phil final

Sartre asserts that when we make choices we involve the whole of humanity. What does he mean

By choosing an action we are creating an image of what all of humanity should be.

Manning makes an interesting observation about teaching morality to students. Which of the following does she suggest might be most effective

Have students work in a soup kitchen or a homeless shelter

Which of the following biographical statements about Friedrich Nietzsche is NOT true

He was born in the year 1900.

Which of the following is the best one sentence summary of Sartre's main point in Existentialism is a Humanism

Humans have complete responsiblity for every aspect of their lives

According to the moral theory known as utilitarianism, what is the essence of morality

Maximizing happiness

Which of the following beliefs does Rachels NOT attribute to Cultural Relativists

Morality is created by the authorities in power to control the masses

Which of the following is the best summary of Johnathan Haidt's position toward morality

Morality is rooted in biology and refined by culture; it's primarily intuitional, not rational.

Which of the following claims would Manning agree with

Our obligation to care is partially determined by our role. Parents and teachers have special obligations to their children and students

According to the first half of the reading, Kierkegaard's ideas about religion and faith are a response to two concerns about Christianity. What are they?

That Christianity is based on a logical contradiction, and that God's existence cannot be known as an objective truth.

Jeremy Bentham is the founder of Utilitarianism. According to Bentham what is the appropriate way to approach difficult moral decisions?

We should use the pleasure/pain calculus

Which of the following would be a moral action according to Kant

An action performed for the sake of duty

Which of the following philosophers, that we have previously read, does Manning mention

Peter Singer

Kant claims that the only thing which is truly morally good is

a good will

What famous utilitarian does Peter Singer quote in this paper

Jeremy Bentham

Which one of the following is a true sentence about Nietzshe's philosophical position?

Nietzsche rejects the idea that there is a universal morality that applies equally to all persons

Which of the following is NOT one of Nietzsche's criticisms of "slave morality?

Under a system of slave morality people are not treated as equals. Some people are made subordinate to other

Haidt claims that morality is based on four foundations, which are sort of like clusters of intuitive values. Which of the following is NOT one of the four foundations Haidt identifies?

trust, honesty, simplicity

What does Haidt mean when he talks about being "morally dumbfounded

Discovering that a moral belief is not supported by reasons

Which of the following is a cultural practice that James Rachels mentions in this paper

Infanticide by the Eskimos.

Which of the following is NOT among the criticisms of Kierkegaard presented in the first half of the reading?

It's self-contradictory for Kierkegaard to try to rationally explain why we should embrace an irrational belief

Which of the following claims does Singer make in this article?

Mainstream Christianity shows no concern for animal welfare in its first 1800 years.

Which of the following is NOT an objection to Peter Singer's paper

Many animals, like dogs and cats, are treated very well by humans. They are better off with humans than they would be in the wild.

Which of the following is the best summary of Rita Mannings conception of the essence of morality

Morality is about openness to the needs of ourselves, others and the world

According to James Rachels, cultural relativists misunderstand the significance of the fact that different cultures have different moral codes. He claims that they start with this observation, and then they draw an inappropriate conclusion. Which one of the following is the inappropriate conclusion

There are no objective moral truths.

Which of the following statements would Rachels agree with

There are some moral rules which are necessary for any society to exist

What is Nietzsche's doctrine of the Superman? (The German word is "Ubermensch," sometimes translated as "overman.")

A being who represents the next evolutionary stage of man.

According to Kierkegaard, what is the only legitimate path to belief in God

A leap of faith

Kant identifes the Categorical Imperative as the supreme principal that guides all moral action. He expresses this principal in three somewhat different ways, but which of the following best paraphrases the main idea

Always act in a way that you could wish to be a law for every person to follow.

Which of the following claims would Manning disagree with

An Ethics of Care is ultimately grounded solely in our emotional response to others

Hitler comes up in the conversation. What does Strawson compare him to

An earthquake

According to Kant, we can use the Categorical Imperative to determine right action in any scenario whatsoever. For instance, the Categorical Imperative tells us that it's wrong to make a false promise to return borrowed money. Why

Because if everyone made false promises the very idea of a promise would lose its value, and no one would trust anyone

Which of the following biographical statements is NOT true

Both Bentham and Mill were born in Dublin, Ireland.

What does DMR stand for in the reading

Deep Moral Responsibility

What does Haidt mean when he says that reasoning acts like a press secretary for our moral beliefs

He means that moral beliefs arise from biological and emotional sources that are largely non-rational, and when we give reasons for our beliefs we're largely making up stories that sound good

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about Jean-Paul Sartre?

He was deeply religious, serving as a Catholic bishop in Paris during the latter part of his life

Which one of the following philosophical statements would Sartre agree with?

Human free will is a burden that causes anguish.

In this reading Tamler Sommers, a UH professor of philosophy, interviews Galen Strawson, a professor at the University of Reading in England. What's the main idea that they're discussing

Humans do not have free will and thus they are not ultimately morally responsible for their actions.

Sartre says that for humans "existence precedes essence." What does this slogan mean

In contrast to objects like paper-knives which are created for a specific reason, humans arise in the world undefined and become only what they will themselves to be

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this interview?

Juggling lemons

Which of the following statements about Immanuel Kant is NOT true

Kant lived during the 16th century

The second half of the conversation turns to questions about the illusion of free will. What does Strawson suggest about the possibility of living without this illusion

Living without the illusion of free will is exceptionally difficult, but perhaps through appropriate training an enlightened mind might accomplish it.

John Stuart Mill developed and popularized Bentham's Utilitarianism. Which of the following is NOT one of the differences between Bentham and Mill

Mill emphasizes that utilitarianism is about avoiding pain, while Bentham is more concerned with maximizing pleasure

Which of the following is the best account of the main argument of this paper?

Morality requires that we minimize suffering. There is no justification for treating animal suffering differently than human suffering. Thus morality requires that we treat animal and human suffering equally

Nietzsche's distinction between "master morality" and "slave morality" is fundamental to his philosophy. Nietzsche would say that three of the following statements are characteristic of "slave morality," which one is characteristic of "master morality?

One should do as one will, creating one's own values.

Which of the following is NOT one of the consequences that Rachels claims would follow from taking Cultural Relativism seriously

Society would collapse because everyone would act without regard for moral truth.

Which of the following does Kierkegaard consider the highest stage of human existence

The religious stage.

Which of the following is a premise in Strawson's argument against free will

To be free is to be ultimately responsible for what you do. To be ultimately responsible for what you do, you have to be ultimately responsible for what you are You cannot be ultimately responsible for what you are because you do not create yourself.

Which of the following is NOT a claim that Singer makes about equality of humans

To create true human equality we should strive for a world in which everyone experiences exactly the same quantities of pleasure and suffering.

Kierkegaard is considered one of the founders of the philosophical movement known as existentialism, a philosophy that focuses on the nature of human experience/existence. Both of the readings describe Kierkegaard's portrayal of the fundamental human condition. What is it

We are alienated from God by sin, and as a result we experience anxiety and despair.

John Stuart Mill became a great advocate of individual liberty. What did he claim are the only circumstances under which governments are justified in constraining the actions of their citizens

When those actions may cause harm to other people.