Photography 1-4
shutter speed and aperture affect 2 things shutter affects _____ of moving objects, aperture affects ______ of ________
- the amount of light entering the camera - sharpness, depth of field
Jame's Nachtwey
-gentle manner and voice belie the violence and heartache he has recorded -first establishes a logistical base
focal length controls 2 things
-magnification, the size of the image formed by the lens -angle of view
A lens of normal focal length has certain advantages over lenses of longer or shorter focal length
-normal lenses are faster (open a wider aperture so can be used with faster shutter speeds or in dimmer light) -less expensive -more compact -lighter in weight
Cameras employ 2 autofocus systems active autofocus passive autofocus
-sends out a beam of infrared waves. the camera uses the part of the beam that bounces back to measure the distance to the subject -look at the image inside the camera, uses the principle that contrast on the focal plane is greatest when the subject is sharpest
To keep a picture sharp if you are hand holding the camera the shutter speed should be _/__ or faster with a 50 mm lens.
1/60
Equivalent exposure f/16, f/11, f/8, f/5.6, f/2.8, 1/2
1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500
normal focal length = long focal length = short focal length =
50mm 200mm 28mm
What makes a portrait?
A tight cropping that shows only part of a scene can tell as much about people and their relationships as a more conventional portrait
Actual time in seconds 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500
LOOK AT PAGE 18
Shutter speeds to stop action
LOOK AT PAGE 21
f-stops apertures in full stops
LOOK AT PAGE 24 f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22
____ lenses are popular because they combine a range of focal lengths into one lens
Zoom
microprism
a circle that appears dotted until it is focused
follow focus
a technique that lets you keep a subject that is moving toward you well focused
portrait lens
aberrations are deliberately introduced in a soft-focus lens
exposure readout
about the shutter speed and aperture appears in the viewfinder
the aperture
adjusts the amount of light reaching the film to the sensor. A large opening allows the most light to pass through the lens. The smallest opening lets in the least amount of light. determines how much lights passes through the lens
The ________ (the size of thens opening) controls the brightness of the light that reaches the sensor or film
aperture
ways to control depth of field
aperture, shorter focal length, stepping back from the subject
exposure meters ______ the tones in a scene
average
perspective-control lens
brings some view-camera adjustments to other types of cameras
focal -plane shutter -as shutter speed _____, this slit ______ -advantages -disadvantages
but into the camera body, the first opening curtain moves across the frame, revealing a window through which the sensor film is exposed. The shutter waits for the correct amount of time, then it closes the second, following curtain to stop the exposure -increase, narrows -can reach higher shutter speeds than leaf shutters -can't use electronic flash, slow shutter speed with flash = ghost/second image in the picture
reflected-light meter
can be hand held or built into a camera. Aim the sensor at a subject to make a reading of the light reflected from the subject
Long lenses are excellent when you cannot/do not want to get ______ to the subject
close
a pinhole, small as it is, actually admits a ______ of light rays
cluster
exposure
combination of an aperture and a shutter speed
How do you get a good exposure
combination of f-stop and shutter speed that lets just the right amount of light reach the sensor use a reflected-light meter to make an overall reading of the scene
types of memory cards CF SD MS xD-P
compact flash - A CompactFlash (CF) card is a popular memory card developed by SanDisk in 1994 that uses flash memory technology to store data on a very small card. It has no moving mechanical parts and does not need a battery to retain data. CF cards allow users to add data to a wide variety of computing devices. Secure Digital - is an ultra small flash memory card designed to provide high-capacity memory in a small size. SD cards are used in many small portable devices such as digital video camcorders, digital cameras, handheld computers, audio players and mobile phones. Memory Stick -is a removable flash memory card format, launched by Sony in October 1998 xD-Picture - a flash memory card format, formerly used in digital cameras made by Olympus and Fujifilm. The xD in the xD-Picture Card stands for eXtreme Digital. It is not used in any cameras currently in production. xD cards are available in capacities of 16 MB up to 2 GB.
wide angle lenses have ________ depth of field Pictures taken with a wide-angle lens can show both _____ and ______ distortions wide-angle lens can also show a distortion of __________
considerable real, apparent perspective
leaf shutter -Advantages -Disadvantages
consist of a number off small overlapping metal blades -quieter, can be used with flash at any shutter speed -top speeds = 1/500
How do you photograph a place?
depends on what you want to convey
ISO speed
describes a sensor's or film's sensitivity to light The higher the number, the more sensitive (or "faster") it is, and the less light it needs for the picture to be neither too light nor too dark.
shutter speed
determines the length of time that the light strikes the light-sensitive surface inside your camera
LCD data panel
displays shutter speed and aperture settings
LCD monitor
displays stored images and menus for camera settings
Mary Ellen Mark
documentary photographer approaches w/ wide-angle lens and moves in close obsessed w/ subjects, not with her equipment
Automatic focus (AF)
does the focusing for you
few lenses provide a range greater than ____ stops
eight
Automatic exposure
every time you press the shutter release button, the camera automatically meters the light, then sets what it determines is the best shutter speed and aperture combination
The size of an aperture is indicated by _-______ or _-_______
f-number, f-stop
f-stop formula
f-stop = lens focal length / aperture diameter
incident-light meter
faced toward the camera from the position of the subject to make a reading. It measures the light falling on a subject.
for the widest of wide-angle views, consider the ______ lens
fisheye
the most important way lenses differ is in their ______ ________
focal length
hyperfocal distance
gives you maximum depth of field far focus = don't focus on infinity
Telephoto lens
has an effective focal length that is greater than the actual distance from lens to focal plane.
Long lens disadvantages
heavier bulkier more expensive shallow depth of field = most be focused correctly difficult to use for hand-held shots at least 1/125
A normal-focal-length lens/ standard-focal-length lens approximates the impression __________ _______ gives
human vision
The film
in a camera records the image transmitted by the lens
The sensor
in a digital camera converts the light from the lens into electrical signals that are sent to the memory card
______-light meters measures light falling on a subject
incident
exposure =
intensity (aperture) x Time (shutter speed) exposure is a combination of the intensity of (brightness) of light that reaches the digital sensor or film (brightness is controlled by the size and aperture) and of the length of time the light strikes that light-sensitive surface (duration is controlled by the shutter speed)
_______ aperture, ____ depth of field
large, less
if the shutter speed is slower than 1/60, set the aperture to a ____________ opening.
larger
The ___________ the opening, the ___________ its f-number. For example, f/_ is larger than f/__
larger, smaller f/8 is larger than f/11
adjusting the ______ the shutter remains open controls the amount of light that reaches the light-sensitive surface
length
long lens =
less depth of field, things are more easily out of focus, can create unusual perspective (objects seem to be closer together than they are)
Zone focusing
lets you set the depth of field in advance of shooting
the size of the lens opening - the aperture or f-stop, controls the amount of _______ that passes through the lens. -f/2.8 -f/4 -f/5.6 -f/8 -f/11 -f/16 -f/22
light -twice as much light as f/4 -half as much light as f/2.8, Twice as much light as f/5.6 -half as much light as f/4, twice as much light as f/8 -half as much light as f/5.6, twice as much light as f/11 -half as much light as f/8, twice as much light as f/16 -half as much light as f/11, twice as much light as f/22 -half as much light as f/16
Need an _____ ______ in order to make consistently correct exposures, so that your pictures are neither too light nor too dark
light meter
An exposure is usually calculated by a
light meter that measures the scene
how does a lens refract (bend) light to form an image
light rays pass from one transparent medium to another, the rays bend
A ______-______-______ lens provides greater image magnification and a narrower angle of view than a normal lens
long-focal-length
ways to decrease the depth of field
make less of a scene in front of you sharp and make behind your subject sharp, use a longer lens, move closer to the subject
With ___________ exposure, you set both the shutter speed and aperture yourself
manual
Digital cameras tore pictures on
memory cards
the lens element
move forward and back to bring objects at different distances into sharp focus
Panning keeps a ________ subject sharp while ________ the background
moving, blurring
A lens that is a _________ focal length for one camera can be a long or short focal length for another camera
normal
What exactly is sharpness, and how much can it be controlled?
objects will gradually become more and more out of focus the farther they are from the most sharply focused area
The shutter
opens and closes to control the length of time that light strikes the light-sensitive surface
A lens focuses on the ____ of critical focus, also called the image _______
plane
-A good _______ shows more than merely what someone looks like -put your subject at ________ -Don't ______ when shooting portraits -Try to use a fast enough _____ ________ -photographing close to home = ______ ________ = could be good or bad -some picture of people look ___________ -____ your camera's controls beforehand -A ______ shutter speed is even more important for unposed photographs of people than for planned portraits
portrait ease skimp shutter speed more personal unplanned set
_________-light meters measure the light reflected from a subject
reflected
For _______ to take place, light must strike the new medium at an ________
refraction, angle
A lens of a given focal length may be considered normal, short, or long, depending on the ________ in your digital camera
sensor
mode dial
set one of several choices of automatic operation
Depth of field is the part of a scene that appears acceptably ____ in a photograph
sharp
a lens creates ______ image with a relatively ______ exposure
sharp, short
A _____-_____-_____ lens increases the angle of view and shows more of a scene than a normal lens used from the same position
short-focal-length
The viewfinder
shows the picture that the lens focuses on the sensor or film. On some digital cameras there may be a viewing screen on the back of the camera.
two controls adjust the amount of light that reaches the sensor
shutter and aperture
catadioptric/mirror lens is
similar in design to a reflecting telescope. It incorporates curved mirrors as well as glass elements within the lens long focal length but modest size
A SLR (____ _______ ______) camera shows you the scene directly through the lens
single lens reflex
other focus modes
single-shot/focus priority, continuous focus
Disadvantages of zoom
slower (smaller maximum aperture) expensive bulkier heavier optically inferior
zoom =
small maximum aperture
______ aperture, _______ depth of field
small, more
the _______ the aperture opening, the _______ depth of field
smaller, greater
the _______ the aperture size, the more of a scene will be _______ from ______ to _____
smaller, sharp from near to far
_____ meters read light reflected from a very small area of a subject
spot
The term "_____" in photography refers to a change in illumination, whether the shutter speed or the aperture is change to achieve it
stop
Why does a lens of a longer focal length produce less depth of field than a shorter lens used at the same f-stop?
the answer relates to the diameter of the aperture opening. The relative aperture (the same f-stop setting for lenses of different focal lengths) is a larger opening on a longer lens than it is on a shorter lens
depth of field
the area from near to far in a scene that is acceptably sharp in a photograph
perspective is affected by
the lens to subject distance, not by lens focal length
maximum aperture
the lens's widest opening or speed
the faster the shutter speed
the sharper a moving subject will be
focal length
the shorter the focal length, the wider the view of a scene. The longer the focal length, the narrower the view and the more the subject is magnified
= greater depth of field
the smaller the aperture the shorter the focal length of the lens the greater the distance from the subject
perspective
the way the brain judges depth in a two-dimensional representation
convex lenses
thick in the middle than at the edges collects a large number of light rays from any single point on an object in front of the lens and refracts/bends them toward each other so that they converge at a corresponding single point behind the lens.
Each shutter speed lets in _____ as much light as the next faster speed
twice
how to zone focus
use a lens's depth of field scale or table to find the f-stop settings that will give you adequate depth of field
Macro lens
useful for photographing very close to a subject
when to use manual mode
when the lighting remains constant
when to use aperture-priority
whenever you want to control the depth of field
when to use shutter-priority
whenever you want to stop action
Using a normal-focal-length is a way for the photographer to let the subject speak
wide and long lenses make a stronger statement about the technical decisions a photographer must make, such as about perspective or depth of field
short lens =
wide angle lens
Manual focus
you select the part of the scene you want to be the sharpest
Aperture-priority automatic exposure
you set the aperture (f-stop) and the camera sets the shutter speed
shutter-priority automatic exposure
you set the shutter speed and the camera sets the aperture
