PHIL 1301 -Test Review 1

Plato identifies those who are moved by reason

(guardians —leaders, rulers, philosopher-kings)

reductio ad absurdum

- Reductio ad absurdum: Assume a statement is true. Deduce from it a false conclusion, which shows the assumption can't be correct.

is harmed by lack of knowledge

For Socrates, the soul

Parmenides argues that reality consists of _____.

ancient mechanics

Parmenides on reason

we have, on the one hand, the world as it appears to our senses. On the other hand, we have a description of reality that his logical arguments presents.

Heraclitus claims that although all things _____, they are really _____.

flow; unchanging

Heraclitus' central idea is the _____.

logos

Heraclitus' central idea is a(n) _____ principle.

rational

Thales' great contribution to philosophy

the method whereby he sought natural and simple explanations for natural phenomena always something nothing doesn't exist method, observing,not using mythology

For Socrates the good of the soul

Must get to the truth, we must go around the false certitudes of custom, tradition, and superstition and let reason be our guide.

"The unexamined life is not worth living" *the unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the soul

Socrates and the unexamined life

Socrates' method

Socrates' approach to philosophy is called the Socratic method. It involves question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth. ***The Socratic Method=investigation of complex issues through a question and answer format***

Forms and particular things

The Forms: perfect conceptual models for every existing thing, residing only in the eternal world penetrated by reason alone.

The four main divisions of philosophy

The branches, Metaphysics - The study of reality, an inquiry into the fundamental nature of the universe and the things in it. Axiology - The study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value. Epistemology - The study of knowledge. Logic -The study of correct reasoning.

Straw man fallacy

Misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed. inflate argument to show flaws takes the weakest point and blows it up

metaphysics, axiology, epistemology, logic

The four main divisions of philosophy

The study of correct reasoning

Logic

Deductive argument

are intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion absolutely must be true. Examples: 1. All dogs are mammals. 2. Rex is a dog. 3. Therefore, Rex is a mammal.

Philosopher kings

are ruler who possesses both a love of knowledge, as well as intelligence, reliability, and a willingness to live a simple life.

Inductive argument

are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions. They can establish only that, if their premises are true, their conclusions are probably true. Examples: 1. Eighty-five percent of the students at this university are Republicans. 2. Sonia is a student at this university. 3. Therefore, Sonia is probably a Republican.

Plato argues that the soul is

immortal

Parmenides "if it came into being, it is not; nor is it"

it is going to be in the future

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by

lack of knowledge

The Allegory of the Cave teaches us

teaches us the value of an education can't trust senses

Anaximander contends

that everything came from a formless, imperishable substance called APEIRON

Plato identifies those who are moved by appetites are

(producers—laborers, carpenters, artisans, farmers).

Socrates unhealthy soul

An unjust soul by contrast, is an unhealthy soul

Slippery slope

Arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome. One negative leads to another negative. If X, then Y

The study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value.

Axiology

Socrates' virtue and knowledge

For Socrates, virtue and knowledge are effectively the same. Knowledge involves both what virtue is and how to apply it in one's life. Socrates himself disavows such knowledge; he claims he is ignorant.

Plato's greatest form is the form of

Good

Plato's Meno and innate knowledge

Inscribed on the soul/mind prior to birth in your previous existence. the uneducated boy example

Appeal to the person

Logical Fallacy

The study of reality, an inquiry into the fundamental nature of the universe and the things in it.

Metaphysics

Plato on real things

Plato argues against skepticism, the view that we lack knowledge in some fundamental way. Plato distinguishes between believing and knowing. For Plato, beliefs can be false, while knowledge is always of what is.

Plato and Xenophon dialogues

Plato recorded his thoughts in Dialogues: Euthyphro, The Apology, and Crito. Xenophon recorded some of his words in his own work, Memorabilia.

Plato on Protagoras' position

Plato would argue that this is indeed the case), then Protagoras is paradoxically being virtuous by allowing his audience to make his choice for him.

Plato wrote -

Plato wrote dialogues featuring Socrates. Some of these dialogues are thought to represent Socrates' philosophy, while the others represent a transition to and then focus on Plato's own philosophical concerns.

Plato's school

Plato's school was called the Academy, having been located outside the city walls in a grove.

Metaphysics.

The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.

Metaphysics

The famous statement by Socrates, "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.

In Plato's republic, Thrasymachus endores

such a 'legalist' (or 'conventionalist') view of justice.

Parmenides is famous for, among other things, his _____.

systematic employment of deductive argument.

Plato and the intellect

The highest level of intellect is called Dialectic, which for Plato means a conversation (question and response)

Axiology

The study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value

Socrates, an unexamined life

The unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the soul.

Socrates, an unexplained life

The unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the soul.

Democritus and void

The void is infinite and provides the space in which the atoms can pack or scatter differently. atom with void around it for change

False dilemma

Trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support. 2 extremes

Begging the question

Trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support. I'm right because I am right

Democritus advances the theory known as _____.

ancient atomism the theory that reality consists of an infinite number of minute, indivisible bits called atoms moving randomly in an infinite void, or empty space

Moderation is the greatest virtue - Heraclitus

and wisdom is to speak the truth and to act according to nature, giving heed to it."

Plato's tripartite soul is

appetitive, spirited, and rational.

Democritus' theory includes the view that reality consists of _____ and the void.

atoms

Plato identifies those who are moved by spirit are

auxiliaries - soldiers, warriors, police.

In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners

did not believe plato that there was more other than shadows etc sun is the good

Socrates on the soul

every soul seeks happiness Psyche-the true self or soul

Socrates and money

he did not charge anyone

At his trial, Socrates declares

he will not stop philosophizing.

Sophists were _____.

itinerant professors

Socrates ask the Athenian jury

listen to his words and arguments.

Plato's goal

meritocracy

Modus tollens

modus tollens (or modus tollendo tollens and also denying the consequent) is a valid argument form and a rule of inference. It is an application of the general truth that if a statement is true, then so is its contra-positive.

Democritus explains events

of life and death All things determined, machinery, all boils down to materials

A harmonious soul is

one that reasons

The Oracle at Delphi

priests of Apolo, socrates was the wisest man

According to Thales, the universe is

was water

Socrates as a gadfly

"I am the gadfly of the Athenian people, given to them by God, and they will never have another, if they kill me. And now, Athenians, I am not going to argue for my own sake, as you may think, but for yours, that you may not sin against the God by condemning me, who am his gift to you."

Protagoras' motto

"Man is the measure of all things".

In the apology, Socrates declares

"the unexamined life is not worth living".

1.Someone poses a question about the meaning of a concept. 2.Socrates' companion gives an answer. 3.Socrates raises questions about the answer, proving that the answer is inadequate. 4.To avoid the problems inherent in this answer, the companion offers a second one. 5.Steps 3 and 4 are repeated several times, revealing that the companion does not know what he thought he knew.

A Q&A Dialogue

1.Someone poses a question about the meaning of a concept. 2.Socrates' companion gives an answer. 3.Socrates raises questions about the answer, proving that the answer is inadequate. 4.To avoid the problems inherent in this answer, the companion offers a second one. 5.Steps 3 and 4 are repeated several times, revealing that the companion does not know what he thought he knew.

A question & answer dialogue

An unhealthy soul

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.

Plato on forms

Idea, archetype, or essence Independent of the minds of people Discovered through disciplined study and reason