phil exam 1
What makes a Deductive Argument SOUND?
- It is Valid -All of the premises are proven to have TRUE truth values; TTT
False Dichotomy
A consideration of only the two extremes when there are one or more intermediate possibilities.
Statement
A declarative sentence that makes a claim; is either true or false
Fallacy
A fallacy is a rational defect in an argument for some reason other than merely having a false or implausible premise.
in a valid argument, what can NEVER occur?
All the premises are true while the conclusion is false
Validity
An argument is only valid if and only if it is not possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false.
Informal fallacy
An informal fallacy involves a bad inference that looks superficially valid but not formally valid.
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Assuming that an incident that precedes another is the cause of the second incident.
deductive argument
Assuming that the premises are true, the Conclusion must be true.
What makes an Inductive Argument STRONG?
Assuming the Premises are true, it is probable that the Conclusion is true as well (Conclusion follows probably from the Premises)
What makes a Deductive argument VALID?
Assuming the Premises are true, it's impossible for the Conclusion to be false (Can't provide a counterexample)
Determine the definition... "Misdemeanor" means petty theft, prostitution, public intoxication, among other things.
Definitions by subclass
examples of valid arguments
FF/F; FF/T; FT/T; TF/F; TT/T
A valid argument always has a true conclusion. true or false
False
Functional definition describes how an object looks. True or False
False
In a valid argument, all premises are true
False
In a valid argument, all the premises are true. true or false
False
In an invalid argument, at least one of the premises is false. true or false
False
Lexical definition provides a theoretical definition. true or false
False
example of enthymemes
I have a cadillac; therefore I don't have to spend much on maintenance (the assumption is that cadillacs require little maintenance)
Hypothetical Syllogism
If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r.
Ad Hominem arguments
In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."
When is an Inductive Argument Cogent?
It is strong, ALL of the premises are proven to have true truth values
What does a Counterexample to a Deductive Argument do?
It tests the validity of a Deductive Argument
The Slippery Slope
Making false assumptions that taking the first step in any direction will lead to going dangerous lengths in that direction.
Begging the Question
Often called circular reasoning, premise and conclusion say the same thing
determine the definition... Here is what an appendix scar looks like
Ostensive (demonstrative) definition
relationship between Premises and Conclusion
Premises are supposed to lend support to give reason to believe the Conclusion
inferential reasoning
The process of reasoning whereby a Conclusion follow from Premises
Conclusion Indicators
Therefore, Thus, So, In conclusion
A functional definition of a term specifies the purpose or use of the objects denoted by the term
True
A single counterexample to a deductive argument is enough to show that an argument is invalid. True or False
True
A stipulative definition Introduces a new meaning to a term or symbol. True or False
True
Every statement is either true or false, these two possibilities are called truth values. True or False
True
Premises are independent when the falsity of either one would not nullify any support the other would give to the conclusion. True or False
True
Under what circumstance can we call an argument "TRUE"
Under no circumstances
Formal fallacy
a defect in a form of an argument
declarative sentence
a statement that asserts or claims something that is either true or false
example of a weak inductive argument
all women I know can't read maps, so all women can't read maps
argument for vs statement form
argument: all dogs are cats. all cats are snakes, therefore, all dogs are snakes; statement: All D are C, All C are S, All D are S
enthymemes
arguments with missing premises, missing conclusions, or both
inductive argument
assuming the premise are true it is improbable for conclusion to be false
what makes a deductive argument invalid?
assuming the premises are true, its possible for the conclusion to be false
what makes an inductive argument weak?
assuming the premises is true, then the conclusion is not true
Truth value analysis
determines if info in premises is accurate, correct or true
logical analysis
determines the strength with the premises supporting the conclusion
Argument
establishes support for the truth of a claim; contains premises(s) & a conclusion
what does a counterexample to a statement do
evidence that shows the statement is false
A sound argument can have false premises. true or false
false
In the fallacy of composition the premises act together to support the conclusion. true or false
false
Sometimes we speak or write for a dramatic or exaggerated effect .when this occurs, we are using enthymemes. true or false
false
The intension of a term is specified by listing the properties or attributes that the term denotes. true or false
false
You can have a valid argument with all true premises and a false conclusion.
false
a fallacy of division requires that the premises act independently to support the conclusion
false
a necessary condition means that one thing or event ensures that another thing or event will occur. true or false
false
a red herring fallacy occurs when an argument has at least one false premise. true or false
false
a sufficient condition occur whenever one event is required in order for another event to happen. true or false
false
amphiboly is an argument that rests on an unproven premise. true or false
false
an informal fallacy is a logical error that occurs in the form or structure of an argument and is restricted to deductive arguments. true or false
false
begging the question occurs when an argument uses pity to beg someone to accept the conclusion. true or false
false
in a invalid argument, at least one of the premises is false. true or false
false
ostensive definitions are used only with children learning new terms. true or false
false
the extension of a term is specified by listing the properties or attributes that the term connotes. true or false
false
tu quoque occurs when a biased sample is used to construct an argument. true or false
false
determine the definition... "Generator" means the device that allows your car to convert mechanical energy into electricity.
functional
inferential claim
if a passage follows the reasoning process whereby Conclusions follow Premises
The Fallacy of Equivocation
intentional or unintentional meanings of a word or phrase in argument
Red Herrings
introduction of irrelevant and distracting evidence in an argument.
what makes a deductive argument unsound
invalid, at least one of the premises is false
when is an inductive argument uncogent?
it is weak, has one false premise
Determine the definition... "Memorize" means the ability to remember and recall different items.
lexical
determine the definition... The term "sandwich" typically means a prepared food consisting of two or more slices of bread with meat, cheese, vegetables, and a condiment.
lexical
example of a strong inductive argument
most insects have 6 legs, an insect is crawling on me so it must have six legs
determine the defintion... Please get my cello. It's that big instrument by the desk.
ostensive (demonstrative) definition
examples of non-declarative sentences
questions, commands, requests, proposals
Premise Indicators
since, because
determine the definition... A score of 90-100 is the A range for this test.
stipulative
proposition
the information content imparted by a statement, or its meaning
Inference
the reasoning process expressed by an argument
principle of charity
the reconstructed argument that gives the benefit of the doubt (take their word) to the person presenting the argument
logic
the study of reasoning, and the evaluation of arguments
A rhetorical question occurs when a statement is disguised in the form of a question. true or false
true
A single premise can be used to support independent conclusions
true
An argument against the person occurs when a claim is rejected or judged to be false based on alleged character flaws of the person making the claim. true or false
true
Premises are dependent when they act together to support a conclusion. true or false
true
Some terms have intension but no extension. true or false
true
The straw man fallacy occurs when someones written or spoken words are taken out of context. true or false
true
You can have a valid argument with all false premises.
true
You can have an invalid argument with all true premises and a true conclusion
true
a slippery slope fallacy attempts to convince you that a final event the inevitable outcome of an initial act, by a kind of chain reaction. true or false
true
appeal to an unqualified authority occurs when an argument that relies on the opinions of people who have no expertise, training, or knowledge relevant to the issue at hand. true or false
true
equivocation is the intentional or unintentional use of different meaning of words or phrases in an argument. true or false
true
fallacies of emphasis occur when attention is purposely (or accidentally) diverted from the issue at hand. true or false
true
fallacies of relevance occur whenever irrelevant premises are offered in support of a conclusion. true or false
true
in a cogent argument, all premises are true. true or false
true
in an appeal to the people fallacy the avoidance of objective evidence in favor of an emotional response defeats the goal of a rational investigation of truth. true or false
true
language that is used to convey information has cognitive meaning. true or false
true
What can never occur in a valid argument
true premises and a false conclusion
What do we call a deductive argument in which it can never be the case that all the premises are true and the conclusion is false
valid
determine the definition... The term "misdemeanor" is derived from the root "mis" meaning wrong, and "demeanor" meaning behavior.
word origin (etymological) definition
