POLS 1113 Exam 2 Study Guide (Ch. 6-11) Billings OkState

Overall, Jews tend to be the most politically conservative religious group. a. True b. False

b. False Overall, Protestants are more conservative than Catholics or Jews

Hard to measure and predict, efficacy is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs about certain issues or officials, and it is the foundation of any democracy. a. True b. False

b. False Public opinion is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs about certain issues or officials, and it is the foundation of any democracy.

The mass media help ensure government accountability and responsiveness by performing three important tasks: informing, investigating, and modifying the news. a. True b. False

b. False The mass media help ensure government accountability and responsiveness by performing three important tasks: informing, investigating, and interpreting the news

If a group lobbies for public goods or collective benefits that are so widespread that members and nonmembers alike receive them, incentives to join the group disappear. What is this collective action dilemma called? a. Iron triangle b. Free rider problem c. Revolving door problem d. Issue network dilemma

b. Free rider problem

Which term does the text use to describe the differences in political attitudes among men and women? a. Polarization b. Gender gap c. Glass ceiling d. Quid pro quo

b. Gender gap

Who is the only president to receive an approval rating higher than 90 percent? a. Franklin Roosevelt b. George W. Bush c. John Kennedy d. Ronald Reagan

b. George W. Bush

Which factor poses the biggest threat to the television evening news? a. An aging audience b. The prominence of "technical difficulties" c. A lack of hard news d. A lack of qualified journalists

a. An aging audience

After Hwan picks up the phone, a computerized voice on the other end asks, "Regardless of how you are registered to vote, do you tend to think of yourself more as (1) a Republican, (2) a Democrat, or (3) an Independent voter?" Hwan answers the question by pressing #2 on his keypad. In which type of poll is Hwan participating? a. Automated b. In-person c. Internet d. Call-in

a. Automated

Which Supreme Court decision that upheld limits on donations to congressional campaigns resulted in the expansion of political action committee (PACs)? a. Buckley v. Valeo b. Marbury v. Madison c. Griswold v. Connecticut d. New York Times v. Sullivan

a. Buckley v. Valeo

Which term refers to the extent to which people believe their actions affect the course of government? a. Efficacy b. Conceptualization c. Confidence interval d. Political trust

a. Efficacy

Which type of poll is conducted as voters are leaving the voting booth? a. Exit b. Push c. Tracking d. Absentee

a. Exit

Which federal agency oversees the regulation of electronic media? a. Federal Communications Commission b. Consumer Financial Protections Bureau c. Federal Bureau of Investigations d. Department of the Interior

a. Federal Communications Commission

What have preliminary studies of twins suggested about the formation of political attitudes? a. Genetics may play a role in the formation of political attitudes. b. Early family socialization plays no role in the formation of political attitudes. c. Political attitudes are not influenced by either socialization or genetics. d. Genetics are irrelevant to the formation of political attitudes.

a. Genetics may play a role in the formation of political attitudes.

AARP is a powerful political interest group that also maintains a lucrative business providing health and life insurance to its members. What does AARP's strategy suggest about an interest group's ability to secure financial stability? a. It is worthwhile for an interest group to create a not-for-profit business. b. It is essential for an interest group to expand its membership. c. It is beneficial for an interest group to behave as a capitalist. d. It is useful for an interest group to spread around its resources.

a. It is worthwhile for an interest group to create a not-for-profit business.

Which president started his own newspaper to get his message out regarding issues of the day? a. James K. Polk b. George Washington c. Thomas Jefferson d. Theodore Roosevelt

a. James K. Polk

Since the 1980s, the makeup company Mary Kay Inc. has been committed to ending domestic violence against women. In 2005, six sales directors drove to Washington D.C. to persuade Congress to renew the Violence Against Women Act. What democratic and legitimate form of petitioning did the Mary Kay employees perform? a. Lobbying b. Boycotting c. Protesting d. Campaigning

a. Lobbying

Which model for interpreting public opinion asserts that the news media does not have a lot of influence on the public's thinking about politics? a. Minimal effects b. Propaganda c. Agenda setting d. Not-so-minimal effects

a. Minimal effects

Which Supreme Court case limited the government's ability to suppress a news story? a. Near v. Minnesota b. McCulloch v. Maryland c. Loving v. Virginia d. Gibbons v. Ogden

a. Near v. Minnesota

What does the First Amendment state Americans have the right to do? a. Peaceably assemble b. Refuse military service c. Protest without restriction d. Overthrow government

a. Peaceably assemble

Which newspaper, headed by Benjamin Franklin and often considered the foundation for modern American news coverage, included sensationalist stories? a. Philadelphia Gazette b. New York Sun c. New York Weekly Journal d. Public Occurrences

a. Philadelphia Gazette

Working-class people who support the Republican party because they believe in a conservative social agenda and a decreased role for government welfare-based programs are known as a. Reagan Democrats. b. Nixon Republicans. c. Bush Republicans. d. Yellow Dog Democrats.

a. Reagan Democrats.

The Supreme Court ruled that if a campaign advertisement could be reasonably viewed as issue-based, it was protected under the guarantee of free speech. a. True b. False

a. True In 2007, in Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc., the Supreme Court ruled that if a campaign advertisement could be reasonably viewed as issue-based, it was protected under the guarantee of free speech and could not be prohibited under the McCain-Feingold Act.

Liberals tend to be Democrats, and conservatives tend to be Republicans. a. True b. False

a. True Liberals tend to be Democrats, and conservatives tend to be Republicans, but ideology speaks to both political and social values.

Selective exposure is the process whereby people secure information from sources that agree with them, reinforcing their beliefs. a. True b. False

a. True Selective exposure is the process whereby people secure information from sources that agree with them, reinforcing their beliefs.

The popularity of Americans who listen to the radio has remained unchanged in the past decade as a medium of communication. a. True b. False

a. True The percentage of Americans who listen to the radio has remained essentially unchanged in the past decade. In 1998, 95 percent of the American public tuned into an AM or FM station at least once a week; thirteen years later, 93 percent had listened to the radio in the previous seven days.

Established in 1974, the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust "engages the public in educational and aesthetic experiences to foster an appreciation of architecture, design, and the legacy of Frank Lloyd Wright." Because it is a 501(c)(3) organization with tax-exempt status, the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust is forbidden from a. campaigning for a candidate or party. b. producing voter education guides. c. counseling citizens on election procedures. d. explaining issues to the public that might be brought up during the election.

a. campaigning for a candidate or party

A group formed to advance the financial status of its members is called a(n) a. economic interest group. b. ideological interest group. c. grassroots movement. d. citizens' group.

a. economic interest group.

A group of citizens with common interests who try to influence public policy to benefit its members is called a(n) a. interest group. b. lobby. c. iron triangle. d. caucus.

a. interest group.

One U.S. president read daily newspaper clippings, another held public meetings at the White House, and still another rode his horse into the countryside to talk to the people. Each of these presidents is attempting to influence a. public opinion. b. a random sample. c. popular vote. d. focus groups.

a. public opinion.

One way interest groups attract and keep members is by providing benefits exclusive to members, such as discounted travel or monthly magazines. This is otherwise known as a. selective benefits. b. factions. c. bribes. d. public goods.

a. selective benefits.

Facebook is an example of a(n) a. social networking site. b. infotainment program. c. blog. d. hard news aggregator.

a. social networking site.

Which three major networks aired evening news broadcasts in the early 1960s? a. PBS, Fox, ABC b. ABC, NBC, CBS c. Fox, CBS, NBC d. Fox, ABC, NBC

b. ABC, NBC, CBS

Which statement accurately identifies party identification of Latinos and African Americans? a. Latinos and African Americans are more likely to be Republicans than Democrats. b. African Americans are more likely to be Democrats than Republicans, and both parties compete for Latino support. c. Latinos are roughly equally split among the parties, but African Americans are more likely to be Republicans. d. Latinos are more likely to be Republicans, but African Americans are more likely to be independents.

b. African Americans are more likely to be Democrats than Republicans, and both parties compete for Latino support.

Who uncovered the Watergate scandal? a. Walter Cronkite b. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein c. Abbie Hoffman d. Chet Huntley and David Brinkley

b. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

What is the name for the small, divisive groups James Madison feared would divide the young nation? a. Interest groups b. Factions c. Fraternities d. Cults

b. Factions

The organization MoveOn.org explains its purpose as "Over the past 20 years, [our members] have...worked together to play a leading role in ending the war in Iraq, passing landmark legislation such as healthcare reform, and advancing the cause of economic fairness." What type of interest group is MoveOn.org? a. Nongovernmental organization b. Ideological interest group c. Union d. Concept-based

b. Ideological interest group

An interest group forms in order to tackle the environmental issue of fracking. The leaders decide to use social media sites and e-mail to ensure their members register and to provide updates on developments and legislation. What interest group activity does this represent? a. Political assembly b. Informing c. Contributing to campaign activities d. Lobbying

b. Informing

How has party polarization in Congress changed from the 1970s to present? a. It has declined steadily over this time period. b. It has increased steadily over this period. c. It has remained stable over this time period. d. It increased until the 1990s and has declined since.

b. It has increased steadily over this period.

Which concept concerns the psychological attachment an individual has towards her political party? a. Political trust b. Party identification c. Self-interest d. Rationality

b. Party identification

Senator Jim DeMint, a Republican from South Carolina, resigned from office in 2013 to become the head of a conservative think tank called the Heritage Foundation. This demonstrates the concept of a(n) a. watchdog group. b. revolving door. c. iron triangle. d. grassroots organization.

b. revolving door.

Mariella was a Democrat when she was young, but as she got older and began making more money, she became a Republican because she believed Republicans have pursued tax policies that protect individual wealth. In this case, Mariella is choosing a political ideology based upon a. political trust. b. self-interest. c. generational effect. d. civic interest.

b. self-interest.

Which political figure understood that democratic government must be responsive to the will of the people and once claimed, "Our government rests on public opinion"? a. George W. Bush b. Thomas Jefferson c. Abraham Lincoln d. Franklin Roosevelt

c. Abraham Lincoln

In the mid-1990s, virtually every form of media—TV news, magazines, newspapers, radio—covered O.J. Simpson's murder trial, a criminal court case involving the former football player and the suspicious deaths of his ex-wife and her friend. The O.J. trial captivated the nation for years. What is this effect called when the news covers an item so frequently that the audience begins to see the issue as immensely important? a. Muckraking b. Framing c. Agenda setting d. Soft news

c. Agenda setting

Boing Boing, Techcrunch, Talking Points Memo, and Engadget: what do we call these forms of media that provide forums for commentary, video postings, and general conversation, and allow average citizens to express their opinions to a wider audience? a. Newspapers b. Television c. Blogs d. Radio

c. Blogs

The press concealed the health of which president, thereby preserving his public image? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. George Washington c. Franklin Delano Roosevelt d. Thomas Jefferson

c. Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Which problem is most specific to Internet polling? a. It may be biased against younger Americans who are more likely to move around frequently. b. It tends to have older sample populations because seniors are more likely to be retired and therefore available. c. It may be biased against older and poor Americans who are less likely to have Internet access. d. It lacks security and is more likely to be tampered with by political campaigns.

c. It may be biased against older and poor Americans who are less likely to have Internet access.

Which assessment of the 1960 debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy is considered correct? a. Most television watchers thought Nixon won, and most radio listeners thought Kennedy won. b. Most people watching on television or listening on the radio thought Nixon won. c. Most television watchers thought Kennedy won, and most radio listeners thought Nixon won. d. Most people watching on television or listening on the radio thought Kennedy won.

c. Most television watchers thought Kennedy won, and most radio listeners thought Nixon won.

What polling technique enabled George Gallup to predict correctly the outcome of the 1936 election? a. Restricted sample b. Confidence interval sample c. Random sample d. Biased sample

c. Random sample

Which phrase best defines political trust? a. The extent to which people evaluate the job of the president or Congress b. The extent to which people have attitudes or beliefs about certain issues c. The extent to which people believe the government acts in their best interests d. The extent to which people believe their actions can affect public affairs

c. The extent to which people believe the government acts in their best interests

Which was a result of the Pentagon Papers Supreme Court decision? a. The government can prevent news stories by claiming publication would be detrimental to national security. b. No federal agencies can regulate electronic media, but they can regulate print media. c. The government had not met and would have needed to meet an extraordinary burden of proof for prior restraint. d. The media must submit controversial news stories to the courts prior to publication.

c. The government had not met and would have needed to meet an extraordinary burden of proof for prior restraint.

How did the Framers feel about the public's capacity to be politically informed and make good choices? a. They felt that most of the public was trustworthy, although there were a few "bad eggs." b. They completely trusted the public's ability to make political decisions. c. They were concerned about the public's ability to make good political decisions. d. They were unsure about the public's ability but felt the public deserved a chance to participate in a true and complete democracy regardless.

c. They were concerned about the public's ability to make good political decisions.

The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) considers itself the voice for radio and TV broadcasters across the United States. Specifically, it "advances the interests of our members in federal government, industry and public affairs; improves the quality and profitability of broadcasting; encourages content and technology innovation; and spotlights the important and unique ways stations serve their communities." What type of interest group is the NAB? a. Citizens' group b. Nongovernmental organization c. Trade association d. Issue-oriented group

c. Trade association

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, were a defining event that caused Americans to change their views on national security and express a willingness to give up some personal freedom to reduce the threat of terrorism. This is an example of a. a level of conceptualization. b. polarization. c. a generational effect. d. a non-attitude.

c. a generational effect.

Jake, a freshman in college, gets most of his news online from sources such as the Huffington Post and Daily Kos while his grandfather Joe reads a print version of the Wall Street Journal from cover to cover. Some would argue that because he's reading a traditional printed newspaper, Joe is exposed to more a. yellow journalism. b. classified listings. c. hard news. d. soft news.

c. hard news.

The series of articles written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support the ratification of the Constitution are known as a. the Articles of Confederation. b. Public Occurrences. c. the Federalist Papers. d. the Sentiments of Democracy.

c. the Federalist Papers.

If your parents are Democrats, what is the likelihood that you will also identify yourself as a Democrat? a. About 95 percent b. About 33 percent c. About 88 percent d. About 67 percent

d. About 67 percent

What type of briefs may interest groups submit as a "friend of the court"? a. Concurring b. Quid pro quo c. Dissenting d. Amicus curiae

d. Amicus curiae

Which amendment governs freedom of press? a. Tenth b. Eighth c. Fourth d. First

d. First

"Fireside chats" were most associated with which president? a. Ronald Reagan b. Abraham Lincoln c. John Kennedy d. Franklin Roosevelt

d. Franklin Roosevelt

What lobbying strategy keeps policy requests narrowly tailored to the group's needs and tries to influence legislators directly? a. Outside strategy b. Campaign activity c. Coalition formation d. Inside strategy

d. Inside strategy

What theory suggests that leaders in any organization eventually behave in their own self-interest? a. Iron triangle b. Watchdog c. Free rider d. Iron law of oligarchy

d. Iron law of oligarchy

Coined by Hugh Heclo, which term describes the fluid and open relationship between interest groups and government? a. Free rider b. Iron triangle c. Grassroots d. Issue networks

d. Issue networks

Since the 1990s, what has happened to newspaper readership? a. It has remained stable for both younger and older age groups. b. It has risen for older age groups, but it has declined for younger age groups. c. It has declined for younger age groups, but it has remained stable for older age groups. d. It has declined for both younger and older age groups.

d. It has declined for both younger and older age groups.

What was the Supreme Court's ruling in McCutcheon et al. v. Federal Election Commission? a. It ruled that an individual cannot contribute to every single candidate running for federal office. b. It removed limits on how much money can be given to one candidate. c. It decided that unions can spend as much money as they want on issue ads. d. It removed limits on the amount of money one individual could contribute to all federal elections.

d. It removed limits on the amount of money one individual could contribute to all federal elections.

In which Supreme Court case did the court require proof of actual malice in order to convict of libel? a. Near v. Minnesota b. Gibbons v. Ogden c. Loving v. Virginia d. New York Times v. Sullivan

d. New York Times v. Sullivan

Which interest group is unaffiliated with government and works hard to preserve its neutrality so it can operate in as many parts of the world as possible? a. Single-issue groups b. Foreign policy groups c. Trade associations d. Nongovernmental organizations

d. Nongovernmental organizations

In what type of society do battles over public policy by varied interest groups produce a consensus that serves the public's common interest? a. Socialist b. Iron triangle c. Elitist d. Pluralist

d. Pluralist

What type of interest group is created in response to an opening or opportunity for social, political, or economic changes? a. Pluralist b. Reactive c. Nonpartisan d. Proactive

d. Proactive

What type of interest group forms in response to a perceived threat? a. Pluralist b. Grassroots c. Proactive d. Reactive

d. Reactive

What was wrong with the 1936 Literary Digest poll conducted during the presidential campaign? a. The poll was conducted too early in the campaign. b. The wording was biased. c. It did not poll enough people. d. The poll's sampling was biased.

d. The poll's sampling was biased.

According to journalist David Broder, what is the main factor that contributes to bias in the media? a. The inability of journalists to recognize their own bias b. Pressure from the government c. The influence of large corporations d. The speed with which journalists must act

d. The speed with which journalists must act

How do college graduates differ in their perspective about immigration reform when compared with those who have a high school education or less? a. They are more opposed to allowing illegal immigrants to become citizens. b. They are less likely to be knowledgeable about this issue and tend to have no opinion. c. They feel similarly to those with a lower level of education about immigration reform. d. They are more in favor of allowing illegal immigrants to become citizens.

d. They are more in favor of allowing illegal immigrants to become citizens

What economic interest group aims to protect workers through safer working conditions and better wages? a. Professional associations b. Corporations c. Trade associations d. Unions

d. Unions

When the George W. Bush administration waged war in Afghanistan, the media emphasized the issue of fighting terrorism and presented war in a favorable light. This is an example of a. hard news. b. priming. c. agenda setting. d. framing.

d. framing.

Antonia lives in a predominately Polish suburb of Toledo, Ohio. She and her two brothers attend public school, and her parents work at GM's car manufacturing plant. Antonia's cousin Dominik, who is also Polish, lives in a diverse neighborhood in downtown Boston. He and his sister attend a private school, and his same-sex parents are renowned surgeons in their fields. Although their ancestry is the same, Antonia and Dominik will likely have vastly different ideas about family, community, and politics because of their a. polarization. b. ideology. c. efficacy. d. socialization.

d. socialization.