Philosophy Final: Russell and the Theory of Knowledge

What argument does Russell use to support that there is a world beyond our personal experiences?

1. He uses Knowledge by Description, Knowledge by Acquaintance, and argues against Naive Realism. 2. People gather knowledge of things based on personal experience and description. 3. A world must exist beyond our personal experience. 4. He argues simplicity to be a belief and a natural view. 5. Natural view meaning that there are objects other than ourselves and sense data. 6. The existence of objects depends on the relation between the mind and something other than the mind. 7. This constitutes the power of knowing things. 8. The existence of objects depends on the sense organs to the physical object.

What argument does Russell use to defend his claim that "Sense-Data" that we are immediately aware of in sensory experiences are "signs" of external objects rather than the external objects themselves?

1. Sense data is present in each separate person. 2. The objects can constantly stay the same, but a person's view of it does not. 3. Sense data are signs of the object rather than the object itself.

What are the components on Russell and the Theory of Knowledge?

The argument on "Sense-Data," the argument on Personal Experience, Traditional Empiricism vs. Traditional Rationalism, and the problem of Induction

What is the problem of Induction, and can Empirical Science solve the problem?

The problem of Induction is the more something is observed to be correlated with another thing, the more likely they are correlated in unobserved cases. This principle cannot be solved with Empirical Science because we cannot use it without Begging the Question.

What are the basic differences between Traditional Empiricism and Traditional Rationalism, and how does Russell's own view differ from each?

Traditional Empiricism is the view that all knowledge comes from experience and is justified on the basis of experience. Traditional Rationalism is the view that some knowledge comes from something other than experience and is justified on the basis of something other than experience. Russell's view is that all knowledge comes from experience, but some is justified by the basis of something other than experience.