PowerPoints 16 & 17
Alteration
What is the process where added genetic information provided by the DNA of a prophage may enable a bacterium to possess new genetic traits?
Selective toxicity
What is the process where the chemical being used should inhibit or kill the intended pathogen without seriously harming the host?
Replication
What is the stage in the lytic life cycle where the phage copies its genome and uses the bacterium's metabolic machinery to synthesize phage enzymes and phage structural components?
Maturation
What is the stage in thr lytic life cycle where phage parts assemble around the genomes?
Release
What is the stage where a bacteriophage-coded enzyme breaks down the peptidohlycan in the bacterial cell wall causing osmotic lysozyme?
A phage-coded lysozyme
What usually breaks down the bacterial peptidoglycan causing osmotic lysozyme and release of the intact bacteriophages?
What genetic change happens by lyse exiting out?
Lysogenic conversion by prophages.
Cidal agent
What is the name of an agent that kills the organism?
Clostridium botulinum
What is the neurotoxin produced by?
What is a prophage?
A host cell not shut down by the phage, and the phage's DNA is inserted or integrated into the host bacterium's DNA
Interference with this process results in a weak cell wall and osmotic lysis of the bacterium, examples include:
penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactems, carbacephems, glycopeptides
Corynebacterium diptheria
what is the diptheria exotoxin produced by?
Topoisomerase IV
In gram-negative bacteria, what is the primary target for fluoroquinolones?
DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II)
In gram-positive bacteria, what is the main target for fluoroquinolones?
Does the phage shut down the host cell?
No it doesnt, instead, the phage DNA inserts or integrates into the host bacterium's DNA
Lytic life cycle
Phage genes are activated and new phages are produced by what?
How does the lysogenic cycle begin?
The cycle begins by the phage absorbing to the host bacterium or lysogen and injecting its genome as in the lytic life cycle.
What do many antibiotics do to bacteria?
They inhibit normal synthesis of peptidoglycan by bacteria and cause osmotic lysis
Spontaneous induction
This is the process in which if the repressor proteins are no longer made, the phage genome is excised from the bacterial nucleiod.
Polymixins and colistins
What antibiotics act as detergents and alter membrane permeability in gram-negative bacteria?
Synthetic drugs
What are antimicrobial drugs synthesized by chemical procedures in the laboratory?
Antibiotics
What are metabolic products of one microorganism that inhibit or kill other microorganisms
Alcohol, zephiran, and chlorhexidine
What are some antibiotics that can alter the microbial cytoplasmic membranes and cause leakage of cellular needs?
Either replicate by means of the lytic life cycle and cause lysozyme of the host bacterium Or it can incorporate its DNA into the bacterium's DNA and become a noninfectious prophage
What are two things that can happen when a temperate phage infects a bacteria and what can it cause?
INH (isoniazid)
What blocks the incorporation of mycolic acid into acid-fast cell walls?
Some antimicrobials
What can inhibit normal nucleic acid replication in bacteria?
Fluoroquinolones
What control agent works by inhibiting one or more of a group of enzymes called topoisomerase?
Sulfonamides and diaminopyrimidines
What control agents block enzymes in the bacteria pathway required for the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid, which is a cofactor needed for bacteria to make the nucleotide bases thymine, guanine, uracil, and adenine?
Coding of protein exotoxin or other virulence factors
What does the added genetic information of the prophage allow?
Ethambutol
What interferes with the incorporation of arabinoglactan?
Exotoxin
What is a soluble protein toxin that is usually secreted from a living bacterium?
Narrow spectrum
What is the agent that generally works against just gram-positives, gram-negatives, or only a few bacteria?
Broad spectrum
What is the agent that is generally effective against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
Static agent
What is the name of an agent that inhibits the the organism's growth long enough for body defenses to remove it?
Temperate phages
What is the name of bacteriophages that are capable of a lysogenic life style?
Spontaneous induction
What is the process that occurs in about one out of every million to one out of every billion bacteria containing a prophage?
From 50 to 200
What is the range of phages that may be produced per infected bacteriums?
Maturation
What is the stage called when the bacteriophage components get assembled
