Phonetics Final Exam SG
An individual who produces the word "taught" as /taʊt/ would be demonstrating the effects of the _______________.
Back Upglide Shift
phonological process
Because young children are not capable of producing adult speech patterns, they often simplify the adult form. These simplifications are termed ______________.
Northern Cities Shift
People in the Inland North have begun to demonstrate a shift in the place of articulation of the six vowels /ɔ, ɑ, æ, t, ɛ, and ʌ/ in what is known as the __________. This shift reflects raising of /æ/, fronting of /ɑ/, lowering of /ɔ/, and backing of /ʌ, ɛ, and t/.
unreleased stops
a stop consonant that has no audible release burst [p̚ ]
gliding
a substitution process that involves the substitution of the glides /w/ or /j/ for the liquids /l/ and /r/ red --- /wɛd/ like --- /jaɪk/ blue --- /bwu/ grow --- /gwoʊ/
Derhotacization
a type of voicing of the central rhotic vowels /ɚ/ and /ɝ/ as well as of postvocalic /r/ when it loses its r-coloring due to a vowel substitution.
/pɪɡə/ as in "pig" is an example of
addition
/ʃutə/ for "shoot" is an example of
addition
speech sound disorder
all disorders involving speech sound production
A narrow transcription is also known as _______________ transcription.
allophonic
/dʊd/ for "good" is an example of
alveolar assimilation
/naɪn/ for "mine"
alveolar assimilation
dentalization
alveolar consonants are produced with a dental, instead of an alveolar, articulation. The tongue tip makes contact with the upper front teeth (central incisors) during production
___________________ disorder refers to a person who has a problem producing a few phonemes in error or of a motoric aspect.
articulation
misarticulation
articulatory error, classically categorized as an omission, substitution, distortion, or addition
idiolect
as a speaker of a language you also possess an _________, an individual, idiosyncratic speech pattern characteristic of your own personality
Describe ASHA's position concerning dialects
"No dialectal variety of English is a disorder or pathological form of speech or language." "Each social dialect is adequate as a variety of English. Each serves a communication function as well as a social solidarity function. It maintains the communication network and the social construct of the community of speakers who use it. Furthermore, each is a symbolic representation of the historical, social, and cultural background of the speakers."
The process of deaffrication would mean that the word "badge" /bæʤ/ would be realized as
/bæʒ/
The process of alveolar assimilation would mean that the word "than" /ðæn/ would be realized as
/zæn/
Children with disordered phonology also display several processes not usually found in the speech of typically developing children. These processes are called __________.
idiosyncratic processes
/ændi/ for "candy is an example of
initial consonant deletion
assimilatory process
involve an alteration in phoneme production due to phonetic environment. Assimilatory processes involve labial, velar, nasal, and/or voicing assimilation. The assimilation in any of these instances may be either progressive or regressive.
substitution process
involve the replacement of one class of phonemes for another. Can involve stopping fronting
Assimilatory processes
involves an alteration in phoneme production due to the phonetic environment involve labial, velar, nasal, and voicing assimilation
reduplication
involves the repetition of a syllable of a word daddy --- /dædæ/ or /dɑdɑ/ movie --- /mumu/ doggy --- /dɑɡɑ/ baby --- /bibi/
stopping
involves the substitution of a stop for a fricative or an affricate Fricative/Affricate: /s, ʃ, ʧ, θ/ --- /t/ /z, ʒ, ʤ, ð/ --- /d/ Fricative: /f/ --- /p/ /v/ --- /b/
vocalization
involves the substitution of a vowel for postvocalic /r/ or /l/, including syllabic /l/. The vowels commonly substituted include /ʊ/, /ɔ/, and /o/ (or /oʊ/). tiger --- /tiɡʊ/ turn --- /tɔn/ third --- /θʊd/ bear --- /bɛʊ/ help --- /hɛʊp/ fell --- /fɛo/ little --- /wɪɾo/ or /wɪɾol/
/pʊp/ for "put"
labial assimilation
low back merger
A third and somewhat different pattern of vowel articulation is currently being observed throughout a large portion of the western United states. This change in pronunciation involves the merger of the low back vowels /ɑ/ and /ɔ/. Speakers who merge these vowels show no phonemic contrast between them during the production of words.
Monophthongization results when a monophthong is produced as a diphthong.
False - the reverse, when a diphthong is produced as a monophthong
__________________ usually refers to the written form of English.
Formal Standard English
accent modification
In some instances, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are asked to provide an elective service known as ________________ in order to assist non-native English-speaking adults (those who learned English as a second language) in becoming more intelligible (easier to understand), especially in the workplace.
fronting
It is common for young children to substitute velar and palatal consonants with an alveolar place of articulation. Velar --- Alveolar: /k/ --- /t/ /g/ --- /d/ /ŋ/ --- /n/ Palatal --- Alveolar: /ʃ/ --- /s/ /ʧ/ --- /ts/ /ʒ/ --- /z/ /ʤ/ --- /dz/
__________________ is a form of English devoid of regional characteristics. It is not really a native language for any person, rather it is acquired during schooling.
Mainstream American English
An individual who produces the word "my" as /ma/ would be demonstrating the effects of the _________________.
Southern Shift
monophthongization
The most defining dialectal feature unique to the Pittsburgh area is the pronunciation of the diphthong /aʊ/ as the monophthong /a/ as in "downtown" /dantan/.
syllable structure process
These processes, as a group, affect the production of syllables so that they are simplified, usually into a consonant-vowel (CV) pattern. CV patterns are among the first syllable types to be used in the speech patterns of developing infants.
An individual's language may be shaped by age and/or gender.
True - these are both factors that can affect language
A Spanish-speaking person learning English may produce the word "skip" as /əskɪp/. This would be expected from a transfer point of view.
True - this is expected for many Spanish-speaking learners of English
labialized
[ ʷ] the additional articulation of lip rounding, associated with consonant production
aspiration of stops
[pʰ]
devoicing
[r̥ ] / [ʒ̊]
labiodental
[ɱ] in words in which the nasal consonants /m/ or /n/ are followed by /f/, the palce of articulation is altered, due to the influence of the labiodental place of articulation for /f/ (regressive assimilation)
devoicing
__________ of syllable-final voiced phonemes that either precede a pause or silence between words, or occur at the end of an utterance. That is, the final phoneme "assimilated to the silence" following the word. bad ---/bæt/ (regressive) hose --- /hos/ (regressive)
ethnolect
a dialect associated with a particular ethnic group
sociolect
a dialect associated with a particular social class
Standard American English
a form of English that is relatively devoid of regional and social characteristics. It exists in both written and spoken forms.
Southern Shift
buy /baɪ/ would be produced more like /ba/ bat /bæt/ would be produced more like /bɛt/ bet /bɛt/ would be produced more like /bet/ beet /bit/ would be produced more like /bɪt/ bit /bɪt/ would be produced more like /bit/
Southern Shift
causes the tense vowels /i/ and /e/ to be lowered and the lax vowels /æ/, /ɪ/, and /ɛ/ to be raised. The shift also involves production of the diphthong /aɪ/; it is fronted and produced as the monophthong /a/.
/kin/ for "clean"
cluster reduction
/pɪl/ for "spill" is an example of
cluster reduction
/tɑp/ for "stop" is an example of
cluster reduction
The assimilation processes associated with consonant production are also referred to as ___________.
consonant harmony
Northern Shift
cut /kʌt/ would be produced more like /kɔt/ bet /bɛt/ would be produced more like /bʌt/ bit /bɪt/ would be produced more like /bɛt/
/ʃɪkən/ for "chicken" is an example of
deaffrication
/ʒʌmp/ for "jump"
deaffrication
/raɪt/ for "ride"
devoicing
/ʃtɑp/ for "stop" is an example of
distortion
final consonant deletion
effectively reduces a syllable to a CV pattern, that is, to an open syllable bake --- /beɪ/ mouse --- /maʊ/ cat --- /kæ/
/ʃu/ for "shoot" is an example of
final consonant deletion
/pɪk/ for "pig" is an example of
final devoicing
/taɪt/ for "kite"
fronting
/tændi/ for "candy" is an example of
fronting
Producing the word "lake" /leɪk/ as /jeɪk/ is an example of
gliding
deaffrication
occurs when a child substitutes a fricative for an affricate chip --- /ʃɪp/ (voiceless, palatal affricate --- voiceless, palatal fricative) juice --- /ʒus/ (voiced, palatal affricate --- voiced, palatal fricative) ledge --- /lɛz/ (voiced, palatal affricative --- voiced, alveolar fricative)
alveolar assimilation
occurs when a non-alveolar phoneme is produced with an alveolar place of articulation due to the presence of an alveolar phoneme elsewhere in the word. time --- /tam/ (progressive assimilation) shut --- /sʌt/ (regressive assimilation) bat ---/dæt/ (regressive assimilation)
labial assimilation
occurs when a non-labial phoneme is produced with a labial place of articulation. This is due to the presence of a labial phoneme elsewhere in the word. book --- /bʊp/ (progressive) mad --- /mæb/ (progressive) cap --- /pæp/ (regressive)
velar assimilation
occurs when a non-velar phoneme is produced with a velar place of articulation due to the presence of a velar phoneme elsewhere in the word. cup --- /kʌk/ (progressive) gone --- /ɡɔŋ/ (progressive) take --- /keɪk/ (regressive)
chain shift
occurs when the place of articulation of one vowel changes, causing the surrounding vowels in the quadrilateral to likewise shift in production. This causes a "chain reaction" in relation to the place of articulation for other vowels.
vowel merger
occurs when vowels with separate articulations fuse into one similar place of articulation for example: in many regions in the US, the vowels /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ have merged so that their production and perception is the same---that is, /ɑ/.
/ʧɪən/ as in "chicken" is an example of
omission
initial consonant deletion
omission of a single consonant at the beginning of a word cut --- /ʌt/ game --- /eɪm/
_____________________ disorder refers to an individual who has difficulty with the sound system of phonemes in words, usually grouped in common patterns.
phonological
weak syllable deletion
phonological process that involved the omission of an unstressed syllable either preceding or following a stressed syllable. telephone --- /tɛfon/ above --- /bʌv/ tomato --- /meɪɾo/ probably --- /prɑblɪ/ or /prɑlɪ/
/gɑp/ for "cop"
prevocalic voicing
Producing the word "share" /ʃɛr/ as /ʒɛr/ is an example of
prevocalic voicing
What are the two types of voicing assimilation?
prevocalic voicing and devoicing
omission
producing the word "big" as /bɪ/, leaving off the final /g/
substitution
producing the word "hello" as /hɛwoʊ/
articulation disorder
refers to a person who has a problem producing only a few phonemes, or whose speech errors are tied to the motoric aspects of speech production.
phonological disorder
refers to an individual who has difficulty with the sound system of a language and utilizing the rules that govern the combination and order of phonemes in words.
cluster reduction
results in the deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster (adjacent consonants in the same syllable) snow --- /noʊ/ play --- /peɪ/ stripe --- /traɪp/, /taɪp/, or /raɪp/
/du/ for "zoo" is an example of
stopping (or substitution)
Producing the word "through" /θru/ as /tru/ is an example of
stopping or alveolar assimilation
/pɪʃ/ as in "fish" is an example of
substitution (or stopping)
glottal replacement
substitution of a glottal stop for another consonant pick --- /pɪʡ/ butter --- /bʌʡʊ/ (with vocalization) lip --- /ʡɪp/
stops replacing a glide
substitution of a stop for a glide yes --- /dɛs/ wait --- /beɪt/
Producing the word "sharp" /ʃarp/ as /sarp/ would be an example of which of the following speech errors?
substitution or fronting
nasal emission
the audible escape of air through the nares due to improper velopharyngeal closure. Airflow may escape through the velopharyngeal port itself or may escape through a cleft in the palate or velum. Noticeable when the individual produces stops and fricatives (which require greater intraoral pressure) even if the cleft has been repaired.
addition
the insertion of an extra phoneme in a word, as in /dɑɡə/ for "dog"
distortion
the production of an allophone of the intended phoneme. If a client produced the word "sit" with a dentalized /s/, that is [s̯ɪt] (which sounds somewhat like /θɪt/), it would be considered a ___________.
fricatives replacing a stop
the substitution of a fricative for a stop (frication) sit --- /sɪs/ doll --- /zɔl/
backing
the substitution of a velar stop consonant for consonants usually produced more anterior in the oral cavity. This also usually involves alveolars and palatals; however, labial sounds may be affected. time --- /kaɪm/ zoom --- /ɡum/ push --- /pʊk/
Language varies across
time, space, and society
/ɡɑrɡən/ for "garden"
velar assimilation
Producing the word "corn" /kɔrn/ as /kɔrŋ/ is an example of
velar assimilation
/hɛʊp/ for "help"
vocalization
prevocalic voicing
voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant pig --- /bɪɡ/ (regressive) cup --- /gʌp/ (regressive)
nasalization
̃
nasal emission
͋
