Practice exam 1 Final

Alcohol has diuretic effects, increasing urine output. By which one of the following is this mediated?

Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH.

The steroid hormone ________ regulates the reabsorption of sodium across the collecting duct and distal tubule

Aldosterone

This structure is also known as the "windpipe."

B

stores urine until it is excreted out of the body

C

The watery mixture of partially digested food produced in the stomach is called

Chyme

Which one of the following vitamins can be produced by the human body?

D

The pancreatic ducts connect to the small intestine at the

Duodenum

Relies on countercurrent exchange to move ions and water

E

Nutrition is the interaction between an organism and its __

Environment

Impairments of the kidney that are considered short term and possibly can be overcome by medication or other treatments are called chronic renal failure.

FALSE

location of nephrons, which filter blood to remove wastes and retain essential solutes

FALSE

Renin stimulates the secretion of aldosterone.

False

Secretin is released by the liver to stimulate the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the small intestine.

False

The figure above depicts expiration

False

Mucosal cells of the stomach secrete ________, which binds to vitamin B12 so that it can be better absorbed in the small intestine

Intrinsic factor

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding erythropoietin?

It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

If the Bowman's capsule could be surgically removed so that the end (closed) of the proximal tubule was in contact with the glomerulus, what would be the impact on glomerular filtration?

It will not filter properly and contain unwanted organisms. Which would not appear if it was not surgically removed.

Renin is secreted by which one of the following structures?

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Countercurrent exchange is used primarily in the hairpin arrangement of the ________ portion of the nephron.

Loop of henle

Which one of the following best explains why humans must constantly breathe in oxygen in order to stay alive?

Oxygen is essential for the production of most of the ATPs required to fuel cell functions.

As chyme leaves the stomach, the acidic nature of the partially digested food stimulates the duodenum to release the hormone

Secretin

Air spaces in the skull called the ________ drain into the nasal cavity.

Sinuses

The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs with each breath is the ___

Tidal volume

"MyPlate" provides a personalized approach to assist an individual in developing a successful nutrition and exercise plan

True

An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the body results in a decrease in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid, which results in an increase in breathing rate.

True

Diets that include complex carbohydrates instead of simple carbohydrates are recommended because sugar is released more slowly into the body

True

Mucin is a major component of saliva, which lubricates the teeth and causes food to stick together during swallowing

True

Osmotic concentration in the descending limb of the loop of Henle increases as water moves out.

True

The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle, and the external urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle; together, they control the process of urination.

True

Sound results from the ________ of the vocal cords as air passes through the larynx.

Vibration

In the small intestine, amino acids and monosaccharaides are moved into the mucosal cells by the process of

active transport

Movement of sodium across the cells of the collecting duct relies on which one of the following?

active transport

Which of the following disorders is described as follows: damage to motor nerves innervating skeletal muscle; skeletal muscles weaken; death usually results within five years of diagnosis?

amytrophic lateral sclerosis

A condition in which wheezing occurs with breathlessness and a persistent cough, and yields yellowish or greenish phlegm is

bronchitis.

The rate and depth of normal breathing are determined by

carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

All of the following are involved in the process of breathing EXCEPT which one? circulatory system

circulatory system

Which of the following results from the stimulation by nerve impulses generated in the respiratory center when they arrive at the muscles involved in inspiration?

contraction of the diaphragm

Which one of the following types of diets is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol

The lower pharynx serves as a passageway for both the ________ and ________ systems.

digestive, respiratory

The process by which undigested material is removed from the gastrointestinal tract is

elimination.

The kidneys function to maintain homeostasis in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?

exchanging blood gases

A small amount of fluid is contained in the pleural cavity to

function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation.

Tobacco smoke contains chemicals that ________ the production of mucus and ________ the activity of cilia in the respiratory system

increase; decrease

ADH ________ the permeability of the cells of the collecting duct to water

increases

During exhalation, the pressure inside the lungs

initially is higher than atmospheric pressure, but drops as air leaves the body.

Carbaminohemoglobin differs from hemoglobin in that carbaminohemoglobin

is bound to carbon dioxide.

Which one of the following would likely develop in a person with celiac disease who continues to consume gluten?

malabsorption

Chloride ions move by ________, following the transport of sodium out of the proximal tubule.

passive diffusion

Once a bolus of food has been formed in the mouth, it is passed by the tongue and jaws to the

pharynx

Which of the following groupings of organs is responsible for the maintenance of water balance in the body?

posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, kidneys

Essential amino acids are

required in the diet because the human body cannot make them.

The digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates is completed in the

small intestine

The end products of the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are absorbed in the

small intestine

During a cough, what is responsible for constricting the size of the trachea?

smooth muscle

Water-soluble vitamins differ from fat-soluble vitamins in that water-soluble vitamins are

stored for a brief period of time.

The salivary glands include

sublingual, parotid, and submandibular glands

In the figure above, ________ must be released over the inner surface of the sac-like structures to reduce surface tension.

surfactants

The anatomical design of the paired lungs makes them easy to distinguish; the right lung has ________ lobes, whereas the left side has ________ lobes

three; two

When urine leaves the kidneys, it enters the

ureter

Consider a red blood cell traveling in the renal artery. It passes through several different functional vessels before entering the renal vein. Consider the vessels listed below. Which one of the following answers lists the CORRECT order in which the red blood cell passes through these vessels?

3, 4, 2, 1, 5