriosis B. Decreased sexual libido C. Postpartum breast engorgement D. Fibrocystic breast disease in women E. Hereditary angioedema F. Metastatic breast cancer
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The nurse notes in the patient's medication history that the patient is taking aminoglutethimide. Based on this finding, the nurse interprets that the patient has which disorder? A. Acute asthma B. Addison's disease C. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease D. Cushing's syndrome
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The nurse notes in the patient's medication history that the patient is taking cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril). Based on this finding, the nurse interprets that the patient has which disorder? A. A musculoskeletal injury B. Insomnia C. Epilepsy D. Agitation
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The nurse notes in the patient's medication orders that the patient will be starting anticoagulant therapy. What is the primary goal of anticoagulant therapy? A. Stabilizing an existing thrombus B. Dissolving an existing thrombus C. Preventing thrombus formation D. Dilating the vessel around a clot
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The nurse notes in the patient's medication orders that the patient will be taking ibutilide (Corvert). Based on this finding, the nurse interprets that the patient has which disorder? A. Ventricular ectopy B. Atrial fibrillation C. Supraventricular tachycardia D. Bradycardia
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The nurse reads in the patient's medication history that the patient is taking buspirone (BuSpar). The nurse interprets that the patient may have which disorder? A. Anxiety disorder B. Depression C. Schizophrenia D. Bipolar disorder
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The nurse recognizes that adrenergic drugs cause relaxation of the bronchi and bronchodilation by stimulating which type of receptors? A. Dopaminergic B. Beta1-adrenergic C. Beta2-adrenergic D. Alpha1-adrenergic
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The nurse recognizes that the risk of osteoporosis is higher in an individual with which risk factor? A. White or Asian race B. African-American race C. History of participation in active sports D. Obesity
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The nurse recognizes that use of estrogen drugs is contraindicated in which patient? A. A patient who has atrophic vaginitis B. A patient who has inoperable prostate cancer C. A woman who has just given birth and wants to prevent postpartum lactation D. A woman with a history of thrombophlebitis
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The nurse who is administering aminoglycoside therapy must monitor the patient closely for signs of toxicity as manifested by which of these conditions? (Select all that apply.) A. Electrocardiogram changes B. Hearing loss C. Dizziness D. Constipation E. Decreasing hemoglobin level F. Rising serum creatinine level
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The nurse will assess the patient for which potential contraindication to antitubercular therapy? A. Glaucoma B. Anemia C. Heart failure D. Hepatic impairment
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The nurse will instruct patients about a possible systemic effect that may occur if excessive amounts of topically applied adrenergic nasal decongestants are used. Which systemic effect may occur? A. Heartburn B. Bradycardia C. Drowsiness D. Palpitations
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The nurse will monitor a patient for signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia if the patient is taking which of these diuretics? A. hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL) B. furosemide (Lasix) C. acetazolamide (Diamox) D. spironolactone (Aldactone)
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The nurse will monitor for myopathy (muscle pain) when a patient is taking which class of antilipemic drugs? A. Niacin B. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors C. Fibric acid derivatives D. Bile acid sequestrants
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The nurse will monitor for which adverse effect when administering an anticholinergic drug? A. Excessive urination B. Diaphoresis C. Dry mouth D. Pupillary constriction
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The nurse working in a preoperative admitting unit administers an anticholinergic medication to a patient before surgery. What is the purpose of this drug in the preoperative setting? A. Control the heart rate B. Relax the patient C. Reduce urinary frequency D. Reduce oral and gastrointestinal secretions
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The order reads, "Give levothyroxine (Synthroid), 200 mg, PO once every morning." Which action by the nurse is correct? A. Give the medication as ordered. B. Change the dose to 200 mcg, because that is what the prescriber meant. C. Hold the drug until the prescriber returns to see the patient. D. Question the order because the dose is higher than 200 mcg.
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The prescriber has changed the patient's medication regimen to include the leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast (Singulair) to treat asthma. The nurse will emphasize which point about this medication? A. The proper technique for inhalation must be followed. B. The patient needs to keep it close by at all times to treat acute asthma attacks. C. It needs to be taken every day on a continuous schedule, even if symptoms improve. D. When the asthma symptoms improve, the dosage schedule can be tapered and eventually discontinued.
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The teaching for a patient who is taking tamsulosin (Flomax) to reduce urinary obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia will include which of these? A. Fluids need to be restricted while on this medication. B. Take the medication with breakfast to promote the maximum effects of the drug. C. Get up slowly from a sitting or lying position. D. Blood pressure must be monitored because the medication may cause hypertension.
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The wife of a patient who has been diagnosed with depression calls the office and says, "It's been an entire week since he started that new medicine for his depression, and there's no change! What's wrong with him?" What is the nurse's best response? A. "The medication may not be effective for him. He may need to try another type." B. "It may take up to 4 weeks to notice any therapeutic effects. Let's wait a little longer to see how he does." C. "It sounds like the dose is not high enough. I'll check about increasing the dosage." D. "Some patients never recover from depression. He may not respond to this therapy."
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Two patients arrive at the clinic; one is a young boy with sickle cell anemia, and another is a 57-year-old woman with early stages of Hodgkin's disease. The nurse notices that both patients need the same vaccine. What vaccine would that be? A. Varicella virus vaccine (Varivax) B. Herpes zoster vaccine (Zostavax) C. Hepatitis B virus vaccine, inactivated (Recombivax HB) D. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine
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Vicodin (acetaminophen/hydrocodone) is prescribed for a patient who has had surgery. The nurse informs the patient that which common adverse effects can occur with this medication? (Select all that apply.) A. Diarrhea B. Constipation C. Lightheadedness D. Nervousness E. Urinary retention F. Itching
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What action is often recommended to help reduce tolerance to transdermal nitroglycerin therapy? A. Omit a dose once a week. B. Leave the patch on for 2 days at a time. C. Cut the patch in half for 1 week until the tolerance subsides. D. Remove the patch at bedtime, and then apply a new one in the morning.
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What is the nurse's priority action if extravasation of an antineoplastic drug occurs during intravenous (IV) administration? A. Reduce the infusion rate. B. Discontinue the IV, and apply warm compresses. C. Stop the infusion immediately, but leave the IV catheter in place. D. Change the infusion to normal saline, and inject the area with hydrocortisone.
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When a male patient is receiving androgen therapy, the nurse will monitor for signs of excessive androgens such as A. fluid retention. B. dehydration. C. restlessness. D. visual changes.
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When a patient is experiencing digoxin toxicity, which clinical situation would necessitate the use of digoxin immune Fab (Digifab)? (Select all that apply.) A. The patient reports seeing colorful halos around lights. B. The patient's serum potassium level is above 5 mEq/L. C. The patient is experiencing nausea and anorexia. D. The patient is experiencing severe sinus bradycardia that does not respond to cardiac pacing. E. The patient has received an overdose of greater than 10 mg of digoxin. F. The patient reports fatigue and headaches.
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When a patient is on aminoglycoside therapy, the nurse will monitor the patient for which indicators of potential toxicity? A. Fever B. White blood cell count of 8000 cells/mm3 C. Tinnitus and dizziness D. Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels
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When a patient is receiving a second-generation antipsychotic drug, such as risperidone (Risperdal), the nurse will monitor for which therapeutic effect? A. Fewer panic attacks B. Decreased paranoia and delusions C. Decreased feeling of hopelessness D. Improved tardive dyskinesia
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When a patient is receiving cisplatin (Platinol-AQ) chemotherapy, the nurse will monitor for which adverse effects? (Select all that apply.) A. Tinnitus B. Heart failure C. Hearing loss D. Elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels E. Numbness or tingling in the extremities F. Elevated glucose and ketone levels
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When a patient is receiving diuretic therapy, which of these assessment measures would best reflect the patient's fluid volume status? A. Blood pressure and pulse B. Serum potassium and sodium levels C. Intake, output, and daily weight D. Measurements of abdominal girth and calf circumference
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When a patient is receiving vasopressin (Pitressin), the nurse will monitor for which therapeutic response? A. Improved appetite B. Increased serum albumin levels C. Increased serum potassium levels D. Decreased urinary output
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When a patient is taking an adrenergic drug, the nurse expects to observe which effect? A. Increased heart rate B. Bronchial constriction C. Constricted pupils D. Increased intestinal peristalsis
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When a patient is taking an anticholinergic such as benztropine (Cogentin) as part of the treatment for Parkinson's disease, the nurse should include which information in the teaching plan? A. Minimize the amount of fluid taken while on this drug. B. Discontinue the medication if adverse effects occur. C. Take the medication on an empty stomach to enhance absorption. D. Use artificial saliva, sugarless gum, or hard candy to counteract dry mouth.
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When administering a bulk-forming laxative, the nurse instructs the patient to drink the medication mixed in a full 8-ounce glass of water. Which statement best explains the rationale for this instruction? A. The water acts to stimulate bowel movements. B. The water will help to reduce the bulk of the intestinal contents. C. These laxatives may cause esophageal obstruction if taken with insufficient water. D. The water acts as a lubricant to produce bowel movements.
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When administering a neuromuscular blocking drug such as pancuronium (Pavulon), the nurse needs to remember which principle? A. It is used instead of general anesthesia during surgery. B. Only skeletal muscles are paralyzed; respiratory muscles remain functional. C. It causes sedation and pain relief while allowing for lower doses of anesthetics. D. Artificial mechanical ventilation is required because of paralyzed respiratory muscles.
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When administering chemotherapy for treatment of cancer, the nurse implements which intervention that treats or even prevents chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting? A. Instructing the patient to avoid caffeine while on chemotherapy B. Giving an antiemetic when the chemotherapy is started C. Giving an antiemetic 30 to 60 minutes before the chemotherapy is started. D. Increasing mobility before and during chemotherapy
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When administering cyclosporine, the nurse notes that allopurinol is also ordered for the patient. What is a potential result of this drug interaction? A. Reduced adverse effects of the cyclosporine B. Increased levels of cyclosporine and toxicity C. Reduced uric acid levels D. Reduced nephrotoxic effects of cyclosporine
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When administering digoxin immune Fab (Digibind) to a patient with severe digoxin toxicity, the nurse knows that each vial can bind with how much digoxin? A. 5 mg B. 5 mg C. 5 mg D. 15 mg
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When administering mineral oil, the nurse recognizes that it can interfere with the absorption of which substance? A. Fat-soluble vitamins B. Water-soluble vitamins C. Minerals D. Electrolytes
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When administering morning medications for a newly admitted patient, the nurse notes that the patient has an allergy to sulfa drugs. There is an order for the sulfonylurea glipizide (Glucotrol). Which action by the nurse is correct? A. Give the drug as ordered 30 minutes before breakfast. B. Hold the drug, and check the order with the prescriber. C. Give a reduced dose of the drug with breakfast. D. Give the drug, and monitor for adverse effects.
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When admitting a patient with a suspected diagnosis of chronic alcohol use, the nurse will keep in mind that chronic use of alcohol might result in which condition? A. Renal failure B. Cerebrovascular accident C. Korsakoff's psychosis D. Alzheimer's disease
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When an adrenergic drug stimulates beta1-adrenergic receptors, the result is an increased force of contraction, which is known as what type of effect? A. Positive inotropic B. Anti-adrenergic C. Negative dromotropic D. Positive chronotropic
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When applying transdermal nitroglycerin patches, which instruction by the nurse is correct? A. "Rotate application sites with each dose." B. "Use only the chest area for application sites." C. "Temporarily remove the patch if you go swimming." D. "Apply the patch to the same site each time."
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When assessing a patient who is receiving a loop diuretic, the nurse looks for the manifestations of potassium deficiency, which would include what symptoms? (Select all that apply.) A. Dyspnea B. Constipation C. Tinnitus D. Muscle weakness E. Anorexia F. Lethargy
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When assessing patients in the preoperative area, the nurse knows that which patient is at a higher risk for an altered response to anesthesia? A. The 30-year-old patient who has never had surgery before B. The 45-year-old patient who stopped smoking 10 years ago C. The 21-year-old patient who is to have a kidney stone removed D. The 78-year-old patient who is to have gallbladder removal
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When assessing the medication history of a patient with a new diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, which conditions are contraindications for the patient who will be taking carbidopa-levodopa? (Select all that apply.) A. Angle-closure glaucoma B. History of malignant melanoma C. Hypertension D. Benign prostatic hyperplasia E. Concurrent use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
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When considering the various types of contraceptive drugs, the nurse is aware that which type most closely duplicates the normal hormonal levels of the female menstrual cycle? A. Monophasic B. Biphasic C. Triphasic D. Short-acting
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When counseling a male patient about the possible adverse effects of antihypertensive drugs, the nurse will discuss which potential problem? A. Impotence B. Bradycardia C. Increased libido D. Weight gain
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When couples are treated for infertility with ovulation-inducing drugs, the nurse will include instruction about the increased likelihood of which condition? A. Severe weight gain B. Irregular menses C. Multiple pregnancy D. Alopecia
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When educating a patient recently placed on inhaled corticosteroids, the nurse will discuss which potential adverse effects? A. Fatigue and depression B. Anxiety and palpitations C. Headache and rapid heart rate D. Oral candidiasis and dry mouth
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When evaluating a patient who is taking orlistat (Xenical), which is an intended therapeutic effect? A. Increased wakefulness B. Increased appetite C. Decreased weight D. Decreased hyperactivity
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When evaluating a patient's use of a metered-dose inhaler (MDI), the nurse notes that the patient is unable to coordinate the activation of the inhaler with her breathing. What intervention is most appropriate at this time? A. Notify the doctor that the patient is unable to use the MDI. B. Obtain an order for a peak flow meter. C. Obtain an order for a spacer device. D. Ask the prescriber if the medication can be given orally.
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When giving chemotherapy as cancer treatment, the nurse recognizes that toxicity to rapidly growing normal cells also occurs. Which rapidly growing normal cells are also harmed by chemotherapy? (Select all that apply.) A. Bone marrow cells B. Retinal cells C. Hair follicle cells D. Nerve myelin cells E. Gastrointestinal (GI) mucous membrane cells
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When giving cisplatin (Platinol-AQ), the nurse is aware that the major dose-limiting effect of this drug is which condition? A. Alopecia B. Kidney damage C. Cardiotoxicity D. Stomatitis
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When giving dextromethorphan, the nurse understands that this drug suppresses the cough reflex by which mechanism of action? A. Causing depression of the central nervous system B. Anesthetizing the stretch receptors C. Having direct action on the cough center D. Decreasing the viscosity of the bronchial secretions
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When hanging a new infusion bag of a chemotherapy drug, the nurse accidentally spills a small amount of the solution onto the floor. Which action by the nurse is appropriate? A. Let it dry, and then mop the floor. B. Wipe the area with a disposable paper towel. C. Use a spill kit to clean the area. D. Ask the housekeeping department to clean the floor.
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When monitoring a patient for signs of hypokalemia, the nurse looks for what early sign? A. Seizures B. Cardiac dysrhythmias C. Diarrhea D. Muscle weakness
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When monitoring a patient who has diabetes and is receiving a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor for edema, the nurse will monitor for which possible adverse effect? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Elevated blood glucose C. Hyperkalemia D. Mental alertness
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When monitoring a patient who is on immunosuppressant therapy with azathioprine (Imuran), the nurse will monitor which laboratory results? A. Serum potassium levels B. White blood cell (leukocyte) count C. Red blood cell count D. Serum albumin levels
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When monitoring a patient who is taking a cholinergic drug, the nurse will watch for which cardiovascular effect? A. Bradycardia B. Tachycardia C. Vasoconstriction D. Palpitations
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When monitoring a patient who is taking a systemically administered glucocorticoid, the nurse will monitor for signs of which condition? A. Dehydration B. Hypokalemia C. Hyponatremia D. Hypoglycemia
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When teaching a patient about antihypertensive drug therapy, which statements by the nurse are correct? (Select all that apply.) A. "You need to have your blood pressure checked once a week and keep track of the readings." B. "If you notice that the symptoms have gone away, you should be able to stop taking the drug." C. "An exercise program may be helpful in treating hypertension, but let's check with your doctor first." D. "If you experience severe side effects, stop the medicine and let us know at your next office visit." E. "Most over-the-counter decongestants are compatible with antihypertensive drugs." F. "Please continue taking the medication, even if you are feeling better."
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When teaching a patient about taking a newly prescribed antiepileptic drug (AED) at home, the nurse will include which instruction? A. "Driving is allowed after 2 weeks of therapy." B. "If seizures recur, take a double dose of the medication." C. "Antacids can be taken with the AED to reduce gastrointestinal adverse effects." D. "Regular, consistent dosing is important for successful treatment."
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When teaching a patient who has a new prescription for transdermal nitroglycerin patches, the nurse tells the patient that these patches are most appropriately used for which situation? A. To prevent palpitations B. To relieve shortness of breath C. To prevent the occurrence of angina D. To keep the heart rate from rising too high during exercise
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When teaching a patient who is beginning antilipemic therapy about possible drug-food interactions, the nurse will discuss which food? A. Oatmeal B. Grapefruit juice C. Licorice D. Dairy products
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When teaching a patient who is starting metformin (Glucophage), which instruction by the nurse is correct? A. "Take metformin if your blood glucose level is above 150 mg/dL." B. "Take this 60 minutes after breakfast." C. "Take the medication on an empty stomach 1 hour before meals." D. "Take the medication with food to reduce gastrointestinal (GI) effects."
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When teaching a patient who will be receiving antihistamines, the nurse will include which instructions? (Select all that apply.) A. "Antihistamines are generally safe to take with over-the-counter medications." B. "Take the medication on an empty stomach to maximize absorption of the drug." C. "Take the medication with food to minimize gastrointestinal distress." D. "Drink extra fluids if possible." E. "Antihistamines may cause restlessness and disturbed sleep." F. "Avoid activities that require alertness until you know how adverse effects are tolerated."
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When teaching about hypoglycemia, the nurse will make sure that the patient is aware of the early signs of hypoglycemia, including A. hypothermia and seizures. B. nausea and diarrhea. C. confusion and sweating. D. fruity, acetone odor to the breath.
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When the nurse is administering topical nitroglycerin ointment, which technique is correct? A. Apply the ointment on the skin on the forearm. B. Apply the ointment only in the case of a mild angina episode. C. Remove the old ointment before new ointment is applied. D. Massage the ointment gently into the skin, and then cover the area with plastic wrap.
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When treating patients with medications for Parkinson's disease, the nurse knows that the wearing-off phenomenon occurs for which reason? A. There are rapid swings in the patient's response to levodopa. B. The patient cannot tolerate the medications at times. C. The medications begin to lose effectiveness against Parkinson's disease. D. The patient's liver is no longer able to metabolize the drug.
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Which action is most appropriate regarding the nurse's administration of a rapid-acting insulin to a hospitalized patient? A. Give it within 15 minutes of mealtime. B. Give it after the meal has been completed. C. Administer it once daily at the time of the midday meal. D. Administer it with a snack before bedtime.
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Which drug classes are considered first-line treatment for heart failure? (Select all that apply.) A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors B. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) C. Digoxin (cardiac glycoside) D. Beta blockers E. Nesiritide (Natrecor), the B-type natriuretic peptide
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Which nursing diagnosis is appropriate for a patient receiving antidysrhythmics? A. Risk for infection B. Deficient knowledge C. Deficient fluid volume D. Urinary retention
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Which nursing diagnosis is appropriate for a patient who has started aminoglycoside therapy? A. Constipation B. Risk for injury (renal damage) C. Disturbed body image related to gynecomastia D. Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements, related to nausea
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Which of these characteristics are considered to be risk factors for coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply.) A. Being male, 45 years of age or older B. Being female, 45 years of age or older C. Having a family history that includes a mother who died of a myocardial infarction at 71 years of age D. Having a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level of 65 mg/dL E. Having an HDL level of 30 mg/dL F. Having a history of diabetes mellitus
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Which patient-teaching instructions are appropriate for a patient taking an antidysrhythmic drug? (Select all that apply.) A. "Do not chew or crush extended-release forms of medication." B. "Take the medication with food if gastrointestinal distress occurs." C. "If a dose is missed, the missed dose should be taken along with the next dose that is due to be taken." D. "Take the medications with an antacid if gastrointestinal distress occurs." E. "Limit or avoid the use of caffeine." F. "The presence of a capsule in the stool should be reported to the physician immediately."
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Which statements about antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy are accurate? (Select all that apply.) A. AED therapy can be stopped when seizures are stopped. B. AED therapy is usually lifelong. C. Consistent dosing is the key to controlling seizures. D. A dose may be skipped if the patient is experiencing adverse effects. E. Do not abruptly discontinue AEDs because doing so may cause rebound seizure activity.
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Which statements are true regarding the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)? (Select all that apply.) A. Avoid foods and beverages that contain tyramine. B. Monitor the patient for extrapyramidal symptoms. C. Therapeutic effects may not be seen for about 4 to 6 weeks after the medication is started. D. If the patient has been on an MAOI, a 2- to 5-week or longer time span is required before beginning an SSRI medication. E. These drugs have anticholinergic effects, including constipation, urinary retention, dry mouth, and blurred vision. F. Cogentin is often also prescribed to reduce the adverse effects that may occur.
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While a patient is receiving antilipemic therapy, the nurse knows to monitor the patient closely for the development of which problem? A. Neutropenia B. Pulmonary problems C. Vitamin C deficiency D. Liver dysfunction
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While a patient is receiving drug therapy for Parkinson's disease, the nurse monitors for dyskinesia, which is manifested by which finding? A. Rigid, tense muscles B. Difficulty in performing voluntary movements C. Limp extremities with weak muscle tone D. Confusion and altered mental status
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While assessing a patient who is receiving intravenous digitalis, the nurse recognizes that the drug has a negative chronotropic effect. How would this drug effect be evident in the patient? A. Decreased blood pressure B. Decreased heart rate C. Decreased conduction D. Decreased ectopic beats
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While assessing a patient who is taking a beta blocker for angina, the nurse knows to monitor for which adverse effect? A. Nervousness B. Hypertension C. Bradycardia D. Dry cough
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While discussing options for osteoporosis prevention, a patient asks if she will be using estrogen patches. What is the nurse's best response? A. "Estrogen patches are still the first choice for osteoporosis prevention." B. "Estrogen patches are often used as long-term therapy for osteoporosis prevention." C. "Estrogen patches are not the first choice for osteoporosis prevention because they are associated with a high risk for cardiovascular problems." D. "Estrogen patches can be prescribed if you prefer patches to oral medications."
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While monitoring a depressed patient who has just started SSRI antidepressant therapy, the nurse will observe for which problem during the early time frame of this therapy? A. Hypertensive crisis B. Self-injury or suicidal tendencies C. Extrapyramidal symptoms D. Loss of appetite
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While monitoring a patient who had surgery under general anesthesia 2 hours ago, the nurse notes a sudden elevation in body temperature. This finding may be an indication of which problem? A. Tachyphylaxis B. Postoperative infection C. Malignant hypertension D. Malignant hyperthermia
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While recovering from surgery, a 74-year-old woman started taking a stimulant laxative, senna (Senokot), to relieve constipation caused by the pain medications. Two weeks later, at her follow-up appointment, she tells the nurse that she likes how "regular" her bowel movements are now that she is taking the laxative. Which teaching principle is appropriate for this patient? A. She needs to be sure to take this medication with plenty of fluids. B. It is important to have a daily bowel movement to promote bowel health. C. Long-term use of laxatives often results in decreased bowel tone and may lead to dependency. D. She needs to switch to glycerin suppositories to continue having daily bowel movements.
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The nurse is explaining the Human Genome Project to colleagues. The main purpose of the Human Genome Project is to A. study genetic diseases. B. study genetic traits in humans. C. discover new genetic diseases. D. describe the entire genome of a human being.
ANS: D The Human Genome Project was undertaken to describe in detail the entire genome of a human being. The other options do not describe the Human Genome Project.
The patient is to receive oral guaifenesin (Mucinex) twice a day. Today, the nurse was busy and gave the medication 2 hours after the scheduled dose was due. What type of problem does this represent? A. "Right time" problem B. "Right dose" problem C. "Right route" problem D. "Right medication" problem
ANS: A "Right time" is correct because the medication was given more than 30 minutes after the scheduled dose was due. "Dose" is incorrect because the dose is not related to the time the medication administration is scheduled. "Route" is incorrect because the route is not affected. "Medication" is incorrect because the medication ordered will not change.
A patient is undergoing major surgery and asks the nurse about a living will. He states, "I don't want anybody else making decisions for me. And I don't want to prolong my life." The patient is demonstrating which ethical term? A. Autonomy B. Beneficence C. Justice D. Veracity
ANS: A Autonomy includes self-determination, or the ability to act on one's own, including making one's own decisions about health care. Veracity is defined as the duty to tell the truth. Justice is the ethical principle of being fair or equal in one's actions. Beneficence is the ethical principle of doing or actively promoting good.
When administering nasal spray, which instruction by the nurse is appropriate? A. "You will need to blow your nose before I give this medication." B. "You will need to blow your nose after I give this medication." C. "When I give this medication, you will need to hold your breath." D. "You need to sit up for 5 minutes after you receive the nasal spray."
ANS: A Clear the nasal passages before receiving nasal spray. Blowing one's nose after receiving the medication will remove the medication from the nasal passages. The patient will receive the spray while inhaling through the open nostril and needs to remain in a supine position for 5 minutes afterward.
The patient is asking the nurse about current U.S. laws and regulations of herbal products. According to the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994, which statement is true? A. Medicinal herbs are viewed as dietary supplements. B. Herbal remedies are held to the same standards as drugs. C. Producers of herbal products must prove therapeutic efficacy. D. Herbal remedies are protected by patent laws.
ANS: A Current U.S. laws view herbal products as dietary supplements and do not hold them to the same efficacy standards as drugs. The other options do not correctly reflect current U.S. laws regarding herbal supplements.
The patient is experiencing chest pain and needs to take a sublingual form of nitroglycerin. Where does the nurse instruct the patient to place the tablet? A. Under the tongue B. On top of the tongue C. At the back of the throat D. In the space between the cheek and the gum
ANS: A Drugs administered via the sublingual route are placed under the tongue. Drugs administered via the buccal route are placed in the space between the cheek and the gum; oral drugs are swallowed. The other options are incorrect.
The nurse is administering parenteral drugs. Which statement is true regarding parenteral drugs? A. Parenteral drugs bypass the first-pass effect. B. Absorption of parenteral drugs is affected by reduced blood flow to the stomach. C. Absorption of parenteral drugs is faster when the stomach is empty. D. Parenteral drugs exert their effects while circulating in the bloodstream.
ANS: A Drugs given by the parenteral route bypass the first-pass effect. Reduced blood flow to the stomach and the presence of food in the stomach apply to enteral drugs (taken orally), not to parenteral drugs. Parenteral drugs must be absorbed into cells and tissues from the circulation before they can exert their effects; they do not exert their effects while circulating in the bloodstream
Which activity best reflects the implementation phase of the nursing process for the patient who is newly diagnosed with hypertension? A. Providing education on keeping a journal of blood pressure readings B. Setting goals and outcome criteria with the patient's input C. Recording a drug history regarding over-the-counter medications used at home D. Formulating nursing diagnoses regarding deficient knowledge related to the new treatment regimen
ANS: A Education is an intervention that occurs during the implementation phase. Setting goals and outcomes reflects the planning phase. Recording a drug history reflects the assessment phase. Formulating nursing diagnoses reflects analysis of data as part of planning.
The nurse is administering an intravenous (IV) push medication through an IV lock. After injecting the medication, which action will be taken next? A. Flushing the lock B. Regulating the IV flow C. Clamping the tubing for 10 minutes D. Holding the patient's arm up to improve blood flow
ANS: A IV locks are to be flushed before and after each use; either heparin or saline flush is used, depending on the individual institution's policy. The other actions are not appropriate.
The nurse is trying to give a liquid medication to a 2 -year-old child and notes that the medication has a strong taste. Which technique is the best way for the nurse to give the medication to this child? A. Give the medication with spoonfuls of ice cream. B. Add the medication to the child's bottle. C. Tell the child you have candy for him. D. Add the medication to a cup of milk.
ANS: A Ice cream or another nonessential food disguises the taste of the medication. The other options are incorrect. If the child does not drink the entire contents of the bottle, medication is wasted and the full dose is not administered. Using the word candy with drugs may lead to the child thinking that drugs are actually candy. If the medication is mixed with a cup of milk, the child may not drink the entire cup of milk, and the distasteful drug may cause the child to refuse milk in the future.
While the nurse is assisting a patient in taking his medications, the medication cup falls to the floor, spilling the tablets. What is the nurse's best action at this time? A. Discarding the medications and repeating preparation B. Asking the patient if he will take the medications C. Waiting until the next dose time, and then giving the medications D. Retrieving the medications and administering them to avoid waste
ANS: A Medications that fall to the floor must be discarded, and the procedure must be repeated with new medications. The other actions are not appropriate.
A member of an investigational drug study team is working with healthy volunteers whose participation will help to determine the optimal dosage range and pharmacokinetics of the drug. The team member is participating in what type of study? A. Phase I B. Phase II C. Phase III D. Phase IV
ANS: A Phase I studies involve small numbers of healthy volunteers to determine optimal dosage range and the pharmacokinetics of the drug. The other phases progressively involve volunteers who have the disease or ailment that the drug is designed to diagnose or treat.
When reviewing the various schedules of controlled drugs, the nurse knows that which description correctly describes Schedule II drugs? A. Drugs with high potential for abuse that have accepted medical use B. Drugs with high potential for abuse that do not have accepted medical use C. Medically accepted drugs that may cause moderate physical or psychological dependence D. Medically accepted drugs with limited potential for causing physical or psychological dependence
ANS: A Schedule II drugs are those with high potential for abuse but that have accepted medical use. Drugs that have high potential for abuse but do not have accepted medical use are Schedule I drugs. Medically accepted drugs that may cause moderate physical or psychological dependence are Schedule III drugs. Medically accepted drugs with limited potential for causing physical or psychological dependence are Schedule IV and V drugs.
The nurse will plan to use the Z-track method of intramuscular (IM) injections for which situation? A. The medication is known to be irritating to tissues. B. The patient is emaciated and has very little muscle mass. C. The medication must be absorbed quickly into the tissues. D. The patient is obese and has a deep fat layer below the muscle mass.
ANS: A The Z-track method is used for medications known to irritate tissues or for medications that are painful or cause stains to the tissues. It also prevents the deposit of medication into more sensitive subcutaneous tissues. The other options are not appropriate situations for the Z-track method.
A patient with a new prescription for a diuretic has just reviewed with the nurse how to include more potassium in her diet. This reflects learning in which domain? A. Cognitive B. Affective C. Physical D. Psychomotor
ANS: A The cognitive domain refers to problem-solving abilities and may involve recall and knowledge of facts. The affective domain refers to values and beliefs. The term physical does not refer to one of the learning domains. The psychomotor domain involves behaviors such as learning how to perform a procedure.
A patient who has advanced cancer is receiving opioid medications around the clock to keep him comfortable as he nears the end of his life. Which term best describes this type of therapy? A. Palliative therapy B. Maintenance therapy C. Empiric therapy D. Supplemental therapy
ANS: A The goal of palliative therapy is to make the patient as comfortable as possible. It is typically used in the end stages of illnesses when all attempts at curative therapy have failed. Maintenance therapy is used for the treatment of chronic illnesses such as hypertension. Empiric therapy is based on clinical probabilities and involves drug administration when a certain pathologic condition has an uncertain but high likelihood of occurrence based on the patient's initial presenting symptoms. Supplemental (or replacement therapy) supplies the body with a substance needed to maintain normal function.
For accurate medication administration to pediatric patients, the nurse must take into account which criteria? A. Organ maturity B. Renal output C. Body temperature D. Height
ANS: A To administer medications to pediatric patients accurately, one must take into account the body surface area (including weight and height), age, and organ maturity. The other options are incorrect; renal output and body temperature are not considerations, and height alone is not sufficient.
When giving medications, the nurse will follow the rights of medication administration, which include what rights? (Select all that apply.) A. Right drug B. Right route C. Right dose D. Right diagnosis E. Right time F. Right patient G. Right documentation
ANS: A, B, C, E, F, G The Six Rights of medication administration must always include the right drug, right dose, right time, right route, right patient, and right documentation. The right diagnosis is incorrect.
Which statements are true regarding pediatric patients and pharmacokinetics? (Select all that apply.) A. The levels of microsomal enzymes are decreased. B. Perfusion to the kidneys may be decreased and may result in reduced renal function. C. First-pass elimination is increased because of higher portal circulation. D. First-pass elimination is reduced because of the immaturity of the liver. E. Total body water content is much less than in adults. F. Gastric emptying is slowed because of slow or irregular peristalsis. G. Gastric emptying is more rapid because of increased peristaltic activity.
ANS: A, B, D, F In children, first-pass elimination by the liver is reduced because of the immaturity of the liver, and microsomal enzymes are decreased. In addition, gastric emptying is reduced because of slow or irregular peristalsis. Perfusion to the kidneys may be decreased, resulting in reduced renal function. The other options are incorrect. In addition, remember that total body water content is greater in children than in adults.
Which statements are true regarding the elderly and pharmacokinetics? (Select all that apply.) A. The levels of microsomal enzymes are decreased. B. Fat content is increased because of decreased lean body mass. C. Fat content is decreased because of increased lean body mass. D. The number of intact nephrons is increased. E. The number of intact nephrons is decreased. F. Gastric pH is less acidic.
ANS: A, B, E, F In the elderly, levels of microsomal enzymes are decreased because the aging liver is less able to produce them; fat content is increased because of decreased lean body mass; the number of intact nephrons is decreased as the result of aging; and gastric pH is less acidic because of a gradual reduction of the production of hydrochloric acid. The other options are incorrect statements.
The nurse is reviewing the criteria for over-the-counter drugs. Which criteria for over-the-counter status in the United States are accurate? (Select all that apply.) A. The drug must be easy to use. B. The drug must have a low therapeutic index. C. The consumer must be able to monitor the drug's effectiveness. D. The drug must have a low potential for abuse. E. The drug must not have any interactions with other drugs.
ANS: A, C, D In the United States, criteria for over-the-counter status include the drug being easy to use, the drug having a low potential for abuse, and the consumer must be able to monitor the drug's effectiveness for the condition. The drug must have a high therapeutic index (not a low one), and the drug must have limited interactions with other drugs.
Which are appropriate considerations when the nurse is assessing the learning needs of a patient? (Select all that apply.) A. Cultural background B. Family history C. Level of education D. Readiness to learn E. Health beliefs
ANS: A, C, D, E Family history is not a part of what the nurse considers when assessing learning needs. The other options are appropriate to consider when the nurse is assessing learning needs.
The nurse is performing an admission assessment. Which findings reflect components of a cultural assessment? (Select all that apply.) A. The patient uses aspirin as needed for pain. B. The patient has a history of hypertension. C. The patient uses herbal tea to relax in the evenings. D. The patient does not speak English. E. The patient is allergic to shellfish. F. The patient does not eat pork products for religious reasons.
ANS: A, C, D, F The past use of medicines, use of herbal treatments, languages spoken, and religious practices and beliefs are components of a cultural assessment. The other options reflect components of a general medication assessment or health history.
The nurse is conducting a class for senior citizens about the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Which statements are true regarding the use of OTC drugs? (Select all that apply.) A. Use of OTC drugs may delay treatment of serious ailments. B. Drug interactions with OTC medications are rare. C. OTC drugs may relieve symptoms without addressing the cause of the problem. D. OTC drugs are indicated for long-term treatment of conditions. E. Patients may misunderstand product labels and use the drugs improperly.
ANS: A, C, E It is true that use of OTC drugs may delay treatment of serious ailments; OTC drugs may relieve symptoms without addressing the cause of the problem, and patients may misunderstand product labels and use the drugs improperly. These statements should be included when teaching patients about their use. In contrast, drug interactions with OTC medications are not rare and may indeed occur with prescription medications and other OTC drugs. Normally, OTC drugs are intended for short-term treatment of minor ailments.
The nurse is reviewing medication errors. Which situation is an example of a medication error? A. A patient refuses her morning medications. B. A patient receives a double dose of a medication because the nurse did not cut the pill in half. C. A patient develops hives after having started an IV antibiotic 24 hours earlier. D. A patient complains of severe pain still present 60 minutes after a pain medication was given.
ANS: B A medication error is defined as a preventable adverse drug event that involves inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care provider. The other options are not preventable. The patient's refusing to take medications and complaining of pain after a medication is given are patient behaviors, and the development of hives is a possible allergic reaction.
During a nursing assessment, which question by the nurse allows for greater clarification and additional discussion with the patient? A. "Are you allergic to penicillin?" B. "What medications do you take?" C. "Have you had a reaction to this drug?" D. "Are you taking this medication with meals?"
ANS: B Asking "What medications do you take?" is an open-ended question that will encourage greater clarification and additional discussion with the patient. The other options are examples of closed-ended questions, which prompt only a "yes" or "no" answer and provide limited information.
When administering medication by IV bolus (push), the nurse will occlude the IV line by which method? A. Not pinching the IV tubing at all B. Pinching the tubing just above the injection port C. Pinching the tubing just below the injection port D. Pinching the tubing just above the drip chamber of the infusion set
ANS: B Before a medication is injected by IV push, the IV line is occluded by pinching the tubing just above the injection port. The other locations are incorrect.
An 83-year-old woman has been given a thiazide diuretic to treat mild heart failure. She and her daughter should be told to watch for which problems? A. Constipation and anorexia B. Fatigue, leg cramps, and dehydration C. Daytime sedation and lethargy D. Edema, nausea, and blurred vision
ANS: B Electrolyte imbalance, leg cramps, fatigue, and dehydration are common complications when thiazide diuretics are given to elderly patients. The other options do not describe complications that occur when these drugs are given to the elderly.
The prescriber has written admission orders, and the nurse is transcribing them. The nurse is having difficulty transcribing one order because of the prescriber's handwriting. Which is the best action for the nurse to take at this time? A. Ask a colleague what the order says. B. Contact the prescriber to clarify the order. C. Wait until the prescriber makes rounds again to clarify the order. D. Ask the patient what medications he takes at home.
ANS: B If a prescriber writes an order that is illegible, the nurse should contact the prescriber for clarification. Asking a colleague is not useful because the colleague did not write the order. Waiting for the prescriber to return is incorrect because it would delay implementation of the order. Asking the patient about medications is incorrect because this question will not clarify the current order written by the prescriber.
The nurse will be injecting a drug into the fatty tissue of the patient's abdomen. Which route does this describe? A. Intradermal B. Subcutaneous C. Intramuscular D. Transdermal
ANS: B Injections into the fatty subcutaneous tissue under the dermal layer of skin are referred to as subcutaneous injections. Injections under the more superficial skin layers immediately underneath the epidermal layer of skin and into the dermal layer are known as intradermal injections. Injections into the muscle beneath the subcutaneous fatty tissue are referred to as intramuscular injections. Transdermal drugs are applied to the skin via an adhesive patch.
During a busy night shift, a new nurse administered an unfamiliar medication without checking it in a drug handbook. Later that day, the patient had a severe reaction because he has renal problems, which was a contraindication to that drug. The nurse may be liable for A. medical negligence. B. nursing negligence. C. nonmaleficence. D. autonomy.
ANS: B Negligence is the failure to act in a reasonable and prudent manner or failure of the nurse to give the care that a reasonably prudent (cautious) nurse would render or use under similar circumstances. In this case, nursing negligence applies to nurses, not medical negligence. Nonmaleficence is defined as the duty to do no harm; autonomy is defined as the right to make one's own decisions, or self-determination.
A patient with asthma is to begin medication therapy using a metered-dose inhaler. What is an important reminder to include during teaching sessions with the patient? A. Repeat subsequent puffs, if ordered, after 5 minutes. B. Inhale slowly while pressing down to release the medication. C. Inhale quickly while pressing down to release the medication. D. Administer the inhaler while holding it 3 to 4 inches away from the mouth.
ANS: B Position the inhaler to an open mouth, with the inhaler 1 to 2 inches away from the mouth, or attach a spacer to the mouthpiece of the inhaler, or place the mouthpiece in the mouth. To administer, press down on the inhaler to release the medication while inhaling slowly. Wait 1 to 2 minutes between puffs if a second puff of the same medication has been ordered.
The nurse is asking a patient about his family history as part of an assessment. Which component is included in an effective family history? A. Asking the patient about the current and past health status of the patient's children B. Covering at least three generations of family history C. Obtaining a family history of the patient's spouse D. Asking about the family history for the patient's siblings and parents only
ANS: B The family history is most effective if it covers at least three generations and includes the current and past health status of each family member. The other options are incorrect.
The nurse is giving an intradermal (ID) injection and will choose which syringe for this injection? A. B. C. D.
ANS: B The proper size syringe for ID injection is 1-mL tuberculin. The other syringes pictured are incorrect. Insulin syringes (marked in units) are not used for intradermal injections.
The nurse is reviewing facts about pharmacology for a review course. The term legend drug refers to which item? A. Over-the-counter drugs B. Prescription drugs C. Orphan drugs D. Older drugs
ANS: B The term legend drug refers to prescription drugs, which were differentiated from over-the-counter drugs by the 1951 Durham-Humphrey Amendment. Orphan drugs are drugs that are developed for rare diseases. The other options are not examples of legend drugs.
During an assessment, the patient tells the nurse that he eats large amounts of garlic for its cardiovascular benefits. Which drug or drug class, if taken, would have a potential interaction with the garlic? A. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) B. Insulin C. Antilipemic drugs D. Sedatives
ANS: B The use of garlic may interfere with hypoglycemic drugs. The other options are incorrect because acetaminophen, antilipemic drugs, and sedatives do not have interactions with garlic.
A patient wants to take the herb gingko to help his memory. The nurse reviews his current medication list and would be concerned about potential interactions if he is taking a medication from which class of drugs? A. Digitalis B. Anticoagulants C. Sedatives D. Immunosuppressants
ANS: B The use of gingko increases the risk of bleeding with anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin) and antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel). The other concerns do not occur with gingko supplements.
Nurses have the ethical responsibility to tell the truth to their patients. What is this principle known as? A. Justice B. Veracity C. Beneficence D. Autonomy
ANS: B Veracity is defined as the duty to tell the truth. Justice is the ethical principle of being fair or equal in one's actions. Beneficence is the ethical principle of doing or actively promoting good. Autonomy is self-determination, or the ability to make one's own decisions.
When adding medications to a bag of intravenous (IV) fluid, the nurse will use which method to mix the solution? A. Shaking the bag or bottle vigorously B. Turning the bag or bottle gently from side to side C. Inverting the bag or bottle one time after injecting the medication D. Allowing the IV solution to stand for 10 minutes to enhance even distribution of medication
ANS: B When medications are added to IV fluid containers, the medication and the IV solution are mixed by holding the bag or bottle and turning it end-to-end, mixing it gently. Shaking vigorously is not appropriate; inverting the bag just once or simply allowing the bag to stand for 10 minutes may not be sufficient to mix the medication into the fluid.
The nurse can prevent medication errors by following which principles? (Select all that apply.) A. Assess for allergies after giving medications. B. Use two patient identifiers before giving medications. C. Do not give a medication that another nurse has drawn up in a syringe. D. Minimize the use of verbal and telephone orders. E. Use trade names instead of generic names to avoid confusion.
ANS: B, C, D Measures that prevent medication errors include using two patient identifiers, giving only medications that you have drawn up or prepared, and minimizing the use of verbal and telephone orders. Assessment for allergies should be done before medications are given. Generic names should be used to avoid the many sound-alike trade names of medications.
The nurse is reviewing the concept of drug polymorphism. Which factors contribute to drug polymorphism? (Select all that apply.) A. The number of drugs ordered by the physician B. Inherited factors C. The patient's diet and nutritional status D. Different dosage forms of the same drug E. The patient's health beliefs and practices F. The patient's drug history G. The various available forms of a drug
ANS: B, C, E Inherited factors, diet and nutritional status, and health beliefs and practices are some of the factors that contribute to drug polymorphism. The other options are not factors that contribute to drug polymorphism.
The nurse is performing an assessment of a patient. Which assessment findings may indicate a higher risk for genetic disorders? (Select all that apply.) A. The patient's father was diagnosed with heart disease at 60 years of age. B. The patient's mother was diagnosed with breast cancer at 33 years of age. C. The patient's grandfather died of a cerebral vascular accident at 78 years of age. D. The patient's sister has a history of both renal cancer and lung cancer. E. The patient has two uncles and a grandparent who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.
ANS: B, D, E The nurse should assess for factors that may indicate a risk for genetic disorders. A few examples of factors that may indicate a risk for genetic disorders are a higher incidence of a particular disease or disorder in the patient's family than in the general population; diagnosis of a disease in family members at an unusually young age; or diagnosis of a family member with an unusual form of cancer or with more than one type of cancer. The options regarding heart disease at 60 years of age and cerebral vascular accident at 78 years of age are not factors that indicate a higher risk for genetic disorders.
The nurse is transcribing a verbal medication order. Which is the proper notation of the dose of the drug ordered? A. Digoxin .125 mg B. Digoxin .1250 mg C. Digoxin 125 mg D. Digoxin 1250 mg
ANS: C Digoxin 125 mg illustrates the correct notation with a leading zero before the decimal point. Omitting the leading zero may cause the order to be misread, resulting in a large drug overdose. Digoxin .125 mg and digoxin .1250 do not have the leading zero before the decimal point. Digoxin 1250 has a trailing zero, which also is incorrect.
The nurse is preparing to give an aqueous intramuscular (IM) injection to an average-sized adult. Which actions are appropriate? (Select all that apply.) A. Choose a 26- or 27-gauge,to -inch needle. B. Choose a 22- to 27-gauge, 1- to 1 -inch needle. C. Choose the dorsogluteal site, the preferred site for IM injections for adults. D. Insert the needle at a 45-degree angle. E. Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle. F. Before injecting the medication, withdraw the plunger to check for blood return.
ANS: B, E, F In general, aqueous medications can be given with a 22- to 27-gauge needle, and average needle lengths for adults range from 1 to 1 inches. Insert the needle at a 90-degree angle. Checking for blood return is also part of the technique for IM injections to prevent inadvertent administration into the bloodstream. The ventrogluteal site is the preferred site for IM injections in adults. The dorsogluteal site is to be avoided because of proximity to nerves and blood vessels.
The medication order reads, "Give ondansetron (Zofran) 4 mg, 30 minutes before beginning chemotherapy to prevent nausea." The nurse notes that the route is missing from the order. What is the nurse's best action? A. Give the medication intravenously because the patient might vomit. B. Give the medication orally because the tablets are available in 4-mg doses. C. Contact the prescriber to clarify the route of the medication ordered. D. Hold the medication until the prescriber returns to make rounds.
ANS: C A complete medication order includes the route of administration. If a medication order does not include the route, the nurse must ask the prescriber to clarify it. The intravenous and oral routes are not interchangeable. Holding the medication until the prescriber returns would mean that the patient would not receive a needed medication.
When reviewing pharmacology terms for a group of newly graduated nurses, the nurse explains that a drug's half-life is the time it takes for A. the drug to cause half of its therapeutic response. B. one half of the original amount of a drug to reach the target cells. C. one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body. D. one half of the original amount of a drug to be absorbed into the circulation.
ANS: C A drug's half-life is the time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body. It is a measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body. The other options are incorrect definitions of half-life.
The nurse is administering drugs to neonates and will consider which factor that may contribute the most to drug toxicity? A. The lungs are immature. B. The kidneys are small. C. The liver is not fully developed. D. Excretion of the drug occurs quickly.
ANS: C A neonate's liver is not fully developed and cannot detoxify many drugs. The other options are incorrect. The lungs and kidneys do not play major roles in drug metabolism. Renal excretion is slow, not fast, because of organ immaturity, but this is not the factor that contributes the most to drug toxicity.
The nurse is reviewing the applications of gene therapy. Which drug is manufactured as a result of indirect gene therapy? A. Vitamin K B. Warfarin C. Human insulin D. Heparin
ANS: C A recombinant form of human insulin is one of the most widespread uses of indirect gene therapy. Other examples include hormones, vaccines, antitoxins, and monoclonal antibodies. The other options listed are not examples of drugs manufactured by indirect gene therapy.
The nurse administered a sleeping pill to an elderly patient at bedtime. Two hours later, the patient was irritable, restless, and unable to sleep. The nurse describes the patient's response as which type of reaction? A. Allergic reaction B. Mutagenic effect C. Idiosyncratic reaction D. Teratogenic reaction
ANS: C An idiosyncratic reaction is not the result of a known pharmacologic property of a drug or of a patient allergy but instead occurs unexpectedly in a particular patient. Such a reaction is a genetically determined abnormal response to normal dosages of a drug. An allergic reaction (also known as a hypersensitivity reaction) involves the patient's immune system. Mutagenic effects are permanent changes in the genetic composition of living organisms and consist of alterations in chromosome structure, the number of chromosomes, or the genetic code of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule. Teratogenic effects of drugs or other chemicals result in structural defects in the fetus.
When giving a buccal medication to a patient, which action by the nurse is appropriate? A. Encouraging the patient to swallow if necessary B. Administering water after the medication has been given C. Placing the medication between the upper or lower molar teeth and the cheek D. Placing the tablet under the patient's tongue and allowing it to dissolve completely
ANS: C Buccal medications are properly administered between the upper or lower molar teeth and the cheek. Caution the patient against swallowing, and do not administer with water. Medications given under the tongue are sublingually administered.
The nurse is discussing gene therapy in a continuing education class. Which is the best definition of eugenics? A. The use of gene therapy to prevent disease B. The development of new drugs based on gene therapy C. Intentional selection, before birth, of genotypes that are considered more desirable than others D. The determination of genetic factors that influence a person's response to medications
ANS: C Eugenics is the intentional selection of genotypes, before birth, that are considered more desirable than others, and it is a major ethical issue concerning gene therapy. The other options do not describe eugenics.
The nurse is preparing to give an injection to a 4-year-old child. Which intervention is age-appropriate for this child? A. Give the injection without any advanced preparation. B. Give the injection, and then explain the reason for the procedure afterwards. C. Offer a brief, concrete explanation of the procedure at the patient's level and with the parent or caregiver present. D. Prepare the child in advance with details about the procedure without the parent or caregiver present.
ANS: C For a 4-year-old child, offering a brief, concrete explanation about a procedure just beforehand, with the parent or caregiver present, is appropriate. The other options are incorrect for any age group.
When taking a telephone order for a medication, which action by the nurse is most appropriate? A. Verify the order with the charge nurse. B. Call back the prescriber to review the order. C. Repeat the order to the prescriber before hanging up the telephone. D. Ask the pharmacist to double-check the order.
ANS: C For telephone or verbal orders, repeat the order back to the prescriber before hanging up the telephone. The other options are incorrect.
A 2-year-old child is to receive eardrops. The nurse is teaching the parent about giving the eardrops. Which statement reflects the proper technique for administering eardrops to this child? A. Administer the drops without pulling on the ear lobe. B. Straighten the ear canal by pulling the lobe upward and back. C. Straighten the ear canal by pulling the pinna down and back. D. Straighten the ear canal by pulling the pinna upward and outward.
ANS: C In an infant or a child younger than 3 years of age, the ear canal is straightened by pulling the pinna down and back. In adults, the pinna is pulled up and outward. Pulling the lobe and administering eardrops without pulling on the ear lobe are not appropriate actions.
During discharge patient teaching, the nurse reviews prescriptions with a patient. Which statement is correct about refills for an analgesic that is classified as Schedule C-III? A. No prescription refills are permitted. B. Refills are allowed only by written prescription. C. The patient may have no more than 5 refills in a 6-month period. D. Written prescriptions expire in 12 months.
ANS: C Schedule C-III medications may be refilled no more than five times in a 6-month period. The patient should be informed of this regulation. No prescription refills are permitted for Schedule C-II drugs. Requiring refills by written prescription only applies to Schedule C-II drugs. Schedule C-III prescriptions (written or oral) expire in 6 months.
The nurse is aware that confusion, forgetfulness, and increased risk for falls are common responses in an elderly patient who is taking which type of drug? A. Laxatives B. Anticoagulants C. Sedatives D. Antidepressants
ANS: C Sedatives and hypnotics often cause confusion, daytime sedation, ataxia, lethargy, forgetfulness, and increased risk for falls in the elderly. Laxatives, anticoagulants, and antidepressants may cause adverse effects in the elderly, but not the ones specified in the question.
For which cultural group must the health care provider respect the value placed on preserving harmony with nature and the belief that disease is a result of ill spirits? A. Hispanics B. Asian Americans C. Native Americans D. African Americans
ANS: C Some Native Americans believe in preserving harmony with nature and that disease is a result of ill spirits. The groups listed in the other options do not typically reflect these practices.
A patient says he prefers to chew rather than swallow his pills. One of the pills has the abbreviation SR behind the name of the medication. The nurse needs to remember which correct instruction regarding how to give this medication? A. Break the tablet into halves or quarters. B. Dissolve the tablet in a small amount of water before giving it. C. Do not crush or break the tablet before administration. D. Crush the tablet as needed to ease administration.
ANS: C Sustained-release (SR) and enteric-coated tablets or capsules are forms of medications that must not be crushed before administration so as to protect the gastrointestinal lining or the medication itself. Do not break, dissolve, or crush these tablets before administering.
After administering an intradermal (ID) injection for a skin test, the nurse notices a small bleb at the injection site. The best action for the nurse to take at this time is to A. apply heat. B. massage the area. C. do nothing. D. report the bleb to the physician.
ANS: C The formation of a small bleb is expected after an ID injection for skin testing. The other actions are not appropriate.
The nurse is administering medications to the patient who is in liver failure resulting from end-stage cirrhosis. The nurse is aware that patients with liver failure would most likely have problems with which pharmacokinetic phase? A. Absorption B. Distribution C. Metabolism D. Excretion
ANS: C The liver is the organ that is most responsible for drug metabolism. Decreased liver function most strongly affects the metabolism of a drug. Liver function does not affect the absorption and distribution of a drug. Excretion is affected only because decreased liver function may not transform drugs into water-soluble substances for elimination via the kidneys, but that is not the best answer for this question.
During an admission assessment, the nurse discovers that the patient does not speak English. Which is considered the ideal resource for translation? A. A family member of the patient B. A close family friend of the patient C. A translator who does not know the patient D. Prewritten note cards with both English and the patient's language
ANS: C The nurse should communicate with the patient in the patient's native language if at all possible. If the nurse is not able to speak the patient's native language, a translator should be made available so as to prevent communication problems, minimize errors, and help boost the patient's level of trust and understanding of the nurse. In practice, this translator may be another nurse or health care professional, a nonprofessional member of the health care team, or a layperson, family member, adult friend, or religious leader or associate. However, it is best to avoid family members as translators, if possible, because of issues with bias, misinterpretation, and potential confidentiality issues.
The nurse needs to administer insulin subcutaneously (subcut) to an obese patient. Which is the proper technique for this injection? A. Using the Z-track method B. Inserting the needle at a 5- to 15-degree angle until resistance is felt C. Pinching the skin at the injection site, and then inserting the needle to below the tissue fold at a 90-degree angle D. Spreading the skin tightly over the injection site, inserting the needle, and then releasing the skin
ANS: C The proper technique for a subcutaneous injection for an obese patient is to pinch the skin at the site and inject the needle to below the skin fold at a 90-degree angle.
A patient calls the clinic to ask about taking cranberry dietary supplement capsules because a friend recommended them. The nurse will discuss which possible concern when a patient is taking cranberry supplements? A. It may increase the risk for bleeding if the patient is taking anticoagulants. B. It may increase the risk of toxicity of some psychotherapeutic drugs. C. It may reduce elimination of drugs that are excreted by the kidneys. D. Cranberry may increase the intensity and duration of effects of caffeine.
ANS: C The use of cranberry decreases the elimination of many drugs that are renally excreted. The other concerns do not occur with cranberry supplements.
The nurse is developing a care plan for a patient who will be self-administering insulin injections. Which statement reflects a measurable goal? A. The patient will know about self-administration of insulin injections. B. The patient will understand the principles of self-administration of insulin injections. C. The patient will demonstrate the proper technique of self-administering insulin injections. D. The patient will comprehend the proper technique of self-administering insulin injections.
ANS: C The word demonstrate is a measurable verb, and measurable terms should be used when developing goals and outcome criteria statements. The other options are incorrect because the terms know, understand, and comprehend are not measurable terms.
The patient wants to take the herb valerian to help him rest at night. The nurse would be concerned about potential interactions if he is taking a medication from which class of drugs? A. Digitalis B. Anticoagulants C. Sedatives D. Immunosuppressants
ANS: C Valerian may cause increased central nervous system depression if used with sedatives. Digitalis, anticoagulants, and immunosuppressants do not have interactions with valerian.
Which drugs would be affected by the first-pass effect? (Select all that apply.) A. Morphine given by IV push injection B. Sublingual nitroglycerin tablets C. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) elixir D. Levothyroxine (Synthroid) tablets E. Transdermal nicotine patches F. Esomeprazole (Nexium) capsules G. Penicillin given by IV piggyback infusion
ANS: C, D, F Orally administered drugs (elixirs, tablets, capsules) undergo the first-pass effect because they are metabolized in the liver after being absorbed into the portal circulation from the small intestine. IV medications (IV push and IV piggyback) enter the bloodstream directly and do not go directly to the liver. Sublingual tablets and transdermal patches also enter the bloodstream without going directly to the liver, thus avoiding the first-pass effect.
When the nurse considers the timing of a drug dose, which factor is appropriate to consider when deciding when to give a drug? A. The patient's ability to swallow B. The patient's height C. The patient's last meal D. The patient's allergies
ANS: CThe nurse must consider specific pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic drug properties that may be affected by the timing of the last meal. The patient's ability to swallow, height, and allergies are not factors to consider regarding the timing of the drug's administration.
The nurse is assigned to a patient who is newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which statement best illustrates an outcome criterion for this patient? A. The patient will follow instructions. B. The patient will not experience complications. C. The patient will adhere to the new insulin treatment regimen. D. The patient will demonstrate correct blood glucose testing technique.
ANS: D "Demonstrating correct blood glucose testing technique" is a specific and measurable outcome criterion. "Following instructions" and "not experiencing complications" are not specific criteria. "Adhering to new regimen" would be difficult to measure..
Which nursing diagnosis is appropriate for the patient who has just received a prescription for a new medication? A. Noncompliance related to new drug therapy B. Impaired memory related to new drug therapy C. Lack of knowledge regarding newly prescribed drug therapy D. Deficient knowledge related to newly prescribed drug therapy
ANS: D A patient who has a limited understanding of newly prescribed drug therapy may have the nursing diagnosis of deficient knowledge. Noncompliance is incorrect because that term implies that the patient does not follow a recommended regimen, which is not the case with a newly prescribed drug. Impaired memory is not appropriate in this situation. "Lack of knowledge" is not a nursing diagnosis.
When monitoring the patient receiving an intravenous infusion to reduce blood pressure, the nurse notes that the patient's blood pressure is extremely low, and the patient is lethargic and difficult to awaken. This would be classified as which type of adverse drug reaction? A. An adverse effect B. An allergic reaction C. An idiosyncratic reaction D. A pharmacologic reaction
ANS: D A pharmacologic reaction is an extension of a drug's normal effects in the body. In this case, the antihypertensive drug lowered the patient's blood pressure levels too much. The other options do not describe a pharmacologic reaction. An adverse effect is a predictable, well-known adverse drug reaction that results in minor or no changes in patient management. An allergic reaction (also known as a hypersensitivity reaction) involves the patient's immune system. An idiosyncratic reaction is unexpected and is defined as a genetically determined abnormal response to normal dosages of a drug.
The nurse is teaching a 16-year-old patient who has a new diagnosis of type 1 diabetes about blood glucose monitoring and the importance of regulating glucose intake. When developing a teaching plan for this teenager, which of Erikson's stages of development should the nurse consider? A. Trust versus mistrust B. Intimacy versus isolation C. Industry versus inferiority D. Identity versus role confusion
ANS: D According to Erikson, the adolescent (12 to 18 years of age) is in the identity versus role confusion stage of development. Trust versus mistrust reflects the infancy stage; intimacy versus isolation reflects the young adulthood stage; and industry versus inferiority reflects the school-age stage of development.
The nurse is assessing an elderly Hispanic woman who is being treated for hypertension. During the assessment, what is important for the nurse to remember about cultural aspects? A. The patient should be discouraged from using folk remedies and rituals. B. The nurse will expect the patient to value protective bracelets and "root workers" as healers. C. The nurse will remember that the balance among body, mind, and environment is important for this patient's health beliefs. D. The nurse's assessment needs to include gathering information regarding religious practices and beliefs regarding medication, treatment, and healing.
ANS: D All beliefs need to be considered clearly so as to prevent a conflict from arising between the goals of nursing and health care and the dictates of a patient's cultural background. Assessing religious practices and beliefs is part of a thorough cultural assessment. The other options are incorrect. The nurse should not ignore a patient's cultural practices. The concept of balance among body, mind, and environment and the valuing of protective bracelets and root workers reflect beliefs or practices that usually do not apply to the Hispanic cultural group.
An elderly patient with a new diagnosis of hypertension will be receiving a new prescription for an antihypertensive drug. The nurse expects which type of dosing to occur with this drug therapy? A. Drug therapy will be based on the patient's weight. B. Drug therapy will be based on the patient's age. C. The patient will receive the maximum dose that is expected to reduce the blood pressure. D. The patient will receive the lowest possible dose at first, and then the dose will be increased as needed.
ANS: D As a general rule, dosing for elderly patients should follow the admonition, "Start low, and go slow," which means to start with the lowest possible dose (often less than an average adult dose) and increase the dose slowly, if needed, based on patient response. The other responses are incorrect.
The nurse has been monitoring the patient's progress on a new drug regimen since the first dose and documenting the patient's therapeutic response to the medication. Which phase of the nursing process do these actions illustrate? A. Nursing diagnosis B. Planning C. Implementation D. Evaluation
ANS: D Monitoring the patient's progress, including the patient's response to the medication, is part of the evaluation phase. Planning, implementation, and nursing diagnosis are not illustrated by this example.
A 60-year-old patient is on several new medications and expresses worry that she will forget to take her pills. Which action by the nurse would be most helpful in this situation? A. Teaching effective coping strategies B. Asking the patient's prescriber to reduce the number of drugs prescribed C. Assuring the patient that she will not forget once she is accustomed to the routine D. Assisting the patient with obtaining and learning to use a calendar or pill container
ANS: D Calendars, pill containers, or diaries may be helpful to patients who may forget to take prescribed drugs as scheduled. The nurse must ensure that the patient knows how to use these reminder tools. Teaching coping strategies is a helpful suggestion but will not help with remembering to take medications. Asking the prescriber to reduce the number of drugs that are prescribed is not an appropriate action by the nurse. Assuring the patient that she will not forget is false reassurance by the nurse and inappropriate when education is needed.
The nurse is setting up a teaching session with an 85-year-old patient who will be going home on anticoagulant therapy. Which educational strategy would reflect consideration of the age-related changes that may exist with this patient? A. Show a video about anticoagulation therapy. B. Present all the information in one session just before discharge. C. Give the patient pamphlets about the medications to read at home. D. Develop large-print handouts that reflect the verbal information presented.
ANS: D Developing large-print handouts addresses altered perception in two ways. First, by using visual aids to reinforce verbal instructions, one addresses the possibility of decreased ability to hear high-frequency sounds. By developing the handouts in large print, one addresses the possibility of decreased visual acuity. Showing a video does not allow discussion of the information; furthermore, the text and print may be small and difficult to read and understand. Presenting all the information in one session before discharge also does not allow for discussion, and the patient may not be able to hear or see the information sufficiently. Because of the possibility of decreased short-term memory and slowed cognitive function, giving pamphlets to read may not be appropriate.
When administering a new medication to a patient, the nurse reads that it is highly protein bound. Assuming that the patient's albumin levels are normal, the nurse would expect which result, as compared to a medication that is not highly protein bound? A. Renal excretion will be faster. B. The drug will be metabolized quickly. C. The duration of action of the medication will be shorter. D. The duration of action of the medication will be longer.
ANS: D Drugs that are bound to plasma proteins are characterized by longer duration of action. Protein binding does not make renal excretion faster, does not speed up drug metabolism, and does not cause the duration of action to be shorter.
When administering drugs, the nurse remembers that the duration of action of a drug is defined as the time A. it takes for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response. B. needed to remove a drug from circulation. C. it takes for a drug to achieve its maximum therapeutic response. D. period when a drug's concentration is sufficient to cause a therapeutic response.
ANS: D Duration of action is the time during which drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response. The other options do not define duration of action. A drug's onset of action is the time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response. A drug's peak effect is the time it takes for the drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response. Elimination is the length of time it takes to remove a drug from circulation.
The nurse is giving medications through a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube. Which technique is correct? A. Administering the medications using a 3-mL medication syringe B. Applying firm pressure on the syringe's piston to infuse the medication C. Flushing the tubing with 30 mL of saline after the medication has been given D. Using the barrel of the syringe, allowing the medication to flow via gravity into the tube
ANS: D For PEG tubes (and nasogastric tubes), medications are poured into the barrel of the syringe with the piston removed, and the medication is allowed to flow via gravity into the tube. Fluid must never be forced into the tube. The tubing is to be flushed with 30 mL of tap water (not saline) to ensure that the medication is cleared from the tube after the medication has been given. A 3-mL syringe is too small for this procedure.
The nurse is writing a nursing diagnosis for a plan of care for a patient who has been newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Which statement reflects the correct format for a nursing diagnosis? A. Anxiety B. Anxiety related to new drug therapy C. Anxiety related to anxious feelings about drug therapy, as evidenced by statements such as "I'm upset about having to test my blood sugars." D. Anxiety related to new drug therapy, as evidenced by statements such as "I'm upset about having to test my blood sugars."
ANS: D Formulation of nursing diagnoses is usually a three-step process. "Anxiety" is missing the "related to" and "as evidenced by" portions of defining characteristics. "Anxiety related to new drug therapy" is missing the "as evidenced by" portion of defining characteristics. The statement beginning "Anxiety related to anxious feelings" is incorrect because the "related to" section is simply a restatement of the problem "anxiety," not a separate factor related to the response.
A patient has been selected as a potential recipient of an experimental drug for heart failure. The nurse knows that when informed consent has been obtained, it indicates that the patient A. has been informed of the possible benefits of the new therapy. B. will be informed of the details of the study as the research continues. C. will receive the actual drug during the experiment. D. has had the study's purpose, procedures, and the risks involved explained to him.
ANS: D Informed consent involves the careful explanation of the purpose of the study, the procedures to be used, and the risks involved. The other options do not describe informed consent.
A patient has just been told that she has the genetic markers for a severe type of breast cancer. After the patient meets with the physician, the patient's daughter asks the nurse, "What did the doctor tell my mother? She seems upset." What is the nurse's best response? A. "I'm sorry, but I'm not allowed to discuss that." B. "The physician will discuss this with you." C. "It seems that your mother has the genetic markers for a type of breast cancer." D. "This is information that your mother will need to discuss with you."
ANS: D Maintaining privacy and confidentiality is of utmost importance during genetic testing and counseling. The patient (not the nurse or the physician) is the one who decides whether to include or exclude any family members from the discussion and from knowledge of the results of genetic testing. Telling the patient's daughter that you are "not allowed" to discuss the matter would cause more anxiety. Telling the daughter about the genetic markers would be a violation of the patient's privacy.
The patient is complaining of a headache and asks the nurse which over-the-counter medication form would work the fastest to help reduce the pain. Which medication form will the nurse suggest? A. A capsule B. A tablet C. An enteric-coated tablet D. A powder
ANS: D Of the types of oral medications listed, the powder form would be absorbed the fastest, thus having a faster onset. The tablet, the capsule, and, finally, the enteric-coated tablet would be absorbed next, in that order.
The nurse is assessing a newly admitted 83-year-old patient and determines that the patient is experiencing polypharmacy. Which statement most accurately illustrates polypharmacy? A. The patient is experiencing multiple illnesses. B. The patient uses one medication for an illness several times per day. C. The patient uses over-the-counter drugs for an illness. D. The patient uses multiple medications simultaneously.
ANS: D Polypharmacy usually occurs when a patient has several illnesses and takes medications for each of them, possibly prescribed by different specialists who may be unaware of other treatments the patient is undergoing. The other options are incorrect. Polypharmacy addresses the medications taken, not just the illnesses. Polypharmacy means the patient is taking several different medications, not just one. Polypharmacy can include prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, and herbal products.
The nurse is about to give a rectal suppository to a patient. Which technique would facilitate the administration and absorption of the rectal suppository? A. Having the patient lie on his or her right side, unless contraindicated B. Having the patient hold his or her breath during insertion of the medication C. Lubricating the suppository with a small amount of petroleum-based lubricant before insertion D. Encouraging the patient to lie on his or her left side for 15 to 20 minutes after insertion
ANS: D Position the patient on his or her left side for rectal suppository insertion. The suppository is then lubricated with a small amount of water-soluble lubricant, not petroleum-based substances. The patient is told to take a deep breath and exhale through the mouth during insertion. Then the patient needs to remain lying on the left side for 15 to 20 minutes to allow absorption of the drug.
The nurse is monitoring a patient who is in the 26th week of pregnancy and has developed gestational diabetes and pneumonia. She is given medications that pose a possible fetal risk, but the potential benefits may warrant the use of the medications in her situation. The nurse recognizes that these medications are in which U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pregnancy safety category? A. Category X B. Category B C. Category C D. Category D
ANS: D Pregnancy category D fits the description given. Category B indicates no risk to animal fetus; information for humans is not available. Category C indicates adverse effects reported in animal fetus; information for humans is not available. Category X consists of drugs that should not be used in pregnant women because of reports of fetal abnormalities and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans.
The nurse recognizes that it is not uncommon for an elderly patient to experience a reduction in the stomach's ability to produce hydrochloric acid. This change may result in which effect? A. Delayed gastric emptying B. Increased gastric acidity C. Decreased intestinal absorption of medications D. Altered absorption of weakly acidic drugs
ANS: D Reduction in the stomach's ability to produce hydrochloric acid is an aging-related change that results in a decrease in gastric acidity and may alter the absorption of weakly acidic drugs. The other options are not results of reduced hydrochloric acid production.
When the nurse teaches a skill such as self-injection of insulin to the patient, what is the best way to set up the teaching/learning session? A. Provide written pamphlets for instruction. B. Show a video, and allow the patient to practice as needed on his own. C. Verbally explain the procedure, and provide written handouts for reinforcement. D. After demonstrating the procedure, allow the patient to do several return demonstrations.
ANS: D Return demonstration allows the nurse to evaluate the patient's newly learned skills. The techniques in the other options are incorrect because those suggestions do not allow for evaluation of the patient's technique.
The nurse is reviewing a list of scheduled drugs and notes that Schedule C-I drugs are not on the list. Which is a characteristic of Schedule C-I drugs? A. No refills are permitted B. May be obtained over the counter with a signature C. Are available only by written prescription D. Are used only with approved protocols
ANS: D Schedule C-I drugs are used only with approved protocols. Schedule C-II drugs are available only by written prescription, and refills are not permitted. Being available over the counter with a signature may be true of Schedule C-V drugs in certain states.
The nurse is measuring 4 mL of a liquid cough elixir for a child. Which method is most appropriate? A. Using a teaspoon to measure and administer B. Holding the medication cup at eye level and filling it to the desired level C. Withdrawing the elixir from the container using a syringe without a needle attached D. Withdrawing the elixir from the container using a calibrated oral syringe
ANS: D Small doses of liquid medications must be withdrawn using a calibrated oral syringe. A hypodermic syringe or a syringe with a needle or syringe cap must not be used. If hypodermic syringes are used, the drug may be inadvertently given parenterally, or the syringe cap or needle, if not removed from the syringe, may become dislodged and accidentally aspirated by the patient when the syringe plunger is pressed. The other methods are not accurate for small volumes.
An 18-year-old basketball player fell and twisted his ankle during a game. The nurse will expect to administer which type of analgesic? A. Synthetic opioid, such as meperidine (Demerol) B. Opium alkaloid, such as morphine sulfate C. Opioid antagonist, such as naloxone HCL (Narcan) D. Nonopioid analgesic, such as indomethacin (Indocin)
ANS: D Somatic pain, which originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments, and joints, usually responds to nonopioid analgesics such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The other options are not the best choices for somatic pain.
When giving medications, the nurse will use Standard Precautions, which include what action? A. Bending the needle to prevent reuse B. Recapping needles to prevent needle sticks C. Discarding all syringes and needles in the trash can D. Discarding all syringes and needles in a puncture-resistant container
ANS: D Standard Precautions include wearing clean gloves when there is potential exposure to a patient's blood or other body fluids; never recapping needles; never bending needles or syringes; and discarding all disposable syringes and needles in the appropriate puncture-resistant container.
A 25-year-old woman is visiting the prenatal clinic and shares with the nurse her desire to go "natural" with her pregnancy. She shows the nurse a list of herbal remedies that she wants to buy so that she can "avoid taking any drugs." Which statement by the nurse is correct? A. "Most herbal remedies are not harmful and are safe for use during pregnancy." B. "Please read each label carefully before use to check for cautionary warnings." C. "Keep in mind that products from different manufacturers are required to contain consistent amounts of the herbal products." D. "It's important to remember that herbal remedies do not have proven safety ratings for pregnant women."
ANS: D The fact that a drug is an herbal or a dietary supplement does not mean that it can be safely administered to children, infants, or pregnant or lactating women. Many herbal products have not been tested for safety during pregnancy. Simply reading the labels may not provide enough information for use during pregnancy. Last, manufacturers of herbal products are not required to guarantee the reliability of the contents.
When discussing dosage calculation for pediatric patients with a clinical pharmacist, the nurse notes that which type of dosage calculation is used most commonly in pediatric calculations? A. West nomogram B. Clark rule C. Height-to-weight ratio D. Mg/kg formula
ANS: D The mg/kg formula, based on body weight, is the most common method of calculating doses for pediatric patients. The other options are available methods but are not the most commonly used. Height-to-weight ratio is not used.
A patient is to receive a penicillin intramuscular (IM) injection in the ventrogluteal site. The nurse will use which angle for the needle insertion? A. 15 degrees B. 45 degrees C. 60 degrees D. 90 degrees
ANS: D The proper angle for IM injections is 90 degrees. The other angles are incorrect.
The patient has been taking an over-the-counter (OTC) acid-reducing drug because he has had "stomach problems" for several months. He tells the nurse that the medicine helps as long as he takes it, but once he stops it, the symptoms return. Which statement by the nurse is the best advice for this patient? A. "The over-the-counter drug has helped you, so you should continue to take it." B. "The over-the-counter dosage may not be strong enough. You should be taking prescription-strength for best effects." C. "For best results, you need to watch what you eat in addition to taking this drug." D. "Using this drug may relieve your symptoms, but it does not address the cause. You should be seen by your health care provider."
ANS: D The use of OTC drugs may postpone effective management of chronic disease states and may delay treatment of serious or life-threatening disorders because these drugs may relieve symptoms without necessarily addressing the cause of the disorder. The other options do not address the need to investigate the cause of the symptoms and are incorrect.
The nurse has an order to administer an IM immunization to a 2-month-old child. Which site is considered the best choice for this injection? A. Deltoid B. Dorsogluteal C. Ventrogluteal D. Vastus lateralis
ANS: D The vastus lateralis is the preferred site of injection of drugs such as immunizations for infants. The other sites are not appropriate for infants. The ventrogluteal site is the preferred site for adults and children. The deltoid site is used only for the administration of immunizations to toddlers, older children, and adults (not infants) and only for small volumes of medication. The dorsogluteal site is no longer recommended because of the possibility of nerve injury.
A patient is receiving eyedrops that contain a beta-blocker medication. The nurse will use what method to reduce systemic effects after administering the eyedrops? A. Wiping off excess liquid immediately after instilling the drops B. Having the patient close the eye tightly after the drops are instilled C. Having the patient try to keep the eye open for 30 seconds after the drops are instilled D. Applying gentle pressure to the patient's nasolacrimal duct for 30 to 60 seconds after instilling the drops
ANS: D When administering ophthalmic drugs that may cause systemic effects, one's finger should be protected by a clean tissue or glove and gentle pressure applied to the patient's nasolacrimal duct for 30 to 60 seconds. The other actions are not appropriate.
When given a scheduled morning medication, the patient states, "I haven't seen that pill before. Are you sure it's correct?" The nurse checks the medication administration record and verifies that it is listed. Which is the nurse's best response? A. "It's listed here on the medication sheet, so you should take it." B. "Go ahead and take it, and then I'll check with your doctor about it." C. "It wouldn't be listed here if it were not ordered for you!" D. "Let me check on the order first before you take it."
ANS: D When giving medications, the nurse should always listen to and honor any concerns or doubts expressed by the patient. If the patient doubts an order, the nurse should check the written order and/or check with the prescriber. The other options illustrate that the nurse is not listening to the patient's concerns.
When reviewing the mechanism of action of a specific drug, the nurse reads that the drug works by selective enzyme interaction. This process occurs when the drug A. alters cell membrane permeability. B. enhances its effectiveness within the cell walls of the target tissue. C. is attracted to a receptor on the cell wall, preventing an enzyme from binding to that receptor. D. binds to an enzyme molecule and inhibits or enhances the enzyme's action with the normal target cell.
ANS: D With selective enzyme interaction, the drug attracts the enzymes to bind with the drug instead of allowing the enzymes to bind with their normal target cells. As a result, the target cells are protected from the action of the enzymes. This results in a drug effect. The actions described in the other options do not occur with selective enzyme interactions.
ANS: D A
to -inch 25- to 28-gauge needle is the correct needle to use for a subcutaneous heparin injection. The other options would encourage hematoma formation at the injection site.
When administering heparin subcutaneously, the nurse will follow which procedure? A. Aspirating the syringe before injecting the medication B. Massaging the site after injection C. Applying heat to the injection site D. Using a
to -inch 25- to 28-gauge needle