Poetry - The Romantic Era

One morning thus, by Esthwaite lake, When life was sweet, I knew not why, To me my good friend Matthew spake, And thus I made reply:

Expostulation and Reply, William Wordsworth

How the Chimney-sweepers cry Every black'ning Church appalls, And the hapless Soldiers sigh

London, William Blake

A simple Child, That lightly draws its breath, And feels its life in every limb, What should it know of death?

We are seven, William Wordsworth - ballad (iambic tetrameter & trimeter)

And when the ground was white with snow, And I could run and slide, My brother John was forced to go, And he lies by her side.

We are seven, William Wordsworth - ballad (iambic tetrameter & trimeter)

I met a little cottage Girl: She was eight years old, she said; Her hair was thick with many a curl That clustered round her head.

We are seven, William Wordsworth - ballad (iambic tetrameter & trimeter)

She had a rustic, woodland air, And she was wildly clad: Her eyes were fair, and very fair; -- Her beauty made me glad.

We are seven, William Wordsworth - ballad (iambic tetrameter & trimeter)

Sisters and brothers, little Maid, How many may you be? How many? Seven in all, she said, And wondering looked at me.

We are seven, William Wordsworth - ballad (iambic tetrameter & trimeter)

Upon the Forest-side in Grasmere Vale There dwelt a Shepherd, Michael was his name. An old man, stout of heart, and strong of limb. His bodily frame had been from youth to age Of an unusual strength:

Michael, William Wordsworth • 장르: Pastoral poem • 주제: 산업혁명 속에서 소외 당하고 붕괴되어 가는 농촌 공동체, 자연파괴에 대한 연민 • 특징: - Pastoral poem라는 부제를 붙였지만 목가적인 전통을 따르지 않음 (비극적인 결말. 이상적인 세계가 아닌 외부세력에 의해 지배를 받는 인물들). - 아픔을 어루만져주기 위해 불변하는 자연이 필요함을 강조 - 3인칭, 제3자인 화자가 과거의 이야기를 들려주는 형식

Soon spreads the dismal shade Of Mystery over his head; And the Catterpiller and Fly, Feed on the Mystery.

The Human Abstract, William Blake

When the stars threw down their spears, And watered heaven with their tears, Did he smile his work to see? Did he who made the Lamb make thee?

The Tyger, William Blake

Nor perchance, If I were not thus taught, should I the more Suffer my genial spirits to decay: For thou art with me here upon the banks Of this fair river; thou my dearest Friend, My dear, dear Friend; and in thy voice I catch The language of my former heart, and read My former pleasures in the shooting lights Of thy wild eyes.

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

And I watered it in fears, Night and morning with my tears; And I sunned it with smiles, And with soft deceitful wiles.

A Poison Tree, William Blake

And into my garden stole When the night had veiled the pole; In the morning glad I see My foe outstretched beneath the tree.

A Poison Tree, William Blake

And it grew both day and night, Till it bore an apple bright. And my foe beheld it shine. And he knew that it was mine,

A Poison Tree, William Blake

I was angry with my friend: I told my wrath, my wrath did end. I was angry with my foe: I told it not, my wrath did grow.

A Poison Tree, William Blake

"Nor less I deem that there are Powers Which of themselves our minds impress; That we can feed this mind of ours In a wise passiveness.

Expostulation and Reply, William Wordsworth

"The eye--it cannot choose but see; We cannot bid the ear be still; Our bodies feel, where'er they be, Against or with our will.

Expostulation and Reply, William Wordsworth

"Think you, 'mid all this mighty sum Of things for ever speaking, That nothing of itself will come,

Expostulation and Reply, William Wordsworth

"WHY, William, on that old grey stone, Thus for the length of half a day, Why, William, sit you thus alone, And dream your time away?

Expostulation and Reply, William Wordsworth

"Where are your books?--that light bequeathed To Beings else forlorn and blind! Up! up! and drink the spirit breathed From dead men to their kind.

Expostulation and Reply, William Wordsworth

"You look round on your Mother Earth, As if she for no purpose bore you; As if you were her first-born birth, And none had lived before you!"

Expostulation and Reply, William Wordsworth

Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

I wondered as lonely as a cloud, William Wordsworth • 요약: 외로움을 수선화로 잊음 • 장르: Pastoral poem • 형식: iambic tetrameter, ABABCC + rhyming couplet • 사용기법: personification, repetition, imagery (수선화 & 별/천사)

For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.

I wondered as lonely as a cloud, William Wordsworth • 요약: 외로움을 수선화로 잊음 • 장르: Pastoral poem • 형식: iambic tetrameter, ABABCC + rhyming couplet • 사용기법: personification, repetition, imagery (수선화 & 별/천사)

I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

I wondered as lonely as a cloud, William Wordsworth • 요약: 외로움을 수선화로 잊음 • 장르: Pastoral poem • 형식: iambic tetrameter, ABABCC + rhyming couplet • 사용기법: personification, repetition, imagery (수선화 & 별/천사)

The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed—and gazed—but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:

I wondered as lonely as a cloud, William Wordsworth • 요약: 외로움을 수선화로 잊음 • 장르: Pastoral poem • 형식: iambic tetrameter, ABABCC + rhyming couplet • 사용기법: personification, repetition, imagery (수선화 & 별/천사)

A Vision in a Dream, A Fragment IN Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure-dome decree: Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea. So twice five miles of fertile ground With walls and towers were girdled round: And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills Where blossom'd many an incense-bearing tree; And here were forests ancient as the hills, Enfolding sunny spots of greenery.

Kubla Khan, Samuel Taylor Coleridge • 주제: 콜리지의 상상력에 의하여 형성된 환상의 이상향을 추구 • 형식: iambic tetrameter, varying rhyme schemes • 사용기법 및 특징 - Assonance & consonance, alliteration - Imagery - Repetition

But O, that deep romantic chasm which slanted Down the green hill athwart a cedarn cover! A savage place! as holy and enchanted As e'er beneath a waning moon was haunted By woman wailing for her demon-lover! And from this chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething, As if this earth in fast thick pants were breathing, A mighty fountain momently was forced; Amid whose swift half-intermitted burst Huge fragments vaulted like rebounding hail, Or chaffy grain beneath the thresher's flail: And 'mid these dancing rocks at once and ever It flung up momently the sacred river.

Kubla Khan, Samuel Taylor Coleridge • 주제: 콜리지의 상상력에 의하여 형성된 환상의 이상향을 추구 • 형식: iambic tetrameter, varying rhyme schemes • 사용기법 및 특징 - Assonance & consonance, alliteration - Imagery - Repetition

Five miles meandering with a mazy motion Through wood and dale the sacred river ran, Then reach'd the caverns measureless to man, And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean: And 'mid this tumult Kubla heard from far Ancestral voices prophesying war!

Kubla Khan, Samuel Taylor Coleridge • 주제: 콜리지의 상상력에 의하여 형성된 환상의 이상향을 추구 • 형식: iambic tetrameter, varying rhyme schemes • 사용기법 및 특징 - Assonance & consonance, alliteration - Imagery - Repetition

The shadow of the dome of pleasure Floated midway on the waves; Where was heard the mingled measure From the fountain and the caves. It was a miracle of rare device, A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice! A damsel with a dulcimer In a vision once I saw: It was an Abyssinian maid, And on her dulcimer she play'd, Singing of Mount Abora.

Kubla Khan, Samuel Taylor Coleridge • 주제: 콜리지의 상상력에 의하여 형성된 환상의 이상향을 추구 • 형식: iambic tetrameter, varying rhyme schemes • 사용기법 및 특징 - Assonance & consonance, alliteration - Imagery - Repetition

But most thro' midnight streets I hear How the youthful Harlots curse Blasts the new-born Infants tear And blights with plagues the Marriage hearse

London, William Blake

I wander thro' each charter'd street, Near where the charter'd Thames does flow. And mark in every face I meet Marks of weakness, marks of woe.

London, William Blake

In every cry of every Man, In every Infants cry of fear, In every voice: in every ban, The mind-forg'd manacles I hear

London, William Blake

"The principal object, then, proposed in these Poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life, [...] in a language really used by men, and at the same time, to throw over them a certain colouring of imagination, whereby [we would trace from] ordinary things [...] the primary laws of our nature."

Lyrical Ballads, William Wordsworth

"There neither is, nor can be, any essential difference between the language of prose and metrical composition."

Lyrical Ballads, William Wordsworth

"[Poetry] takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility."

Lyrical Ballads, William Wordsworth

good poetry is.. the " spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"

Lyrical Ballads, William Wordsworth

If from the public way you turn your steps Up the tumultuous brook of Green-head Gill, You will suppose that with an upright path Your feet must struggle; in such bold ascent The pastoral Mountains front you, face to face. But, courage! for beside that boisterous Brook The mountains have all open'd out themselves, And made a hidden valley of their own.

Michael, William Wordsworth • 장르: Pastoral poem • 주제: 산업혁명 속에서 소외 당하고 붕괴되어 가는 농촌 공동체, 자연파괴에 대한 연민 • 특징: - Pastoral poem라는 부제를 붙였지만 목가적인 전통을 따르지 않음 (비극적인 결말. 이상적인 세계가 아닌 외부세력에 의해 지배를 받는 인물들). - 아픔을 어루만져주기 위해 불변하는 자연이 필요함을 강조 - 3인칭, 제3자인 화자가 과거의 이야기를 들려주는 형식

at her death the estate Was sold, and went into a Stranger's hand. The Cottage which was nam'd The Evening Star Is gone, the ploughshare has been through the ground On which it stood; great changes have been wrought In all the neighbourhood, yet the Oak is left That grew beside their Door; and the remains Of the unfinished Sheep-fold may be seen Beside the boisterous brook of Green-head Gill.

Michael, William Wordsworth • 장르: Pastoral poem • 주제: 산업혁명 속에서 소외 당하고 붕괴되어 가는 농촌 공동체, 자연파괴에 대한 연민 • 특징: - Pastoral poem라는 부제를 붙였지만 목가적인 전통을 따르지 않음 (비극적인 결말. 이상적인 세계가 아닌 외부세력에 의해 지배를 받는 인물들). - 아픔을 어루만져주기 위해 불변하는 자연이 필요함을 강조 - 3인칭, 제3자인 화자가 과거의 이야기를 들려주는 형식

A gentle answer did the old Man make, In courteous speech which forth he slowly drew: And him with further words I thus bespake, "What occupation do you there pursue? This is a lonesome place for one like you." Ere he replied, a flash of mild surprise Broke from the sable orbs of his yet-vivid eyes.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

All things that love the sun are out of doors; The sky rejoices in the morning's birth; The grass is bright with rain-drops;—on the moors The hare is running races in her mirth; And with her feet she from the plashy earth Raises a mist, that, glittering in the sun, Runs with her all the way, wherever she doth run.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

And soon with this he other matter blended, Cheerfully uttered, with demeanour kind, But stately in the main; and, when he ended, I could have laughed myself to scorn to find In that decrepit Man so firm a mind. "God," said I, "be my help and stay secure; I'll think of the Leech-gatherer on the lonely moor!"

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

As a huge stone is sometimes seen to lie Couched on the bald top of an eminence; Wonder to all who do the same espy, By what means it could thither come, and whence; So that it seems a thing endued with sense: Like a sea-beast crawled forth, that on a shelf Of rock or sand reposeth, there to sun itself;

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

At length, himself unsettling, he the pond Stirred with his staff, and fixedly did look Upon the muddy water, which he conned, As if he had been reading in a book: And now a stranger's privilege I took; And, drawing to his side, to him did say, "This morning gives us promise of a glorious day."

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

But, as it sometimes chanceth, from the might Of joys in minds that can no further go, As high as we have mounted in delight In our dejection do we sink as low; To me that morning did it happen so; And fears and fancies thick upon me came; Dim sadness—and blind thoughts, I knew not, nor could name.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

He told, that to these waters he had come To gather leeches, being old and poor: Employment hazardous and wearisome! And he had many hardships to endure: From pond to pond he roamed, from moor to moor; Housing, with God's good help, by choice or chance; And in this way he gained an honest maintenance.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

He with a smile did then his words repeat; And said that, gathering leeches, far and wide He travelled; stirring thus about his feet The waters of the pools where they abide. "Once I could meet with them on every side; But they have dwindled long by slow decay; Yet still I persevere, and find them where I may."

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

Himself he propped, limbs, body, and pale face, Upon a long grey staff of shaven wood: And, still as I drew near with gentle pace, Upon the margin of that moorish flood Motionless as a cloud the old Man stood, That heareth not the loud winds when they call, And moveth all together, if it move at all.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

His words came feebly, from a feeble chest, But each in solemn order followed each, With something of a lofty utterance drest— Choice word and measured phrase, above the reach Of ordinary men; a stately speech; Such as grave Livers do in Scotland use, Religious men, who give to God and man their dues.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

I heard the sky-lark warbling in the sky; And I bethought me of the playful hare: Even such a happy Child of earth am I; Even as these blissful creatures do I fare; Far from the world I walk, and from all care; But there may come another day to me— Solitude, pain of heart, distress, and poverty.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

I thought of Chatterton, the marvellous Boy, The sleepless Soul that perished in his pride; Of Him who walked in glory and in joy Following his plough, along the mountain-side: By our own spirits are we deified: We Poets in our youth begin in gladness; But thereof come in the end despondency and madness.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

I was a Traveller then upon the moor; I saw the hare that raced about with joy; I heard the woods and distant waters roar; Or heard them not, as happy as a boy: The pleasant season did my heart employ: My old remembrances went from me wholly; And all the ways of men, so vain and melancholy.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

My former thoughts returned: the fear that kills; And hope that is unwilling to be fed; Cold, pain, and labour, and all fleshly ills; And mighty Poets in their misery dead. —Perplexed, and longing to be comforted, My question eagerly did I renew, "How is it that you live, and what is it you do?"

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

My whole life I have lived in pleasant thought, As if life's business were a summer mood; As if all needful things would come unsought To genial faith, still rich in genial good; But how can He expect that others should Build for him, sow for him, and at his call Love him, who for himself will take no heed at all?

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

Now, whether it were by peculiar grace, A leading from above, a something given, Yet it befell that, in this lonely place, When I with these untoward thoughts had striven, Beside a pool bare to the eye of heaven I saw a Man before me unawares: The oldest man he seemed that ever wore grey hairs.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

Such seemed this Man, not all alive nor dead, Nor all asleep—in his extreme old age: His body was bent double, feet and head Coming together in life's pilgrimage; As if some dire constraint of pain, or rage Of sickness felt by him in times long past, A more than human weight upon his frame had cast.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

The old Man still stood talking by my side; But now his voice to me was like a stream Scarce heard; nor word from word could I divide; And the whole body of the Man did seem Like one whom I had met with in a dream; Or like a man from some far region sent, To give me human strength, by apt admonishment.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

There was a roaring in the wind all night; The rain came heavily and fell in floods; But now the sun is rising calm and bright; The birds are singing in the distant woods; Over his own sweet voice the Stock-dove broods; The Jay makes answer as the Magpie chatters; And all the air is filled with pleasant noise of waters.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

While he was talking thus, the lonely place, The old Man's shape, and speech—all troubled me: In my mind's eye I seemed to see him pace About the weary moors continually, Wandering about alone and silently. While I these thoughts within myself pursued, He, having made a pause, the same discourse renewed.

Resolution and Independence, William Wordsworth • 주제: Power of the human mind (어둠과 절망 속에서도 정신력으로 버텨내는 태도가 중요) • 사용기법: - Symbol (거머리 노인 = 온갖 어려움을 견뎌내는 시인. 거머리를 찾으러 다니는 노인처럼 Wordsworth도 자연 속에서 시적 영감을 찾아야겠다는 의지를 다짐, leech = poetic inspiration) - Imagery - Allusion (시인 Burns, Chatterton)

Has found out thy bed Of crimson joy: And his dark secret love Does thy life destroy.

Sick Rose, William Blake

O Rose thou art sick. The invisible worm, That flies in the night In the howling storm:

Sick Rose, William Blake

"Because I was happy upon the heath, And smil'd among the winter's snow, They clothed me in the clothes of death, And taught me to sing the notes of woe.

The Chimney Sweeper, William Blake (Songs of Experience)

A little black thing among the snow, Crying ``'weep! 'weep!'' in notes of woe! "Where are thy father & mother? say?'' "They are both gone up to the church to pray.

The Chimney Sweeper, William Blake (Songs of Experience)

And because I am happy & dance & sing, They think they have done me no injury, And are gone to praise God & his Priest & King, Who make up a heaven of our misery.''

The Chimney Sweeper, William Blake (Songs of Experience)

And by came an Angel who had a bright key, And he opened the coffins & set them all free; Then down a green plain, leaping, laughing they run, And wash in a river and shine in the Sun.

The Chimney Sweeper, William Blake (Songs of Innocence)

And so Tom awoke; and we rose in the dark And got with our bags & our brushes to work. Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy & warm; So if all do their duty, they need not fear harm.

The Chimney Sweeper, William Blake (Songs of Innocence)

And so he was quiet, & that very night, As Tom was a-sleeping he had such a sight! That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned, & Jack, Were all of them locked up in coffins of black;

The Chimney Sweeper, William Blake (Songs of Innocence)

Then naked & white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds, and sport in the wind. And the Angel told Tom, if he'd be a good boy, He'd have God for his father & never want joy.

The Chimney Sweeper, William Blake (Songs of Innocence)

There's little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head That curled like a lamb's back, was shaved, so I said, "Hush, Tom! never mind it, for when your head's bare, You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair."

The Chimney Sweeper, William Blake (Songs of Innocence)

When my mother died I was very young, And my father sold me while yet my tongue Could scarcely cry " 'weep! 'weep! 'weep! 'weep!" So your chimneys I sweep & in soot I sleep.

The Chimney Sweeper, William Blake (Songs of Innocence)

And it bears the fruit of Deceit, Ruddy and sweet to eat; And the Raven his nest has made In its thickest shade.

The Human Abstract, William Blake

And mutual fear brings peace; Till the selfish loves increase. Then Cruelty knits a snare, And spreads his baits with care.

The Human Abstract, William Blake

He sits down with holy fears, And waters the ground with tears: Then Humility takes its root Underneath his foot.

The Human Abstract, William Blake

Pity would be no more, If we did not make somebody Poor: And Mercy no more could be, If all were as happy as we;

The Human Abstract, William Blake

The Gods of the earth and sea, Sought thro' Nature to find this Tree But their search was all in vain: There grows one in the Human Brain

The Human Abstract, William Blake

Little lamb, who made thee? Does thou know who made thee, Gave thee life, and bid thee feed By the stream and o'er the mead; Gave thee clothing of delight, Softest clothing, woolly, bright; Gave thee such a tender voice, Making all the vales rejoice? Little lamb, who made thee? Does thou know who made thee?

The Lamb, William Blake

'Twas summer and the sun was mounted high. Along the south the uplands feebly glared Through a pale steam, and all the northern downs In clearer air ascending shewed far off Their surfaces with shadows dappled o'er Of deep embattled clouds: [...] I found a ruined house, four naked walls That stared upon each other. I looked round And near the door I saw an aged Man, [...] The old Man said, "I see around me here Things which you cannot see: we die, my Friend, Nor we alone, but that which each man loved And prized in his peculiar nook of earth Dies with him or is changed, and very soon Even of the good is no memorial left.

The Ruined Cottage, William Wordsworth • 주제: human suffering, hoping against hopelessness • 형식: super blank verse

And what shoulder, & what art. Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? & what dread feet?

The Tyger, William Blake

In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspire? What the hand dare sieze the fire?

The Tyger, William Blake

Tyger! Tyger! burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

The Tyger, William Blake

What the hammer? what the chain? In what furnace was thy brain? What the anvil? what dread grasp Dare its deadly terrors clasp?

The Tyger, William Blake

--That time is past, And all its aching joys are now no more, And all its dizzy raptures. Not for this Faint I, nor mourn nor murmur, other gifts Have followed; for such loss, I would believe, Abundant recompence. For I have learned To look on nature, not as in the hour Of thoughtless youth; but hearing oftentimes The still, sad music of humanity, Nor harsh nor grating, though of ample power To chasten and subdue.

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

And I have felt A presence that disturbs me with the joy Of elevated thoughts; a sense sublime Of something far more deeply interfused, Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns, And the round ocean and the living air, And the blue sky, and in the mind of man; A motion and a spirit, that impels All thinking things, all objects of all thought, And rolls through all things.

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

And now, with gleams of half-extinguished thought, With many recognitions dim and faint, And somewhat of a sad perplexity, The picture of the mind revives again: While here I stand, not only with the sense Of present pleasure, but with pleasing thoughts That in this moment there is life and food For future years.

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

And passing even into my purer mind, With tranquil restoration:--feelings too Of unremembered pleasure: such, perhaps, As have no slight or trivial influence On that best portion of a good man's life, His little, nameless, unremembered, acts Of kindness and of love.

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

And so I dare to hope, Though changed, no doubt, from what I was when first I came among these hills; when like a roe I bounded o'er the mountains, by the sides Of the deep rivers, and the lonely streams, Wherever nature led: more like a man Flying from something that he dreads, than one Who sought the thing he loved.

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

FIVE years have past; five summers, with the length Of five long winters! and again I hear These waters, rolling from their mountain-springs With a soft inland murmur.--Once again Do I behold these steep and lofty cliffs, That on a wild secluded scene impress Thoughts of more deep seclusion; and connect The landscape with the quiet of the sky.

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

For nature then (The coarser pleasures of my boyish days, And their glad animal movements all gone by) To me was all in all.--I cannot paint What then I was. The sounding cataract Haunted me like a passion: the tall rock, The mountain, and the deep and gloomy wood, Their colours and their forms, were then to me An appetite; a feeling and a love, That had no need of a remoter charm, By thought supplied, nor any interest Unborrowed from the eye.

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

If this Be but a vain belief, yet, oh! how oft-- In darkness and amid the many shapes Of joyless daylight; when the fretful stir Unprofitable, and the fever of the world, Have hung upon the beatings of my heart-- How oft, in spirit, have I turned to thee, O sylvan Wye! thou wanderer thro' the woods, How often has my spirit turned to thee!

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

Nor less, I trust, To them I may have owed another gift, Of aspect more sublime; that blessed mood, In which the burthen of the mystery, In which the heavy and the weary weight Of all this unintelligible world, Is lightened:--that serene and blessed mood, In which the affections gently lead us on,-- Until, the breath of this corporeal frame And even the motion of our human blood Almost suspended, we are laid asleep In body, and become a living soul: While with an eye made quiet by the power Of harmony, and the deep power of joy, We see into the life of things.

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

Nor, perchance-- If I should be where I no more can hear Thy voice, nor catch from thy wild eyes these gleams Of past existence--wilt thou then forget That on the banks of this delightful stream We stood together; and that I, so long A worshipper of Nature, hither came Unwearied in that service: rather say With warmer love--oh! with far deeper zeal Of holier love. Nor wilt thou then forget, That after many wanderings, many years Of absence, these steep woods and lofty cliffs, And this green pastoral landscape, were to me More dear, both for themselves and for thy sake!

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

Oh! yet a little while May I behold in thee what I was once, My dear, dear Sister! and this prayer I make, Knowing that Nature never did betray The heart that loved her; 'tis her privilege, Through all the years of this our life, to lead From joy to joy: for she can so inform The mind that is within us, so impress With quietness and beauty, and so feed With lofty thoughts, that neither evil tongues, Rash judgments, nor the sneers of selfish men, Nor greetings where no kindness is, nor all The dreary intercourse of daily life, Shall e'er prevail against us, or disturb Our cheerful faith, that all which we behold Is full of blessings.

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

The day is come when I again repose Here, under this dark sycamore, and view These plots of cottage-ground, these orchard-tufts, Which at this season, with their unripe fruits, Are clad in one green hue, and lose themselves 'Mid groves and copses. Once again I see These hedge-rows, hardly hedge-rows, little lines Of sportive wood run wild: these pastoral farms, Green to the very door; and wreaths of smoke Sent up, in silence, from among the trees!

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

Therefore am I still A lover of the meadows and the woods, And mountains; and of all that we behold From this green earth; of all the mighty world Of eye, and ear,--both what they half create, And what perceive; well pleased to recognise In nature and the language of the sense, The anchor of my purest thoughts, the nurse, The guide, the guardian of my heart, and soul Of all my moral being.

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

Therefore let the moon Shine on thee in thy solitary walk; And let the misty mountain-winds be free To blow against thee: and, in after years, When these wild ecstasies shall be matured Into a sober pleasure; when thy mind Shall be a mansion for all lovely forms, Thy memory be as a dwelling-place For all sweet sounds and harmonies; oh! then, If solitude, or fear, or pain, or grief, Should be thy portion, with what healing thoughts Of tender joy wilt thou remember me, And these my exhortations!

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

With some uncertain notice, as might seem Of vagrant dwellers in the houseless woods, Or of some Hermit's cave, where by his fire The Hermit sits alone. These beauteous forms, Through a long absence, have not been to me As is a landscape to a blind man's eye: But oft, in lonely rooms, and 'mid the din Of towns and cities, I have owed to them In hours of weariness, sensations sweet, Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart;

Tintern Abbey, William Wordsworth • 주제: - 자연이 일상에 지친 사람에게 주는 치유의 힘 - 유년기 때 자연과 교감했던 기억이 성인이 되었을 때 자연과 더욱 깊은 관계를 맺게 해준다는 깨달음 • 형식: Blank verse, Lyrical ballad

"And often after sunset, Sir, When it is light and fair, I take my little porringer, And eat my supper there.

We are seven, William Wordsworth - ballad (iambic tetrameter & trimeter)

"My stockings there I often knit, My kerchief there I hem; And there upon the ground I sit, And sing a song to them.

We are seven, William Wordsworth - ballad (iambic tetrameter & trimeter)

"So in the churchyard she was laid; And, when the grass was dry, Together round her grave we played, My brother John and I.

We are seven, William Wordsworth - ballad (iambic tetrameter & trimeter)

"The first that died was sister Jane; In bed she moaning lay, Till God released her of her pain; And then she went away.

We are seven, William Wordsworth - ballad (iambic tetrameter & trimeter)

Two of us in the church-yard lie, My sister and my brother; And, in the church-yard cottage, I Dwell near them with my mother.

We are seven, William Wordsworth - ballad (iambic tetrameter & trimeter)