PHI2604 FINAL

Consider the following premises of a moral argument about immigration: 1. If high levels of immigration by low-skilled workers make it unlikely that we will fulfill our moral obligations to the poorest Americans, then we should reduce or stop such immigration. 2. Currently high levels of immigration by low-skilled workers do make it unlikely that we will fulfill our moral obligations to the poorest Americans.Which of the following conclusions would make this argument valid?

Therefore, we should reduce or stop high levels of immigration by low-skilled workers.

A 2008 study showed that teenagers who pledge to remain virgins until marriage are just as likely to have premarital sex as those who do not promise abstinence, and they are significantly less likely to use condoms and other forms of birth control when they do. If we assume that the goal of such pledges is to reduce the number of unplanned pregnancies, what would a utilitarian determine should be done?

These pledges should be encouraged.

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of ideal theories of ethics that feminist thinkers have criticized?

They depict individuals as having contempt for women

The central question in the morality of sex is,

What kind of sexual behavior is morally permissible and under what circumstances?

What is the implicit premise in the following argument?Argument: Same-sex marriage is contrary to tradition. Therefore, it should never be allowed.

Whatever is contrary to tradition should not be allowed.

In 1901 Australia passed the Immigration Restriction Act, which aimed to limit nonwhite immigration to Australia, particularly Asian immigration, and thereby preserve the predominance of the British within Australia. Suppose that a large majority of Australians would have been made happier by passage of this law. Would a utilitarian advocate for such a law in these circumstances?

Yes, because the consequences of passing this law would be better overall than if it were not passed.

According to Peter Singer's theory, we (the affluent) ought to give to the needy up to the point where we are just better off than those we are trying to help. Singer refers to this as ________.

a Bengali refugee.

Kant believes that every action implies

a general rule, or maxim.

By the lights of virtue ethics, if you rescue someone from disaster solely out of a sense of duty, then your action is

a morally deficient response

According to Mary Anne Warren's criteria for personhood, a self-motivated space alien that was conscious, able to reason and communicate, and was self-aware would be

a person.

In 1790, a U.S. law was passed stating the requirements for becoming a naturalized citizen.In order to be eligible for naturalization, each applicant had to be

a resident of the United States for two years, a person of good moral character, and a free white person

The utterance "Abortion is morally permissible" is

a statement.

The liberal argues that if the unborn is not a person until birth, and it is wrong to kill a person, then

abortion before birth would not be the killing of an innocent person.

The deliberate termination of a pregnancy by surgical or medical (with drugs) means is known generally as

abortion, or induced abortion.

One of the implications of assuming an idealized view of human beings is that one is unable to

acknowledge oppression and poverty when it is present

Consider a scenario involving the possible killing of an innocent person for the good of others. Such an action could conceivably be sanctioned by

act-utilitarianism

Critics have taken virtue ethics to task for alleged problems in

adapting the views of Aristotle

Name the form of the following argument: If the dog barks, something must be wrong. Something must be wrong. Therefore, the dog will bark.

affirming the consequent

A serious criticism of Kant's theory is that it

allows too much subjectivity in moral decision making.

Some opponents of active euthanasia argue that euthanasia is uncalled for; a dying patient in the grip of unimaginable pain, for example, does not have to be killed to escape her agony. Modern medicine offers dying patients unprecedented levels of pain relief. A common reply to this argument is

although it is possible to manage even severe pain well, too often pain is not well managed.

Subjective relativism is the doctrine that

an action is morally right if one approves of it.

A statement is

an assertion that something is or is not the case

If you were a species nonegalitarian, you would likely believe that

an elk has greater moral status than a potato.

What is the fallacy used in the following passage? "No one can prove that a fetus is not a person from the moment of conception. So, a fetus must be accorded full moral rights as soon as it is conceived."

appeal to ignorance

What is the fallacy used in the following passage? "John argues that active euthanasia is sometimes morally acceptable. But we can reject out of hand anything he has to say because he's an ultraconservative."

appeal to the person

Applied ethics is the

application of moral norms to specific moral issues or cases.

Which field concerns questions such as "Was this abortion permissible?" or "Was this instance of mercy killing immoral?"

applied ethics

Virtue ethics claims that the right action is the one performed by the virtuous person and that the virtuous person is the one who performs the right action. But some philosophers say that this way of framing the matter amounts to

arguing in a circle

Cognitivism is the view that moral statements

can be true or false

Alan Goldman and Igor Primoratz affirm that sexual behavior

cannot be immoral merely because it is sexual.

Suppose your culture endorses the view that all wars are wrong. It follows from cultural relativism that your culture

cannot be mistaken about the morality of war.

Cultural relativism implies that the abolition of slavery in the United States

cannot be regarded as moral progress.

Annette C. Baier argues that in moral theory there is a place for both

care and justice

The most obvious example of a relationship that is the focus of the ethics of care would be

caring for one's child

Some argue that a wealthy nation that offers substantial welfare benefits to its citizens(such as Sweden and other Scandinavian countries) cannot afford to have open borders,because doing so would

cause the welfare system to collapse.

A strong inductive argument with true premises is said to be

cogent.

Suppose a utilitarian judge decides to rule against a plaintiff in a lawsuit just because people in general would be happier if the plaintiff lost the case. Such a utilitarian move would conflict with

commonsense views about justice

In a valid argument, if the premises are true, then the

conclusion absolutely has to be true.

In the argument "(1) Premarital sex is morally permissible because (2) it makes people happy," statement 1 is the ________ and statement 2 is the

conclusion; premise

Aquinas says that judging the rightness of actions is a matter of

consulting reason and considering rational grounds for moral beliefs.

A key premise in the argument for active euthanasia is that the right of self-determination includes the right of competent persons to decide the manner of their dying. This premise is

controversial.

Nowadays machines can keep an individual's heart and lungs functioning long after the brain permanently and completely shuts down. Thus, we can have an individual whose organs are mechanically operated while he is in a coma or persistent vegetative state. To some, these facts suggest that the

conventional notion of death is inadequate.

Stephen Macedo sums up his perspective on immigration in this way: "If high levels of immigration have detrimental impact on our least well-off citizens, that is a reason to limit immigration, even if those who seek admission seem to be poorer than our own poor whose condition is worsened by their entry." His view is best characterized as

cosmopolitan

Which field or topic would include tasks such as accurately describing the moral codes and ethical standards of colonial America?

descriptive ethics

Suppose a Kantian says that we are never morally permitted to lie. An ethicist of care would

disagree in cases where telling the truth would unnecessarily make an innocent person suffer

When religious adherents claim that murder is wrong because God says that it is, they are implicitly espousing the

divine command theory

Rule-utilitarianism has been accused of being internally inconsistent because the theory can

easily collapse into act-utilitarianism

Alison M. Jaggar writes that Western moral theory has tended to

embody "masculine" values

The principle of autonomy (the right of self-determination) can be used to argue for

end-of-life self-determination in the form of active euthanasia.

The fallacy of assigning two different meanings to the same term in an argument is known as

equivocation.

According to Aristotle, the greatest good for humans is

eudaimonia.

If Peter Singer's zoocentrist view is correct, then the practice of ________ would be impermissible.

factory farming

Most abortions are performed in the

first twelve weeks of gestation.

Something with intrinsic value is valuable

for its own sake.

Christopher Heath Wellman argues that nations have a right to close their borders, a right derived from the more fundamental right to ________.

freedom of association

According to Aquinas, the first precept of natural law theory is

good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided.

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes says that people are naturally

greedy, selfish, violent, self-destructive, and desperate.

An argument in the logical sense is a

group of statements, one of which is supposed to be supported by the rest.

Aristotle says that moral virtue comes about as a result of ________.

habit

The fallacy of drawing a conclusion about an entire group of people or things based on an undersized sample of the group is known as

hasty generalization.

Franco has decided he wants to adopt the ethics of care. He is now deliberating about whether to voice a controversial view during a get-together with his family. In order to apply the ethics of care, he should focus more on how

his opinion might negatively affect family members he cares about

The difference between hypothetical and categorical imperatives is that

hypothetical imperatives are conditional, whereas categorical imperatives are unconditional.

Name the form of the following argument: If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r.

hypothetical syllogism.

In arguing against the divine command theory, many critics insist that

if an action is right only because God wills it, then many heinous crimes and evil actions would be right if God willed them

The primary focus of virtue systems, according to the philosopher Louis Pojman, is on discovering the proper moral example and ________ that person or ideal type.

imitating

Some critics of social contract theory argue that few people have ever actually consented to the terms of a social contract. Some defenders of social contract theory reply that people are much more likely to have given their

implicit consent.

The ethics of care is a perspective on ethics that highlights the

importance of personal relationships and virtues such as compassion and kindness

In pointing out the shortcomings of rule-based ethical theories, the philosopher William Frankena says that principles without virtues are

impotent

In Roe v. Wade, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

in the first three months of pregnancy, the woman's right to an abortion is unrestricted; after this period, a state may regulate but not ban abortion; after viability, a state may regulate and even forbid abortions, except when abortion is necessary to preserve the health or life of the woman.

Subjective relativism implies that in the rendering of any moral opinion, each person is

incapable of being in error

Aristotle distinguishes between

intellectual virtues and moral virtues.

Joel Feinberg argues that someone who directly pursues happiness

is unlikely to find it

In arguments over abortion, both the conservative and the liberal agree that

it is wrong to kill an innocent person.

John Stuart Mill says that humans by nature desire happiness and nothing but happiness; therefore happiness is the standard by which we should judge human conduct, and therefore the principle of utility is at the heart of morality. But this argument is controversial, because

it reasons from what is to what should be

The notion that as long as basic moral standards are respected, any sexual activity engaged in by informed, consenting adults is permissible is known as the ________ view.

liberal

Robert Nozick and John Hospers believe that people have a right NOT to be interfered with and to do whatever they want with their own property as long as they do not violate the liberty rights of others. This line is clearly

libertarian.

Suppose you strongly believe you have no duty to help the poor and hungry of the world and that you are not obligated to share your resources with those less fortunate. Your view would be consistent with

libertarianism.

Virtue ethicists try to achieve the moral ideal by

looking to moral exemplars

An anthropocentrist sees animals, plants, and ecosystems as

means to serve the ends of human beings.

The moral issue of whether we have a duty to help the poor and hungry of the world is compelling mainly because the

misery of the world's poor is profound and the economic gap between rich and poor is wide.

Defenders of act-utilitarianism insist that the scenarios put forth by critics that seem to show utilitarianism in conflict with commonsense morality are

misleading and implausible

Name the form of the following argument: If p, then q. p. Therefore, q.

modus ponens.

Noncognitivism is the view that

moral judgments are not statements that can be true or false

Both objectivists and cultural relativists agree that

moral judgments differ from culture to culture.

In disputes about environmental issues, often there is substantial agreement on the nonmoral facts and serious divergence on

moral principles or judgments.

Suppose you are the last human on a dead planet. Only one other living thing exists—a maple tree. You are preparing to leave the planet for good, and you are debating with yourself about whether you should kill the tree before departing. In the end, you decide it would be morally impermissible to kill the tree. Your reluctance to kill the tree shows that the tree has

moral status.

In 2009 Jeffrey Locker was found tied up in his car and dead as a result of multiple stab wounds. Kenneth Minor was arrested and charged with his murder, but Minor claimed that Locker had hired him to assist in his death so that his family could receive a life insurance payment that would eliminate Locker's large debts. Assume that Minor's claim was true. A natural law theorist would determine that Minor's action was

morally permissible, because Jeffrey had consented and Minor had respected his autonomy.

Many philosophers insist that the teleological character of nature has never been supported by logical argument or empirical science because

nature is not teleological at all, but instead random and purposeless

According to Peter Singer, the pain suffered by a human is ________ important than that experienced by a nonhuman animal.

no more

According to the main argument for cultural relativism, if culture X and culture Y disagree about the morality of physician-assisted suicide, this shows that

no view can be objectively correct.

A statement asserting that a state of affairs is actual (true or false) without assigning a moral value to it is a

nonmoral statement.

Subjective relativism implies that when Sofia says, "I think abortion is wrong," and Emma replies, "I think abortion is permissible," Sofia and Emma are

not having a moral disagreement.

Many human activities are statistically out of the norm (such as skydiving and eating snails), and for that reason they are sometimes deemed unnatural. From this fact it follows that unnatural activities are

not necessarily immoral

Suppose a culture approves of beheading a young man for merely holding hands with a woman. According to cultural relativism, the beheading is

objectively justified.

Contemporary virtue ethicists argue that if virtues were eliminated entirely from morality, leaving only principles or rules of justice, the moral life would appear

one-dimensional

Ethical egoism seems to conflict with

our considered moral judgments and our moral experience

Consider this comment from the philosopher C. D. Broad regarding Kant's means-ends principle: "If we isolate a man who is a carrier of typhoid, we are treating him merely as a cause of infection to others. But, if we refuse to isolate him, we are treating other people merely as means to his comfort and culture." This example suggests that

our duties not to use people merely as a means can conflict, and Kant provides no counsel on how to resolve such dilemmas.

Virtue ethics puts primary emphasis on being a good person and living a good life, whereas duty-based moral systems

pay much less attention to virtuous character and living a good life

Applying the second formulation of the categorical imperative to the act of lying to a friend on important matters would show that the action is impermissible because

performing the action would treat the friend merely as a means to an end.

An unmarried man and woman have frequent sex and engage in activities that most of society would label unconventional, unnatural, and deviant. Their sexual behavior results in the greatest net good for all concerned. A utilitarian would therefore say that their sexual activities are

permissible

Suppose a married couple openly engages in consensual extramarital sexual activity with other people. According to Thomas Mappes's Kantian view of sexuality, the sexual behavior of this couple would be

permissible

The phrases "because," "given that," "due to the fact that," and "for the reason that" are

premise indicators.

In an argument, the supporting statements are known as ________; the statement being supported is known as the ________.

premises; conclusion

What does normative ethics study?

principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions and judgments

Feminist ethicists argue that the ________ sphere be given at least as much consideration in morality as the sphere of the public.

private

The controversy over the ivory-billed woodpecker has pitted those who want to build amassive irrigation project against environmentalists who want to stop the project to protect the woodpecker and other species. A biocentric species egalitarian would probably insist that the

project be stopped to protect the ivory-billed woodpecker and all the other species of plants and animals.

Like many moral theories, Kant's system fails to

provide an effective means for resolving major conflicts of duties.

According to emotivism, to offer reasons for a moral judgment is to

provide statements that can influence someone's attitude.

The view that the fetus becomes a person at quickening is problematic because

quickening signifies nothing that can be plausibly linked to personhood.

Suppose for someone there are only two possible actions: (1) read Aristotle, or (2) spend a weekend on a tropical isle filled with intensely pleasurable debauchery. Under these circumstances, John Stuart Mill would likely

read aristotle

In 2009, Kenya faced an immediate danger of mass starvation due to a drought that threatened a third of the East African country's population, or about 10 million people.In January of that year, the Kenyan government declared the food shortage a national disaster, and the United Nations appealed for international help. Suppose wealthy countries responded to the food crisis in Kenya according to Garrett Hardin's recommendations. Rich countries would have

refused to send any food aid at all.

Some utilitarians respond to the charge that act-utilitarianism conflicts with commonsense moral intuitions by

rejecting commonsense morality

In natural law theory, the emphasis on reason makes morality independent of

religion and belief in God.

Judith Jarvis Thomson's position is argued without

relying on the issue of personhood.

Morality refers to beliefs about

right and wrong, good and bad.

One hard fact that feminist ethicists are responding to is that, even today, most women in the world are viewed as

second-class citizens

Alan Goldman says that the conventional view of sexuality is that sexual behavior must have a morally significant goal, such as procreation. But he argues that

sex is not a means to some other goal.

Kissing someone without first obtaining consent is an example of

sexual assault

Consider this rule-utilitarian argument against legalizing euthanasia: Passing a law to permit active voluntary euthanasia would inevitably lead to abuses such as more frequent use of nonvoluntary euthanasia and unnecessary killing; therefore, no such law should be passed. Such an argument is characterized as

slippery slope.

Objectivism is the view that

some moral principles are true, regardless of what anyone thinks of them

Our commonsense moral experiences suggest that

some things are morally good and some things are morally bad.

To some, the fact that we value the beauty of Niagara Falls shows that we

sometimes value the artificial over the natural.

A valid deductive argument with true premises is said to be

sound.

The questions of whether an ape has the same moral status as a domestic cow and if animals (human and nonhuman) deserve the same level of moral concern as plants concern the issue(s) of

species egalitarianism or nonegalitarianism.

What is the fallacy used in the following passage? "Liberals believe in abortion on demand, which means that killing a baby is permissible any time at all—at conception, in the second trimester, at infancy. Any of these would be appropriate times to kill a baby, says the liberal."

straw man

Believing that you can establish all your moral beliefs by consulting your feelings is an example of

subjectivism

Julie considers herself an advocate of feminist ethics. Therefore, she should

support the moral equality of men and women

Deductive arguments are

supposed to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions.

Inductive arguments are

supposed to offer only probable support for their conclusions.

A categorical imperative tells us

that we should do something in all situations regardless of our wants and needs.

Applying the first formulation of the categorical imperative to the act of lying to a friend would show that the action is impermissible because

the action's maxim cannot be universalized.

Garrett Hardin uses the lifeboat metaphor to suggest that

the affluent countries have no moral duty to give aid to the starving, overpopulated ones.

Utilitarianism reminds us that

the consequences of our actions make a difference in our moral deliberations

Carol Gilligan calls the approach to ethics that focuses on being aware of people's feelings, needs, and viewpoints

the ethic of care

If, according to Jeremy Bentham, only the total quantity of happiness produced by an action matters, then the person closest to the moral ideal would be

the glutton

The dominance of moral norms suggests that if a speed limit on a highway conflicts with a person's moral duty to rush a dying man to the hospital, then

the moral duty would take precedence over the legal duty.

With the violinist scenario, Judith Jarvis Thomson tries to show that

the mother has the right to defend herself against the unborn's use of her body, against her will (a right to have an abortion)

Garrett Hardin argues that the rich

the rich should not aid the poor and hungry because doing so will only invite catastrophe for rich and poor alike.

It seems that a person can be benevolent, honest, and loyal but still treat a stranger unjustly. This shows that

the rightness of actions does not necessarily depend on the content of one's character

Many who argue against homosexuality appeal to an idea that is central to natural law theory—mainly that

the way nature is tells how humans ought to be.

One of the criticisms of social contract theory is that it's doubtful that those who are supposed to be parties to the contract have actually given

their consent to the terms of the contract.

An abortion specifically performed to protect the life or health of the mother is referred to as

therapeutic abortion.

Objectivists argue that the diversity of moral judgments across cultures does not necessarily indicate that there is disagreement about moral beliefs, but instead may indicate that

there are divergent nonmoral beliefs.

Kant would say that using a person to achieve some end, such as hiring someone to paint your house, is not necessarily wrong because

there is a moral difference between treating persons as a means and treating them merely, or only, as a means.

John Stuart Mill says, "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied." This sentiment is an indictment of the glutton but also a pat on the back for those who

those who enjoy higher pleasures

Critics of Peter Singer's view admit that we do have an obligation to aid distant people but, they say, we also have a duty to help

those with whom we have a special relationship."

Not thinking too deeply or too systematically about ethical concerns

undermines your personal freedom

One conventionalist argument asserts that homosexuality's misuse of bodily parts leads to

unhappiness

Kant's theory emphasizes three of morality's most important features; the three are

universality, impartiality, and respect for persons.

Chinese parents who argue that aborting female fetuses prevents economic harm to the family, and should be allowed, would be using a(n) ________ argument.

utilitarian

Commonsense morality makes a distinction between doing our duty and doing more than duty requires, what are called supererogatory actions. This distinction seems to disappear in

utilitarianism

Suppose you break your promise to visit your dying grandmother on the grounds that you can create more happiness by partying with your friends. This utilitarian view of the situationseems to conflict with our commonsense

view of our obligations to other people

The fact that we regularly judge the moral permissibility of actions as well as assess the goodness of character suggests that

virtue and character are important elements of the moral life

For Aristotle, a person living a life of reason is living a life of

virtue.

According to the dominant reading of natural law theory, euthanasia is wrong primarily because

we have a moral duty to preserve life.

Emotivists can admit that the serial killer Ted Bundy killed more than 30 women, but they cannot say that these events

were, for a fact, bad.

Robert is a Kantian theorist and also believes that fetuses are persons from conception. Suppose Robert is trying to determine whether abortions are morally permissible in situations where the woman's life is in danger as a result of continuing the pregnancy. Which of the following should be the focus of Robert's deliberations?

whether aborting the pregnancy would be a justifiable instance of overriding a person's right to life.

For a cultural relativist, when two people in the same culture disagree on a moral issue, what they are really disagreeing about is

whether their society endorses a particular view.

According to critics of virtue ethics, one may be virtuous (kind, just, and honest) and still not know

which actions are morally permissible

Biologists report that homosexual behavior among nonhuman animals is

widespread

Because people will renege on deals they enter, Hobbes believes that what is needed for enforcing the social contract is an absolute sovereign—a fearsome, powerful person he refers to as the

Leviathan.

Which philosopher maintains that we must include the interests of all sentient creatures and give their interests equal weight when calculating which action will produce the greatest overall satisfaction of interests?

Peter Singer

Why does Leibniz, the great theistic philosopher, reject the divine command theory?

because it implies God is unworthy of worship

The conventionalist and the liberal take opposing views on the moral permissibility of

homosexuality

If you believe that there is no moral difference between killing someone and letting someone die, you might reason that

in both active and passive euthanasia the patient's death is caused, and they are therefore morally equivalent.

The preeminence of reason refers to the

overriding importance of critical reasoning in ethics

A true ethical egoist chooses actions that

promote his own self-interests

In 1965, the U.S. Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act. While immigration policy had previously been based on a quota system, the new policy favored

skilled immigrants and those who, by immigrating, could help reunite families

A counterexample to biocentric egalitarianism is that we

tend to believe that killing a cow is worse than killing a carrot

Utilitarianism (in all its forms) requires that in our actions we always try to maximize utility, everyone considered. This requirement has given rise to

the "no-rest problem"

For the emotivist, which of these best displays the meaning of the moral utterance "Lying is wrong"?

"Lying—I hate it!"

The key premise in Peter Singer's argument for aiding the world's needy is

"[I]f it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it."

What is the fallacy used in the following passage? "If marijuana is legalized, young people will assume that smoking marijuana is socially acceptable. That will lead them to give into the temptation to smoke marijuana themselves, and smoking marijuana can ruin their lives. Therefore, marijuana should not be legalized."

...

Which of these illustrates the need for moral reasoning when applying religious moral codes?

...

Which of these questions belongs to metaethics?

...

In 2002, the eighty-six-year-old war hero Admiral Chester W. Nimitz Jr., in a suicide pactwith his eighty-nine-year-old wife, ended his life with an overdose of sleeping pills. According to a news report, "Having lost 30 pounds from a stomach disorder, suffering from congestive heart failure and in constant back pain, the admiral had been determined to dictate the hour of his death. His wife, who suffered from osteoporosis so severe her bones were breaking, had gone blind. She had no desire to live without her husband." Assuming this is an accurate account of Admiral Nimitz's motivations, to what moral principle did he appeal to justify taking his own life?

.autonomy

The risk of death for women who have an abortion at eight weeks or earlier is

0.3 deaths per 100,000 abortions.

Many people, including many politicians, overestimate the number of unauthorized immigrants living in the United States. In 2015, the number was about

11 million

Americans tend to overestimate immigrants' share of the population. Many believe that it is more than twice as large as it actually is, which is around

14 percent.

In a recent public opinion poll, ________ percent of respondents said they believe that it is morally acceptable for a man and woman to have sex before marriage.

66

Suppose Katrina is a rule-utilitarian and believes that following the rule "Girls under the age of eighteen should not be permitted to to have abortions without notifying a parent or guardian" would maximize happiness. Which of the following would be the best reason for Katrina's view?

A parent's guidance tends to be helpful and needed, and some young women have regretted having abortions.

A moral statement is a

A statement affirming that an action is right or wrong or that a person (or one's motive or character) is good or bad

________ involves taking a direct action to kill someone (i.e., to carry out a mercy killing).

Active euthanasia

The absolutism of natural law theory (that is, the fact that some actions are always wrong [or right] regardless of circumstances) would not bother

Aquinas.

The obligation to ease the agony of another when we can do so without excessive cost to ourselves is called the duty of ________.

BENEFICENCE

Which statement would the author most likely agree with, based on what he states in this chapter?

Because we live with people who have different religious views, we need standards for moral reasoning that do not depend on any particular religious views.

It's possible that someone would have to choose between performing or not performing an action that could lead to serious harm to a friend—yet each choice could involve the same two virtues in contradictory ways (for example, one choice could privilege the virtue of honesty to the detriment of loyalty, and the other could privilege loyalty to the detriment of honesty). Such a case suggests that virtue ethics may have a problem with

Criterion 3 (usefulness)

Cultural relativists may believe their theory promotes tolerance of other cultures. However, the author argues against this. Which statement best summarizes his argument?

Cultural relativists cannot consistently say that tolerance is objectively good.

Which of the following is the overall point of the author's discussion of "doing ethics"?

Doing ethics is difficult, but not doing it is foolish.

Which of these best describes the purpose of the book's discussion of ethics and religion?

Doing ethics is difficult, but not doing it is foolish.

The philosopher who said that the greatest good is pleasure, and the greatest evil is pain, was

Epicurus

Which of the following correctly applies the principle of impartiality?

Everyone deserves the same treatment, unless there is a morally relevant reason to favor someone.

Consider the story of Malawi's transformation from a country that needed emergency foodaid to one that feeds its hungry neighbors. The soil in Malawi was overfarmed and depleted, which made it impossible for the country to feed itself. The situation improved only when Malawi began to ignore the advice of the World Bank and rich countries, which, in trying to provide aid, had advised Malawi to get rid of fertilizer subsidies and to rely on the workings of CHAPTER 21 free markets. After the disastrous harvest of 2005, Malawi reversed the trend and subsidized farmers' use of fertilizer, just as many Western countries do for their own farmers. The Malawi government's decision resulted in a complete turnaround of its people's situation. This example would lend most support to the view of ________.

Hardin's; Singer's

What does cultural relativism imply about the civil rights leader and social reformer Martin Luther King Jr., considered as part of 1950s-1960s United States culture?

He was wrong about his moral reforms.

What is the implicit premise in the following moral argument? "The war did not increase theamount of happiness in the world. So, the war was morally wrong."

If a war does not increase the amount of happiness in the world, it must be considered morally wrong.

Which of the following is a consequence of the principle of universalizability?

If harming someone is wrong in a particular situation, then harming someone would be wrong for anyone in a relevantly similar situation.

Which anthropocentric philosopher said, "Animals . . . are there merely as means to an end. That end is man"?

Immanuel Kant

Which of the following would be a utilitarian reason for limiting immigration?

Immigration will disrupt the economy

Which feature of emotivism makes it different from subjective relativism?

In emotivism, moral judgments vary from individual to individual.

What is a possible counterexample to the following moral principle? "Lying is always wrong."

In some cases, if lying can save a person's life, then lying would not be morally wrong.

Which of the following is NOT true of the ethic of care?

It emphasizes rule-following, especially rules found in codes of ethics

Maryam says, "Abortion is always wrong," while Fatima says, "Sometimes abortion is not wrong." Which statement best summarizes how emotivists view this kind of disagreement?

Maryam and Fatima are both expressing their personal beliefs about abortion, so there is no way toresolve the disagreement.

Which statement is a consequence of objectivism?

Moral rules apply in all cases, without exceptions

What is a major difference between descriptive ethics and normative ethics?

Normative ethics implies that some people's moral beliefs are incorrect, whereas descriptive ethics does not.

Suppose I think that I sometimes make mistakes on moral matters, and so does my culture. Acknowledging this, I say "My moral beliefs are sometimes wrong and sometimes my culture's moral principles are wrong as well." On which view could my statement be true?

Objectivism

________ is allowing someone to die by NOT doing something (i.e., by withholding or withdrawing measures necessary for sustaining life).

Passive euthanasia

Central to emotivism is the view that moral judgments are not statements that can be true or false. What does emotivism add to this view?

That moral judgments express attitudes and influence others to share those attitudes.

Which statement best summarizes why, according to the author, cultural relativism is nearly impossible to use?

The theory makes it impossible to convince other people of moral claims.