Phonetics Final Exam SG

An individual who produces the word "taught" as /taʊt/ would be demonstrating the effects of the _______________.

Back Upglide Shift

phonological process

Because young children are not capable of producing adult speech patterns, they often simplify the adult form. These simplifications are termed ______________.

Northern Cities Shift

People in the Inland North have begun to demonstrate a shift in the place of articulation of the six vowels /ɔ, ɑ, æ, t, ɛ, and ʌ/ in what is known as the __________. This shift reflects raising of /æ/, fronting of /ɑ/, lowering of /ɔ/, and backing of /ʌ, ɛ, and t/.

unreleased stops

a stop consonant that has no audible release burst [p̚ ]

gliding

a substitution process that involves the substitution of the glides /w/ or /j/ for the liquids /l/ and /r/ red --- /wɛd/ like --- /jaɪk/ blue --- /bwu/ grow --- /gwoʊ/

Derhotacization

a type of voicing of the central rhotic vowels /ɚ/ and /ɝ/ as well as of postvocalic /r/ when it loses its r-coloring due to a vowel substitution.

/pɪɡə/ as in "pig" is an example of

addition

/ʃutə/ for "shoot" is an example of

addition

speech sound disorder

all disorders involving speech sound production

A narrow transcription is also known as _______________ transcription.

allophonic

/dʊd/ for "good" is an example of

alveolar assimilation

/naɪn/ for "mine"

alveolar assimilation

dentalization

alveolar consonants are produced with a dental, instead of an alveolar, articulation. The tongue tip makes contact with the upper front teeth (central incisors) during production

___________________ disorder refers to a person who has a problem producing a few phonemes in error or of a motoric aspect.

articulation

misarticulation

articulatory error, classically categorized as an omission, substitution, distortion, or addition

idiolect

as a speaker of a language you also possess an _________, an individual, idiosyncratic speech pattern characteristic of your own personality

Describe ASHA's position concerning dialects

"No dialectal variety of English is a disorder or pathological form of speech or language." "Each social dialect is adequate as a variety of English. Each serves a communication function as well as a social solidarity function. It maintains the communication network and the social construct of the community of speakers who use it. Furthermore, each is a symbolic representation of the historical, social, and cultural background of the speakers."

The process of deaffrication would mean that the word "badge" /bæʤ/ would be realized as

/bæʒ/

The process of alveolar assimilation would mean that the word "than" /ðæn/ would be realized as

/zæn/

Children with disordered phonology also display several processes not usually found in the speech of typically developing children. These processes are called __________.

idiosyncratic processes

/ændi/ for "candy is an example of

initial consonant deletion

assimilatory process

involve an alteration in phoneme production due to phonetic environment. Assimilatory processes involve labial, velar, nasal, and/or voicing assimilation. The assimilation in any of these instances may be either progressive or regressive.

substitution process

involve the replacement of one class of phonemes for another. Can involve stopping fronting

Assimilatory processes

involves an alteration in phoneme production due to the phonetic environment involve labial, velar, nasal, and voicing assimilation

reduplication

involves the repetition of a syllable of a word daddy --- /dædæ/ or /dɑdɑ/ movie --- /mumu/ doggy --- /dɑɡɑ/ baby --- /bibi/

stopping

involves the substitution of a stop for a fricative or an affricate Fricative/Affricate: /s, ʃ, ʧ, θ/ --- /t/ /z, ʒ, ʤ, ð/ --- /d/ Fricative: /f/ --- /p/ /v/ --- /b/

vocalization

involves the substitution of a vowel for postvocalic /r/ or /l/, including syllabic /l/. The vowels commonly substituted include /ʊ/, /ɔ/, and /o/ (or /oʊ/). tiger --- /tiɡʊ/ turn --- /tɔn/ third --- /θʊd/ bear --- /bɛʊ/ help --- /hɛʊp/ fell --- /fɛo/ little --- /wɪɾo/ or /wɪɾol/

/pʊp/ for "put"

labial assimilation

low back merger

A third and somewhat different pattern of vowel articulation is currently being observed throughout a large portion of the western United states. This change in pronunciation involves the merger of the low back vowels /ɑ/ and /ɔ/. Speakers who merge these vowels show no phonemic contrast between them during the production of words.

Monophthongization results when a monophthong is produced as a diphthong.

False - the reverse, when a diphthong is produced as a monophthong

__________________ usually refers to the written form of English.

Formal Standard English

accent modification

In some instances, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are asked to provide an elective service known as ________________ in order to assist non-native English-speaking adults (those who learned English as a second language) in becoming more intelligible (easier to understand), especially in the workplace.

fronting

It is common for young children to substitute velar and palatal consonants with an alveolar place of articulation. Velar --- Alveolar: /k/ --- /t/ /g/ --- /d/ /ŋ/ --- /n/ Palatal --- Alveolar: /ʃ/ --- /s/ /ʧ/ --- /ts/ /ʒ/ --- /z/ /ʤ/ --- /dz/

__________________ is a form of English devoid of regional characteristics. It is not really a native language for any person, rather it is acquired during schooling.

Mainstream American English

An individual who produces the word "my" as /ma/ would be demonstrating the effects of the _________________.

Southern Shift

monophthongization

The most defining dialectal feature unique to the Pittsburgh area is the pronunciation of the diphthong /aʊ/ as the monophthong /a/ as in "downtown" /dantan/.

syllable structure process

These processes, as a group, affect the production of syllables so that they are simplified, usually into a consonant-vowel (CV) pattern. CV patterns are among the first syllable types to be used in the speech patterns of developing infants.

An individual's language may be shaped by age and/or gender.

True - these are both factors that can affect language

A Spanish-speaking person learning English may produce the word "skip" as /əskɪp/. This would be expected from a transfer point of view.

True - this is expected for many Spanish-speaking learners of English

labialized

[ ʷ] the additional articulation of lip rounding, associated with consonant production

aspiration of stops

[pʰ]

devoicing

[r̥ ] / [ʒ̊]

labiodental

[ɱ] in words in which the nasal consonants /m/ or /n/ are followed by /f/, the palce of articulation is altered, due to the influence of the labiodental place of articulation for /f/ (regressive assimilation)

devoicing

__________ of syllable-final voiced phonemes that either precede a pause or silence between words, or occur at the end of an utterance. That is, the final phoneme "assimilated to the silence" following the word. bad ---/bæt/ (regressive) hose --- /hos/ (regressive)

ethnolect

a dialect associated with a particular ethnic group

sociolect

a dialect associated with a particular social class

Standard American English

a form of English that is relatively devoid of regional and social characteristics. It exists in both written and spoken forms.

Southern Shift

buy /baɪ/ would be produced more like /ba/ bat /bæt/ would be produced more like /bɛt/ bet /bɛt/ would be produced more like /bet/ beet /bit/ would be produced more like /bɪt/ bit /bɪt/ would be produced more like /bit/

Southern Shift

causes the tense vowels /i/ and /e/ to be lowered and the lax vowels /æ/, /ɪ/, and /ɛ/ to be raised. The shift also involves production of the diphthong /aɪ/; it is fronted and produced as the monophthong /a/.

/kin/ for "clean"

cluster reduction

/pɪl/ for "spill" is an example of

cluster reduction

/tɑp/ for "stop" is an example of

cluster reduction

The assimilation processes associated with consonant production are also referred to as ___________.

consonant harmony

Northern Shift

cut /kʌt/ would be produced more like /kɔt/ bet /bɛt/ would be produced more like /bʌt/ bit /bɪt/ would be produced more like /bɛt/

/ʃɪkən/ for "chicken" is an example of

deaffrication

/ʒʌmp/ for "jump"

deaffrication

/raɪt/ for "ride"

devoicing

/ʃtɑp/ for "stop" is an example of

distortion

final consonant deletion

effectively reduces a syllable to a CV pattern, that is, to an open syllable bake --- /beɪ/ mouse --- /maʊ/ cat --- /kæ/

/ʃu/ for "shoot" is an example of

final consonant deletion

/pɪk/ for "pig" is an example of

final devoicing

/taɪt/ for "kite"

fronting

/tændi/ for "candy" is an example of

fronting

Producing the word "lake" /leɪk/ as /jeɪk/ is an example of

gliding

deaffrication

occurs when a child substitutes a fricative for an affricate chip --- /ʃɪp/ (voiceless, palatal affricate --- voiceless, palatal fricative) juice --- /ʒus/ (voiced, palatal affricate --- voiced, palatal fricative) ledge --- /lɛz/ (voiced, palatal affricative --- voiced, alveolar fricative)

alveolar assimilation

occurs when a non-alveolar phoneme is produced with an alveolar place of articulation due to the presence of an alveolar phoneme elsewhere in the word. time --- /tam/ (progressive assimilation) shut --- /sʌt/ (regressive assimilation) bat ---/dæt/ (regressive assimilation)

labial assimilation

occurs when a non-labial phoneme is produced with a labial place of articulation. This is due to the presence of a labial phoneme elsewhere in the word. book --- /bʊp/ (progressive) mad --- /mæb/ (progressive) cap --- /pæp/ (regressive)

velar assimilation

occurs when a non-velar phoneme is produced with a velar place of articulation due to the presence of a velar phoneme elsewhere in the word. cup --- /kʌk/ (progressive) gone --- /ɡɔŋ/ (progressive) take --- /keɪk/ (regressive)

chain shift

occurs when the place of articulation of one vowel changes, causing the surrounding vowels in the quadrilateral to likewise shift in production. This causes a "chain reaction" in relation to the place of articulation for other vowels.

vowel merger

occurs when vowels with separate articulations fuse into one similar place of articulation for example: in many regions in the US, the vowels /ɑ/ and /ɔ/ have merged so that their production and perception is the same---that is, /ɑ/.

/ʧɪən/ as in "chicken" is an example of

omission

initial consonant deletion

omission of a single consonant at the beginning of a word cut --- /ʌt/ game --- /eɪm/

_____________________ disorder refers to an individual who has difficulty with the sound system of phonemes in words, usually grouped in common patterns.

phonological

weak syllable deletion

phonological process that involved the omission of an unstressed syllable either preceding or following a stressed syllable. telephone --- /tɛfon/ above --- /bʌv/ tomato --- /meɪɾo/ probably --- /prɑblɪ/ or /prɑlɪ/

/gɑp/ for "cop"

prevocalic voicing

Producing the word "share" /ʃɛr/ as /ʒɛr/ is an example of

prevocalic voicing

What are the two types of voicing assimilation?

prevocalic voicing and devoicing

omission

producing the word "big" as /bɪ/, leaving off the final /g/

substitution

producing the word "hello" as /hɛwoʊ/

articulation disorder

refers to a person who has a problem producing only a few phonemes, or whose speech errors are tied to the motoric aspects of speech production.

phonological disorder

refers to an individual who has difficulty with the sound system of a language and utilizing the rules that govern the combination and order of phonemes in words.

cluster reduction

results in the deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster (adjacent consonants in the same syllable) snow --- /noʊ/ play --- /peɪ/ stripe --- /traɪp/, /taɪp/, or /raɪp/

/du/ for "zoo" is an example of

stopping (or substitution)

Producing the word "through" /θru/ as /tru/ is an example of

stopping or alveolar assimilation

/pɪʃ/ as in "fish" is an example of

substitution (or stopping)

glottal replacement

substitution of a glottal stop for another consonant pick --- /pɪʡ/ butter --- /bʌʡʊ/ (with vocalization) lip --- /ʡɪp/

stops replacing a glide

substitution of a stop for a glide yes --- /dɛs/ wait --- /beɪt/

Producing the word "sharp" /ʃarp/ as /sarp/ would be an example of which of the following speech errors?

substitution or fronting

nasal emission

the audible escape of air through the nares due to improper velopharyngeal closure. Airflow may escape through the velopharyngeal port itself or may escape through a cleft in the palate or velum. Noticeable when the individual produces stops and fricatives (which require greater intraoral pressure) even if the cleft has been repaired.

addition

the insertion of an extra phoneme in a word, as in /dɑɡə/ for "dog"

distortion

the production of an allophone of the intended phoneme. If a client produced the word "sit" with a dentalized /s/, that is [s̯ɪt] (which sounds somewhat like /θɪt/), it would be considered a ___________.

fricatives replacing a stop

the substitution of a fricative for a stop (frication) sit --- /sɪs/ doll --- /zɔl/

backing

the substitution of a velar stop consonant for consonants usually produced more anterior in the oral cavity. This also usually involves alveolars and palatals; however, labial sounds may be affected. time --- /kaɪm/ zoom --- /ɡum/ push --- /pʊk/

Language varies across

time, space, and society

/ɡɑrɡən/ for "garden"

velar assimilation

Producing the word "corn" /kɔrn/ as /kɔrŋ/ is an example of

velar assimilation

/hɛʊp/ for "help"

vocalization

prevocalic voicing

voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant pig --- /bɪɡ/ (regressive) cup --- /gʌp/ (regressive)

nasalization

̃

nasal emission

͋