Positive Psychology Exam 4

The primary human goal beyond survival involves the establishment of an identity- the refinement of a unique way of being

According to Chickering, what is the primary human goal beyond survival?

Materialism is the pathway to happiness.

What does the American Culture believe?

Write down everything you can remember about this teacher and how they ran the class. Also write down the most positive things you can remember this teacher doing. Write what you took away from the teacher. Then send it to them as a thank you.

What does the author of the book suggest that you do for a teacher that you really liked?

Students are explicitly and implicitly taught that they must "fix" their deficiencies and if they do not, they are flunked

What does the traditional educational approach refer to?

Ace Ventura, Bruce Almighty, Liar Liar, The Nutty Professor, Evan Almighty Jim Carrey, Robin Williams, Eddie Murphy, Kevin Costner

What films and which actors he worked with?

- Anticipation, or the enjoyment of a forthcoming positive event - Being in the moment, or thinking and doing things to intensify and perhaps prolong a positive event as it occurs - Reminiscing, or looking back at a positive event to rekindle the favorable feelings or thoughts - Sharing with others, taking "mental photographs" to build one's memory, congratulating oneself, counting one's blessings, becoming absorbed in the moment

What goes into savoring something?

An attitude toward another containing feelings, cognitions, and behaviors that are focused on caring, concern, tenderness, and an orientation toward supporting, helping, and understanding the other. (Linked to altruism, sympathy, empathy, and other positive characteristics) A form of romantic love characterized by the soothing and steady warmth that sustains a relationship.

What is Compassionate Love?

The most durable type of love, manifested when all three components (passion, intimacy, commitment) are present at high levels and in balance across both partners.

What is Consumate Love?

"Magic 5 hours per week" enough to change relationship in a more positive direction

What is John Gottman's magic ratio for successful marriages?

The intense arousal that fuels a romantic union. Involves a state of absorption between two people that often is accompanied by moods ranging from ecstasy to anguish.

What is Passionate Love?

Basis of nature is cooperation of democracy

What is mankind's basic nature?

- Our Relationships - Interpersonal relationships with lovers, family, and close friends

What is most crucial for life satisfaction?

Thoughts and actions aimed at appreciating and maybe amplifying a positive experience.

What is savoring?

- Cannot truly distinguish the difference between 'normal' and 'abnormal' - Does not explain connections among environment, culture, behavior, thoughts, emotions, external supports and functioning - Vaguely distinguishes what needs to be changed, but cannot provide guidelines for how to facilitate change - Focuses on things that are "not working" in a person's life

What is the DSM (Categorical System)? What are the pros and cons of using the DSM?

The attachment theory is a psychological model that attempts to describe the dynamics of long-term and short-term interpersonal relationships between humans.- psychological connectedness between human beings - Secure attachment- In the Strange Situation assessment, a form of attachment that involves a balance between exploration of the environment and contact with the caregiver. - Insecure-avoidant attachment- In the Strange Situation assessment, an attachment pattern characterized by a tension between the caregiver and child, resulting in the child's avoidance of the caregiver when reintroduced. - Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment: in the Strange Situation assessment, an attachment pattern characterized by a tension between the caregiver and child, resulting in the child's passive or active demonstration of hostility toward the caregiver while simultaneously wanting to be held and comforted.

What is the attachment theory and what are the components of it?

- Couples with balance and predictable emotionality are "regulated couples" - Regulated couples stable and free from undue conflict are "validating couples" - "Non regulated couples" More negative emotionality More severe problems Less positive affect Lower satisfaction Greater likelihood of relationship ending

What is the balance theory?

A unique, evolutionarily-based motivational system whose primary function is the provision of protection and emotional security.

What is the best way to describe the two way connection between care giver and child?

Flow is living life to its fullest capacity.

What is the concept of flow?

- A calling is defined as a strong motivation in which a person repeatedly takes a course of action that is intrinsically satisfying - Teachers with positive psychology applied to their teaching behave as if they had callings and demonstrate a strong love for teaching

What is the difference between a job, a career, and a calling? Why are positive psychologists so keen on you having a calling as opposed to a job or career?

Every outcome is different because of the diversity of people.

What is the greatest difficulty in defining what good therapeutic outcome is?

- Knowing and being known - Attributions - Acceptance and respect - Reciprocity - Continuity

5 different terms associated with mindfulness of relationships (reciprocity, continuity,...) knowing and being known, love maps, be well familiar with those

- Adolescent girls are more likely to state that listening and talking and showing physical affection were actions parents performed that told these girls they were loved. - Male adolescents more often cited being given monetary support as a sign of love from their parents.

Adolescents

Judgments we make about causes of behavior

Attribution

-Broke hand & concussion, post concussion syndrome -Became accepting of his death, nothing seemed to work

Bike accident

- Knowing and being known - Making relationship-enhancing attributions for behaviors - Accepting and respecting - Maintaining reciprocity - Maintaining continuity

Book authors talk about sound relationships, healthy relationships. They note they are built on secure attachments. Healthy attachments. What do they maintained with?

- Provide clear goals and job duties to employees - Have personal awareness of biases and power differentials and strive toward cultural competency - Genuine and authentic in their interactions with everyone - Ethical and demonstrate moral values in their interactions with people - Honest and model integrity - Find employee talents and strengths and build on them - Trust workers and facilitate their employees' trust in them - Encourage diverse views from diverse employees and can take feedback about themselves - Set high but reasonable standards for employees and for themselves - Not just friends to employees but can deliver corrective feedback so that it is heard

Book talks about different kinds of bosses. What are the different qualities of bosses? What goes into a caring boss?

Monetary Support

Boys are more likely to interpret love in terms of what kind of help from their parents?

- The ability to see the positive in something and explore all behaviors, not just abnormal ones. - Do not know how to make change happen because not studying all aspects of a disorder- just the negative/ weaknesses

Clinical psychology has focussed on pathology. What has that cost us?

- Paying attention to relationship over time- all relationships change - Requires: flexibility, adaptability, desire to recommit to minding

Continuity

-Heart waves tell the emotions -Heart is a smart magnetic field

Heart Math

- Love Map: Storing information about your relationship, details about your partner - Pros: Preferences, Habits, Quirks, Memories of important events, Significant relationship moments - Cons: Conflict- major cause for marital dissolution, how the argument is handled is less important than how many arguments there are, destructive communication; not to focus to much on your own personal attention

Describe love maps and the pros and cons.

Increase well-being through the setting and reaching of goals

Eudaemonic enhancement

America= Competing highly valued, cooperation low value

Highest Value = Cooperation

- Attributes causes of other people to enduring personality dispositions or traits - Seeing the causes of our own behavior as due to temporary aspects

Fundamental Attribution Error

Listening, talking, and physical affection

Girls are more likely to interpret love in terms of what kind of help from their parents?

Hard to define abnormal behavior - The behavior is atypical or aberrant, which means that it deviates from what is considered standard or expected within the cultural context - The behavior is considered maladaptive- that is, the behavior does not typically lead to socially or culturally sanctioned goals - The behavior often is accompanied by psychological distress- worry, rumination, and uncomfortable thoughts and feelings

How do we determine the difference between normal and abnormal behavior?

It can be subdivided into four categories: Goals Pathway thoughts Agency thoughts Barriers Goals that are valuable and uncertain are described by as the anchors of hope theory as they provide direction and an endpoint for hopeful thinking. Pathway thoughts refer to the routes we take to achieve our desired goals and the individual's perceived ability to produce these routes Agency thoughts refer to the motivation we have to undertake the routes towards our goals. Barriers block the attainment of our goals and in the event of a barrier we can either give up or we can use our pathway thoughts to create new routes.

How does hope therapy work?

- Variety in duties performed - Safe working environment - Income for the family and self - Deriving purpose in providing a product or service - Happiness and satisfaction - Engagement and involvement - Sense of performing well and meeting goals - Companionship and loyalty to coworkers and Company - Respect and appreciation for diversity

In terms of working for companies, what do you need to feel fulfilled as an employee? What do employees of a company need to feel fulfilled?

-When relationships are going well, then each person feels like a better person - Release the figure trapped inside a block of marble -Michaelangelo

Michael Angelo Affect

-Paying more attention to relationships creates closeness -Allowing creative new ways to experience a relationship with one's partner -Not acting out of habit

Minding relationships. What does that mean? You mind relationships. How does that look?

- Lack of identity or meaning - Insults, abuse, academic failures or relationship breakups

Over the last 25 years or so what have we learned about how psychopathology (or mental illness) is caused?

Lessen or eliminate physical or psychological problems before they appear.

Primary Prevention

Made to establish optimal functioning and satisfaction

Primary Enhancement

Degree to which each person feels a fair balance of benefits being together.

Reciprocity

I think this has to do with what he talked in class about making symptoms of disorders more positive (instead of saying what they have, say what is lacking) Also considering different genders and cultures is very important Cannot take the same approach on everyone because everyone is different

What are traditional outcome measures vs things you could do that are more positive psychology?

Actions that lessen, eliminate, or contain problems after they appear

Secondary Enhancement

Lessen or eliminate physical or psychological problems after they appear.

Secondary Prevention

Primary prevention focused on a particular at-risk population.

Selective Prevention

Relationships that are an exchange of rewards and costs

Social Exchange Theory

Secure attachment- adults found to have higher levels of well-being in comparison to those who exhibit a preoccupied style of attachment. Securely attached adults have higher levels of resilience. Secure attachment provides the pathways to survival and healthy development.

Some attachments are regarded healthier than others. Which of those are healthier?

" What's wrong with our world? What can we do about it?"

What did Tom Shadyac ask authors and journalists?

See Notes

The case of Michael. Why is Michael important? What are the key takeaways? How do the authors describe his perseverance?

- Used to be Difficult to convince people that strengths and positive emotions mattered - Today, people are eager to learn how to make their lives better by seeking happiness - Making moves toward being more inclusive and asking about how culture fits into the picture a bit more

The last 15 years

Secondary Prevention

Therapy would be what kind of prevention?

Film director , comedy films

Tom Shadyac

- Eudaemonic primary enhancements- enhancements that increase well-being through the setting and reaching of goals. These enhancements are the desirable result of the goal-pursuit process, which results in effective functioning and happiness - Hedonic primary enhancements- enhancements that increase well-being by maximizing pleasure. This often involves the satisfaction of appetites

Understand what is meant by hedonic (the variations of that term) vs eudaimonic enhancement

When primary prevention is aimed at an entire population.

Universal Prevention

Perceived challenge to skills, clear goals, and feedback on progress, experience unfolds from moment to moment - Intense and focused concentration and something in the present moment - Merging of action and awareness - Loss of reflective self-conciousness - Sense that one can control ones actions - A sense that time has passed faster than normal - Experience of the activity as intrinsically rewarding

What are the characteristics of a flow experience?

- Eros- intense, passionate love - Ludus- love as a game, albeit a serious one - Storge- love based in friendship - Pragma- love "shopping" for a good fit - Mania- love characterized by up/downs - Agape- spiritual, selflessness, altruism

What are the different kinds of love?

1) The targeted populations should be given knowledge about the risky behavior to be prevented. 2) The program should be attractive; it should motivate potential participants to increase the desirable behaviors and decrease the undesirable ones. 3) The program should teach problem-solving skills, as well as how to resist regressing in to previous counterproductive patterns. 4) The program should change any norms or social structures that reinforce counterproductive behavior. 5) Data should be gathered to enable evaluation of the program's accomplishments.

What are the steps of Primary Prevention?

- The most likely result is that they think the clinician genuinely cares. - Client can see that the helper is trying to understand the whole person - Client is shown that they are not being equated with the problem - Client is not reinforced for having a problem but rather encouraged to look at assets - Recall or reclaim personal worth - Can facilitate an alliance of trust and mutuality

What is the most likely result of having clinicians ask about strength? When a clinician asks about clients strengths, what are the benefits of that?

ASSESSMENT APPROACH Information-gathering - Describe client functioning - Identify therapeutic needs - Aid in diagnostic decision-making Monitor treatment outcome Collaborative/individualized - Help generate questions clients would like addressed Collect relevant information Discuss any previous problems with testing and/or treatment COLLABORATIVE FEEDBACK Touchstone for empowering clients Collaborate with clients in making sense of results Consider pros and cons of diagnosis - Facilitating treatment and communication Include a focus on client strengths -Personal (good social skills) - Environmental (solid social network) Offer tailored recommendations Problem-solve for potential obstacles in implementation

What is the outcome assessment?

- Foundation: Care, Trust, and Respect for Diversity - 1st and 2nd Floors: Teaching goals, planning, and motivation of students - 3rd Floor: Hope - Rooftop: The societal contributions and paybacks produced by our positive psychology school graduates

What is the positive building school metaphor that the book used? What is the final positive psychology lesson at the rooftop of positive learning school building diagram?

They get to know people on deep meaningful levels. They learn about hidden regret and secret dreams. They borrow the worldview of another and view it through their eyes. They see and feel deep suffering. They find all behavior intriguing.

What is the purpose for telling all of the clinical psychology assessments?

- An assessment strategy first used by Mary Ainsworth to study children's attachment styles. - A child is exposed to a novel situation in the company of his or her caregiver, and then the caregiver is removed and reintroduced to the situation twice - Caregiver and child are invited into a novel room - Caregiver and child are left alone. Child is free to explore. - Stranger enters, sits down, talks to caregiver, and then tries to engage child in play. - Caregiver leaves. Stranger and child are alone. - Caregiver returns for the first reunion, and stranger leaves unobtrusively. Caregiver settles child, if necessary, and then withdraws to a chair in the room. - Caregiver leaves. Child is alone. - Stranger returns and tries to settle child, if necessary, and then withdraws to the chair. - Caregiver returns for the second reunion, and stranger leaves unobtrusively. Caregiver settles child and then withdraws to the chair.

What is the strange situation? What does it entail? What is the purpose of the strange situation?

- Negative and postive behaviors need to be categorized on seperate dimensions - Do not have to put "good" and "evil" on the same continuum - Need to consider whole psychological makeup-positive and negative

What is the strength of relationship between positive measures and negative measures?

- The students that understand that they are a part of a larger societal scheme - Positive education turns students into teachers to share what they have learned with others and who have an appreciation for diversity in thoughts and ideas

What kind of student believes they will continue to learn long after being out of the classroom?

- The point was to help us see that there are many opinions about this field- how their goal is to find what is wrong with people and treating it - However, some do not believe that they are capable of treating a disorder correctly because of their outlook on it - Talked in class about more positive approach- clinical psychologists are very straightforward and look at disorders in a more negative way - Worth pursuing but maybe in a different manner and soon enough, it will be different with new ideas and ways of diagnosing and treating

What was the purpose on spending the last day and a half going over clinical psychology? Is it viable? Is it sustainable? Is it worth pursuing?

A) The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work - Enhance your love maps -----Pay attention to each other -----Take interest in each other - Nurture your fondness and admiration -----Use positive attributions and optimism to focus on partner positive qualities -----Remember positive relationship events -----View shared past in positive terms - Turn toward each other, not away -----Seize moments throughout the day to "stop, look, and listen" to each other - Let your partner influence you -----Share power and influence -----Stubborness doesn't help - Solve your solvable problems -----Conflict resolution ----------Soften your setup ----------Learn to make and receive repair attempts ----------Soothe yourself and each other ----------Compromise ----------Be tolerant of each other's faults - Overcome gridlock, move toward dialogue -----Acknowledge, nurture each person's "dreams" ----------Hopes, goals, aspirations, wishes -----Dreams define identity -----Often , conflicts are based on differences between dreams ----------Differences must be respected before a compromise can be found - Create shared meaning -----Create a "culture of appreciation" ----------Where shared life together is appreciated and valued over and over again B) Focused on what each partner is doing right, how to amplify on a daily basis.

Who is John Gottman and what were his contributions?