Praxis 2
Associate Property
(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)
Teaching fractions
Pie plate fraction strategy
Bloom's Taxonomy
1. Knowledge 2. Comprehension 3. Application 4. Analysis 5. Synthesis 6. Evaluation
The four main operations
1. addition 2. subtraction 3. multiplication 4. division.
10. According to the graph above, how many of the countries shown produced more crude oil in 1975 than in 1974? (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
10. The correct answer is (B). Since the numbers on the left side of the graph increase from bottom to top, it is a matter of determining how many shaded bars are higher than their corresponding striped bars.
straight line
180 degree angle
Frustration, Instructional, and Independent
3 Levels of reading fluency
1 yard-ft
3 feet
triplet
3 line stanza
I Chart Procedure
3 steps: Planning, Interacting, and Integrating and Evaluating Helpful for Critical Thinking
3. Which of the following is believed to have occurred during the last Ice Age as a result of a land bridge created between what are now Siberia and Alaska? (A) The invention of new technologies for sheltering humans against sustained cold (B) The blockage of important trade routes (C) The establishment of human settlements in North America (D) Widespread famine
3. The correct answer is (C). During the Ice Age, the level of the water in the Pacific Ocean lowered, thereby exposing a land bridge across the Bering Strait. The cold northern climate encouraged many people to migrate throughout the continent in search of better living conditions.
comunitive property
4 x5=5x4
cooperative groups
4/group
algorithm for subtraction
5 minuend - 3 subtrahend ____________________ 2 difference
1 mile-ft
5,280 ft
5. The legal doctrine known as "separate but equal" was overturned by the Supreme Court's ruling in which of the following cases? (A) Plessy v. Ferguson (B) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (C) Miranda v. Arizona (D) Mapp v. Ohio
5. The correct answer is (B). In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court ruled that segregating schools on the basis of race was inherently discriminatory. This decision overturned the precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson, which had upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation in public facilities.
octane
8 line stanza
cartographer
A person who studies the science or practice of map drawing
New Moon
A phase of the moon that ours as it passes between the earth and the sun. The sun is behind the moon and it lighting the back of the moon. The causes the moon to appear invisible or a thin crescent.
Persuasive Writing
A piece of writing, poem, play or speech whose purpose is to change the minds of the audience members or to get them to do something
symmetry
A plane figure that can be folded along a line so the two parts match.
Proofreading
A stage of the writing process where grammatical and technical errors are addressed
Maze test
A type of cloze test that uses multiple choice
T-chart
A way to compare characteristics of 2 objects or samples side by side
Article
An article is a word places before a noun that introduces the noun as specific (the) or nonspecific ( a, an)
impressionism
An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing
hyperbole
An exaggeration
Interrogative Sentence
Asks a question and ends with a question mark
Music education at the elementary level is supported by extensive research about its benefits. Which of the following subject areas demonstrate substantial improvement when students have the opportunity to be exposed to music through school experiences and activities?
B. mathematics and literacty
Maslow's Hierarchy of Learning
Basic needs are met before learning can occur
Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR)
Cooperative learning and reading comprehension strategy
stages of artistic development
Creative and Mental Growth Victor LOWENFELD six stages
Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is relative to problem solving. Here, students use creativity, analysis, and logic regarding their ability to analyze facts, make comparisons, generate ideas, defend view points, draw inferences, evaluate arguments and solve problems.
Topographer
Designs, describes and develops maps
Syntactic Cueing
Evaluating a word for its parts of speech and its place in the sentence
3 branches of United States Government
Executive Legislative Judiciary
types of writing
Expository, Descriptive, Narrative, Persuasive
Past Perfect Tense
Expresses action or a condition that occurred as a precedent to some other past action or condition
common words
Familiar, frequently used words that do not need to be taught beyond primary grades
clinical psychologists
Focus on abnormal behaviors
social psychologists
Focus on behaviors of small groups of people
cognitive psychologists
Focus on the process of thinking and learning and how it occurs
Physical anthropology
Focuses on living humans and primates as well as fossil remains.
Instructional Reading Level
Generally judged to be at the 95% accuracy level
Great Lakes
HOMES Huron Ontario Michigan Erie Superior
Mount McKinley
Highest mountain in North America Alaska
Mount Whitney
Highest mountain in contiguous U.S. CA
testing blending words and segment phonemics ability
I say /c/ /at/. what word is that? then I say /dog/. you say /d/ /o/ /g/
Ordinal Number
Indicate the order of things, ex: first, second
Combined Text Books
Informational and narrative book
Personification
It is giving a nonhuman thing human characteristics Ex. The tree fell with a silent, crackling cry of relief
What are Thorndike's three laws?
Law of effect, law of readiness, law of exercise.
Complex Sentence
Made up of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
apache, pueblo, navajo
NM and Arizona
original colonies
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
Exposition of a narrative
Occurs at the beginning of a story when the characters setting, tone and initial understanding of the story are presented to the reader.
range
Range is the different between the greatest and least values.
cheorkee
tennessee
fluency
the ability to read a text accurately and quickly
Number sense
the ability to understand numbers and their relationships
abstract
the actual objects or pictures of objects are replaced with numerals to represent them
Poem
Rhythm
equivalent sets
Sets with the same amount of elements
systematic phonics intruction
the letter sound relationship is taught in an organized and logical sequence
semantics
the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text
mode
the number that occurs most often in a set of numbers
History
Society, democracy, chronological thinking, relationships between past and present, US history from founding to 20th century, 20th century developments and transformations in the US, and classical civilizations: Egypt, Greece, Rome, and China
skeletal system (animal)
Supports the body; made of bones as well as ligaments and cartilage
perimeter
The distance around a figure.
Standard Deviation
The square root of the variance
psycholinguistic
The study of how language is acquired, perceived, understood, and produced.
writing process
There are 5 steps to the writing process: 1) prewriting 2) drafting 3) editing 4) revision 5) publishing
What is choral reading?
Two or more individuals reading aloud from the same text in unison to enhance oral reading fluency.
homophone
Two or more words that are spelled differently, pronounced identically, but have different meanings two,to , too Hour, our
Steps of Problem Solving
Understand the problem, devise a plan, carry out the plan, look back
Intrapersonal
Understanding one's own interests, goals. These learners tend to shy away from others. They're in tune with their inner feelings; they have wisdom, intuition and motivation, as well as a strong will, confidence and opinions. They can be taught through independent study and introspection. Tools include books, creative materials, diaries, privacy and time. They are the most independent of the learners.
Strategies to for teaching students to ask and answer questions about text (predictions)
Use evidence from text, schema, and pictures, to make a prediction about what might happen next in a text
PROVE method
the reader develops his or her own strategy for evaluating a text rather than following the set strategy of SQ3R (purpose, read, organize, vocabulary, evaluate)
Superlative Adjective
When an adjective compares three or more people, places, things, ideas, concepts, or characteristics. The adjective usually includes the word most or ends in est. Ex. Mountain biking is the most exciting sport in the Olympics.
Comparative Adjective
When an adjective compares two people, places, things, ideas, concepts, or characteristics. The adjective usually ends in er. Ex. Mountain biking is better than road biking.
Active Voice
When the subject of the verb is the doer of the action
Intransitive verb
When the verb completes its action without and object. His shoulder felt sore. (Sore is a predicate adjective, not a direct object.)
Supplementary Angles
When two angles are measured, the sum of their degrees is equal to 180 degrees
Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers are simply the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... (and so on)
1. sing alphabet while putting alphabet in order as fast as you can. 2. Write their own texts, emails, letters to relatives
Word decoding and phonics strategies
Idiom
Words are used in a special way that is different from their literal meaning EX. steal one's thunder cut corners
spenserian pattern (poem)
a b a b b c b c c
Questioning the Author
a procedure that stimulates students to reflect on what an author is trying to say in expository text that they read
net
a two-dimensional shape that can be folded to form a three-dimensional shape or solid
expanded notation
a way to visually demonstrate place value (42= (4*10) + (2*1)
Alphabetic Principle
the understanding that words are made of letters and letters represent sounds
partitive division example
there is a plate of 8 cookies at the table. there are 4 children at the table. how many cookies does each child get if they divide them equally. how many are in each group. 2 cookies.
agility
ability to change body position quickly
Phonemic Awareness
ability to hear and manipulate individual phonemes. Includes the ability to hear and manipulate larger units of sound such as onsets and rimes and syllables
hydroshere
all water on earth
polynomials
an expression of more than 2 algebraic terms
multiplicative identity property of 1
any number multiplied by 1 remains the same. 34x1= 34
matter
anything that has both mass and volume . classified into several categories
whole numbers
are the counting numbers. 0,1,2,3,4,5.....
consecutive interior angles
are the interior angles that lie on the same side of the transversal are called consecutive angles.
factors
are the numbers that can be divided evenly into that number. Conversely, pairs of factors can be multiplied to produce the number. ex 2x3 and 6x1 = both 6. the factors of 6, then, are 1,2,3 and 6
even numbers
are those that can be equally divided by 2.
odd numbers
are those that cannot be equally divided by 2.
homophones
are words that have the same pronunciation but different spellings and meaning.
The key to converting word problems into math probelms is
attention to reasonableness, adaptive reasoning,
onset
beginning
Earth is made up of 4 separate spheres
biosphere lithosphere hydrosphere atmosphere
culture
configuration of human behavior that includes ideas, beliefs, and values
Malapropism
confusing one word with another, similar sounding word saying a movie was a cliff dweller instead of a cliffhanger.
orthographic
correct in spelling
maps
create a geographical representation of various portions of the Earth, or the entire earth
layers of the Earth
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
Mastery Lecture
deductive method by which the teacher presents info. to the students. an advantage to it is teachers can present large amounts of info. in an efficient amount of time. To be most effective mastery lectures should be short, usually no more than 10-15 minutes and interrupted by student questions. The teacher should use lower and higher level thinking questions.
Sonnet
derived from italian soneto little poem 14 lines with a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure
linking verbs
describe or identify the subject common linking verbs are all forms of 'to be', appear, feel, look, become and seem
spectrophotometer
determines how much of each color is absorbed and uses this information to determine what substance is being observed
cultural geography
discusses how humans and animals interact with their environment.
the practical way to change a fraction into a decimal is
divide the numerator by the denominator. example: 1/4 becomes .25 when 1 is divided by 4. 4/1.00 = .25
regular polygon
encloses angles that are all equal to each other. a rectangle or a square consists of lines that all meet at 90 degree angles
Hyperbole
exaggerates for effect "I thought I would die!"
Action verbs
express action
percent
expresses a fraction as a portion of 100. for ex. 25% represents 25 out of 100 units, or 25/100
coordinating conjunction
fan boys for and nor but or yet so
automaticity
fast effortless word recognition that comes with a great deal of reading practice
active listening
first step is paraphrasing the speakers words back. paraphrasing requires using similar words and phrases to restate what a speaker says
reflections
flipping motions
types of maps
geologic, political, environmental, resource, topographical, themed
lithosphere
ground and surface
Word families
groups of words all formed from the same root.
division
has the same inverse relation to multiplication as subtraction does to addition. 36 / 9 = 4 . teaching division should be parallel to multiplication.
divergent questions
have more than one correct answer
composite
have more than two factors.
question answer relationships
helps students understand the different types of questions. Helps students to think about the text they are reading and beyond it.
Limerick
humorous poem consists of 5 lines 1st, 2nd and 5th lines must have 7 to 10 syllables, rhyme and have the same rhythm 3rd and 4th lines must have 5 to 7 syllables, rhyme have the same rhythm
transversal
if a single line crosses two or more other lines. they create sets of interior and exterior angles
transveral
if a third line intersects two intersecting lines at the same point of intersection the third intersecting line is called a transversal.
multiplication property of 0
if any number is multiplied by 0, the product is always 0.
onomatopoeia
imitate sounds
understanding print directionality
in order to begin to learn to read, a child must understand the direction in which print is read (left to right)
Earth and Space Science
interrelationships in Earth systems and space systems; Earth patterns, cycles, and change
Affix
is an attachment to a base or root word
sequencing
list of numbers or objects in a special order. for example, counting by twos.
division can be represented to students in two ways:
measurement and partition.
chickasaw indians and choctaw
mississippi
secondary colors
orange, violet, green
Townshend Act of 1767
paper, glass, tea
vertex
point at which the rays meet on an angle
congruent polygons
polygons with same size and shape
emergent
random letters or letter strings
recite
read through the questions and attempt to answer them without referring to the text
syntax
sentence formation ... way the words are arranged in a sentence
quatrain
stanzas that are 4 lines each
prosody
stress, pitch, volume
morphology
structure
range
to determine, subtract the set's smallest number from the set's largest number
guided reading
to have students read and understand a text on their own
expressive vocabulary
total range of language which can be produced by a person
almanac
useful for studying types of government
coordinate geometry
a mix of geometry and algebra; in this field of mathematics, geometric figures are placed on the coordinate plane, and then studied using algebra.
atmosphere
air
whole language
children are encouraged to learn from extensive exposure to various literature. it includes elements of both the phonics and sight word methods.
Language experience approach (LEA)
children learn from experience rather than from traditional printed classroom materials
Transitional reading (stage 3)
children need little help with their reading and can read and write independently while gradually developing higher-level skills and comprehension. This level typically refers to second grade and higher
sight word method
children who are taught to recognize words by sight rather than learning to decode them.
etymology
origin of words
Blooms taxonomy
knowledge comprehension application analysis synthesis evaluation
complex sentence
made up of an independent clause (simple sentence) and one or more dependent clauses.
skimming
more accurate picture of a text to be read later reviewing text already read quickly reading material
Inductive Reasoning
opposite of deductive reasoning in that students are shown specific examples and must then determine the generalized rule that applies to them.
Purpose and Benefits of writing a journal
practice in writing makes them more comfortable with writing opportunity to sort out their thoughts, solve problems, examine relationships and values and see personal and academic growth (when they revisit old entries) through reading student journals, teacher can gains insight into the students' problems and attitudes can be kept in a notebook or in a computer file shouldn't be just a record of daily events should be an expression of thoughts and feelings about everything and anything grammar and punctuation don't matter since it is a form of private communication should not be graded comments should be encouraging and polite
5 stages of the writing process
pre-writing drafting revising editing publishing
connotative meaning
the feeling of the meaning
weight
the gravitational force exerted upon an object.
Etymology
the history or study of words
cooperative learning groups
the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximize their potential.
digraph
a combination of two letters possessing a single sound head=ea Chance=ch
sieve of Eratosthenes
Algorithm for finding prime numbers named for a Greek mathematician
What is an affix?
An attachment to the end or beginningof base or root words. A generic term that describes prefixes and suffixes word parts "fixed to" either the beginnings of words (prefixes) or the ending of words (suffixes).
Common Core State Standards
Argue that narrative is important, BUT students must also develop skills for writing argument and persuasion that they can support.
integers
Integers are like whole numbers, but they also include negative numbers ... but still no fractions allowed! So, integers can be negative {-1, -2,-3, -4, -5, ... }, positive {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... }, or zero {0}
standard units of measurement
a system of measurement for linear, mass, and liquid (ft, yd, lb, oz, cup, gallon)
miscue analysis
A way of acquiring insight into children's reading strategies by studying the mistakes (miscues) they make when reading aloud.
oligarchy
A form of government where a minority rules
Expository Writing
A form of writing where the only purpose is to inform
Formative Assessment
A formal or informal way for a teacher to judge how well the students have mastered the objectives of a given assignment or lesson
Romance
A highly imaginative tale set in a fantastical realm that deals with the conflicts between heroes, villains, and/or monsters
cove
A horseshoe shaped body of water along the coast surrounded by land formed of soft rock
Stages of Writing Development
Role play writer, emergent writer, developing writer, beginning writer, expanding writer
Publishing
A stage in the writing process where students may have their work displayed on a bulletin boar, read aloud in class, or printed in a literary magazine or school anthology
Prewriting
A stage of the writing process during which the students gather ideas; this stage may include clustering, listing, brainstorming, mapping, free wiring, and charting
Editing
A stage of the writing process where students continue to make changes to a draft, enhancing the ideas rather than altering or changing them
Revision
A stage of the writing process where students examine their work and make changes in wording, details, and ideas
Life Science
characteristics of organisms, life cycles of organisms, organisms and environment
types of energy
chemical, electrical, radiant, mechanical, nuclear, thermal
dimension
A measurable extent, such as the three principal dimensions of an object of width, height, and depth.
metric units
A measurement system that measures length in millimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilometers; capacity in liters and milliliters; mass in grams and kilograms; and temperature in degrees Celsius
Story Schema
A mental construct of what compromises a story
testing phoneme manipulation and deletion
i say fun you start with s so you say sun. I say fun you say no first sound so un
numeral
is a symbol used to represent a number.
net
is a two dimensional shape that can be folded to form a three dimensional shape or a solid.
story map
is a visual depiction of the settings or the sequence of major events and actions of story characters.
composite numbers
A whole number greater than 1 that has more than two factors.
Sound
A wide inlet of sea or ocean that is parallel to the coastline; it separates coastlines from nearby islands
ratio notation
is an alternative method for showing fractions. example: 2/5 can be expressed as the ratio of 2 to 5. written as 2:5
bloom taxonomy- evaluate (synthesis)
justify a stand or decision. involves the putting together of elements and parts so as to form a whole
Cohesive Tie
A word or phrase that creates a link between sentences or between a sentence and it content to make a connection for the reader
preposition
A word our group of words that explain position, direction or how two ideas are related to one another
Article
A word that is placed before a noun that introduces the noun as specific or nonspecific
Orthographic awareness
recognition of printed language structures, such as orthographic rules, patterns in SPELLING
fluent readers
recognize words and comprehend at the same time
anecdotal note
record kept during a writing assignment. IT includes a meaingful information
Teaching methods
Activating learning, projects, guided discovery, problem solving, exposition and direct instruction, games, situations and recreations, investigations
graphic organizer
represent knowledge meaningfully and visually
Natural Numbers
"Natural Numbers" can mean either "Counting Numbers" {1, 2, 3, ...}, or "Whole Numbers" {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}, depending on the subject.
Think Alouds
"Talking to the text" refers to conducting an internal dialogue with the text and its author while reading.
Metacognition
"thinking about thinking," i.e., thinking about the process of thinking itself.
Strategies to promote vocabulary development
-activating prior knowledge - defining words and giving multiple examples in context - show how to use context clues - teach prefixes, roots and suffixes - teach how to use a dictionary and a thesaurus - practice new vocabulary words by using it in writing - provide print rich environment - study related to a single subject (farm words, transportation words etc)
Synthesis-5th Tier of Bloom's Taxonomy
-requires doing something new and different with information -involves the ability to put parts and elements together in a new form Students who combine, compose, design, organize, invent, develop, plan, or create are using synthesis level skills.
Analysis-4th Tier of Bloom's Taxonomy
-requires examining specific parts of information to "see" the underlying ideas -utilized before decisions are reached and problems are attacked Analyze, classify, distinguish, subdivide, separate, differentiate, examine, calculate, compare/contrast are verbs that could be used to express the analysis level of Bloom's taxonomy.
What are some advantages of inductive lessons?
-they generally require higher-level thinking by both the teacher and students. -they usually result in higher student motivation
whole numbers
0,1,2,3,4 have 0
four major steps in planning scientific experiment
1. Identify variables relevant to the experiment 2. Decide what tools will work best to measure these variables and record results 3. Remove any variables that could adversely affect the outcome of the experiment 4. Determine the best way to evaluate the resulting data
1. Mount Rainier is located in which of the following mountain ranges? (A) The Cascades (B) The Rockies (C) The Appalachians (D) The Alps
1. The correct answer is (A). Mount Rainier is located in the state of Washington. The greatest single-peak glacial system in the United States radiates from this dormant volcano in the Cascade Mountains.
4 ways to model the operations
1. concrete method 2. semiconcrete method 3. semiabstract method 4. abstract method
five big ideas of reading
1. phonemic awareness 2. alphabetical principle 3. fluency with text 4. vocabulary 5. comprehension
4 ways in teaching elementary students how to be effective writers.
1. provide daily time for students to write. 2. teach students to use the writing process for a variety of purposes 3. teach students to become fluent with handwriting, spelling, sentence construction, typing and word processing. 4. Create an engaged community of writers.
Which amendment abolished slavery
13th amendment
algorithm for addition
2 addend + 3 addend ____________ 5 sum
1 Ton
2,000 pounds
4. Since the end of the United States Civil War in 1865, all of the following have been major objectives of groups seeking civil rights for Black people EXCEPT (A) passage of affirmative action legislation (B) desegregation of public educational facilities (C) creation of a third party in national politics (D) passage of antilynching laws
4. The correct answer is (C). The creation of a third party in national politics would be a political action, not one of civil rights.
6. In the United States, the division of power between the national and state governments demonstrates the principle of (A) checks and balances (B) federalism (C) separation of powers (D) the rule of law
6. The correct answer is (B), federalism. Federalism is the division of power between a central government and constituent governments, called states in the United States. Checks and balances refers to the constitutional arrangement of powers that prevents one branch of the government from becoming too powerful. Separation of powers refers to the division of power among the three branches of the United States government. The rule of law is the principle which holds that no person is above the law.
7. What percent of the seats in the United States House of Representatives are up for election every two years? (A) 33% (B) 50% (C) 66% (D) 100%
7. The correct answer is (D). Article 1, Section 2 of the Constitution of the United States reads, "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People... ." All members of the House are elected at the same time every two years.
multiples example
7x1=7, 7x2=14,7x3=21,7x4=28. the multiples of 7 are 7,14,21,28 and so on.
8. Historically, India's society has been organized into hierarchical groups known as (A) tribes (B) castes (C) clans (D) denominations
8. The correct answer is (B). In the fifteenth century AD, explorers from Portugal encountered the social system of India and called these groups "castes." As time went on, the four basic castes gradually grew more complex, with hundreds of subdivisions.
9. Which of the following major world religions is monotheistic? (A) Hinduism (B) Buddhism (C) Islam (D) Shintoism
9. The correct answer is (C). Of the major world religions listed, Islam is the only one that is monotheistic. Each of the other religions listed has as a central tenet a belief in more than one deity.
lithosphere
the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle
Archipelago
A chain or group of islands in a sea or ocean
word families
A collection of words that share common orthographic rimes, such as HIKE, BIKE, LIKE, etc.
Phoneme
A distinct unit of sounds found within the language
Delta
A flat silt, sand, and rock area that is formed at the mouth of a river and often shaped like a triangle; often provides fertile soil
plane
A flat two-dimensional surface that extends infinitely in all directions.
river delta
A land area formed by soil left behind as a river drains into a larger body of water
Learning Approach of Language Acquisition
A language acquisition theory that assumed that language development evolved from learning the rules of language structures and applying them through imitation and reinforcement
Cognitive Approach of Language Acquisition
A language acquisition theory that states that child acquire knowledge of linguistic structures after they have acquired the cognitive structures necessary to process language
Linguistic Approach of Language Acquisition
A language acquisition theory that states that language ability is innate and develops through natural human maturation as environmental stimuli trigger the acquisition of syntactical structures appropriate to each exposure level
biome
A large geographic area of distinctive plant life and animal life groups that have adapted to a specific environment
Epistle
A letter that is not always originally intended for public distribution, but due to the fame of the sender and/or recipient, one that becomes public domain
Essay
A limited length prose work focusing on a topic and propounding a definite point-of-view and authoritative tone
prime meridian
A line of longitude that splits the earth in eastern and western hemispheres
FJord
A long narrow sea inlet bordered by steep cliffs
Epic
A long poem usually of book length that reflects values inherent in the generative society
Col
A mountain pass; a depression in the summit line of a chain of mountains
Allegory
A narrative in which the characters and events represent an idea or truth about life in general
Isthmus
A narrow strip of pan connecting two pieces of land with water on two sides
regular rectangle
A polygon in which all sides have equal lengths and all angles have equal measures.
regular polygon
A polygon with all sides and all angles are equal
Islet
A small island, usually isolated
spread
A program that allows you to use rows and columns of data to manage, predict, and present information.
Consonance
A repetition of consonant sounds anywhere within words Bobo boxed Baby's blue baboon
Assonance
A repetition of vowel sounds Ex That;s the story morning glory
Allegory
A story in verse or prose with characters that represent virtues and vices
Narrative
A story with a beginning, middle and end
Guided Reading
A strategy where experienced readers provide structure via modeling strategies in order to move beginning readerstowards independence.
Echo Reading
A strategy where the teacher reads a line or passage with good expression, and calls on students to read it back. This is a good technique to use with Emergent Readers to help them build reading fluency
Tributary
A stream or river that flows into a larger waterway
Literacy Portfolios
A student assessment strategy where students collect all of their reading and writing products so that teachers can track growth
Vocabulary Self-Collection
A student-centered strategy in which children, even from grade two, take responsibility for their vocabulary learning
Fable
A terse tale offering up a moral or exemplum; Animals that act like humans are featured in these stories; the animals usually reveal human foible or teach a lesson
Geometric Net
A three dimensional shape is broken down into a two dimensional or plane diagram
Translation
A transformation that slides an object a fixed distance in a given direction
plane figures
A two-dimensional shape bound by lines that exist on one plane (circles, triangles, polygons)
formative assessment
A type of evaluation where data is collected through ongoing daily lessons of student, so achievement may be measured and the learning process is adjusted accordingly.
Infinite
A verb preceded by ,to, used as an adjective, noun or and adverb Ex. To climb Mount Everest is on of my goals(To climb is used as a noun and is the subject of the sentence.)
Gerund
A verb that ends in ing and is used as a noun. Ex. Screaming is pointless
Participle
A verb that ends in ing or ed and is used like an adjective Ex. The shaking windows broke in the aftermath of the tornado (shaking modifies windows)
A fourth grade class is examining the family structure of the Maori tribe of New Zealand. This falls under which of the following social sciences? A. sociology B. economics C. psychology D. anthropology
A. sociology
Acquisition
Acquisition tends to be more relevant to students and it appears to be the conscious choice of how students want to learn. This approach involves self-instruction, experimenting, inquiry, exploring, and general curiosity. Acquisition accounts for about 20% of what students learn.
Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura found that although environment causes behavior, behavior also causes environment as well. Albert Bandura labeled this concept reciprocal determinism "both the world the individuals's behavior causes affect each other". Albert Bandura is considered a "father" of the cognitive movement or observational learning which is commonly referred to as the famous Bobo Doll studies. Albert Bandura called this phenomenon observational learning or modeling which is better known as the social learning theory.
Articles of Confederation
America's first constitution, provided a new central government to which the states surrendered little power. For the states, the Articles of Confederation represented a loose association in which each state retained its sovereignty, freedom, and independence.
volume
Amount of space occupied by an object
Positive Adjective
An adjective describes a noun or pronoun without comparing it to anyone or anything else
right angle
An angle that measures 90 degrees
acute angle
An angle that measures less than 90 degrees
hyperbole
An exaggeration or overstatement that may or may not be realistic and is not meant to be taken literally Ex. It was such a cold winter day that even the penguins were wearing jackets.
Formative assessment
Assessing a student's understanding as you teach a unit (e.g. through homework, observation, in-class activities, journal writing, etc.).
Continents by size
Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia
Summative Assessments
Assessment of participants where the focus is on the outcome of a program. Final test, final project etc.
morpheme
the smallest meaningful unit of speech that can no longer be divided
Semi-phonetic Writing Stage
Begins to understand letter sound correspondence
Running Records
Benchmark book along with record forms assessing their ability to read
Teaching estimation
Best strategy is to use real like situations
The big picture of Bloom's Taxonomy
Bloom's Taxonomy is responsible for formulating a classification of "the goals of the educational process". Bloom and a group of education psychologist developed a taxonomy based on the classification levels of intellectual behavior in important to the learning process. The taxonomy included three overlapping domains including cognitive, psychomotor, and affective.
Legislative Branch
Branch of government that makes the laws
Pomo
CA
a kindergarten teacher says /p/ /i/ /g/ to her students and asks them what she is saying. She suggests they do the same and sound out the hidden word. This is an example of A. phoneme identity B. phoneme addition C. phoneme blending D. phoneme segmentation
C. phoneme blending
A first grade student can step with the opposite foot while throwing a ball. A classmate steps with the same foot as his throwing hand. This is an example of motor: A. ability through heredity B. ability delineated by age. C. skill development of variable rates D. skill development through informal play
C. skill development of variable rates.
A third grade teacher has just completed a thematic unit of study about the ocean. Whic of the following types of assessments would be the most beneficial in planning instruction for the next unit? A. formative B. alternative C. summative D. observation
C. summative
qualitative change
Change in kind, structure, or organization, such as the change from nonverbal to verbal communication
quantitative change
Change in number or amount, such as in height, weight, or size of vocabulary
metamorphosis
Change of form
Free-discovery method
Child directed instruction. Children create the situations of learning that are meaningful to them
spelling development stages
Children use a letter or word to represent a complete thought, but they don't spell conventionally. In English children often use a consonant to represent a word with the initial consonant sound
What are Maslow's Growth Needs?
Cognitive needs - knowledge and understanding, Aesthetic needs - appreciation of beauty and order, Self-actualization needs - fulfillment of one's potential.
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is used by trainers for two purposes: To condition (train) autonomic responses, such as the drooling, producing adrenaline, or reducing adrenaline (calming) without using the stimuli that would naturally create such a response; and, to create an association between a stimulus that normally would not have any effect on the animal and a stimulus that would.
What is Guided Writing?
Classroom teacher supports student development with the writing process. Students are required to write sentences or passages while the teacher guides the process and instruction through conferences and mini lessons.
closed- cat open- he
Closed syllable and open syllable
Phonemic awareness
Coarticulation affects
complimentary colors
Colors opposite on the color wheel
Guided Inquiry
Combines expository and free discovery method. Teacher chooses the topic and guides the students through experiments and encourage students through inquiry and open ended questions about the topic.
Purpose
Comes in to play when considering that while someone may completely understand the message, they must also know what to do with it
Secondary sources
Commentaries, summaries, reviews, or interpretation of primary sources to provide new insights or historical perspectives
What are three factors that help create a positive learning environment?
Consistency, Structure, and Discipline
While studying the U.S. Constitution, as the elementary teacher, you take your class on a field trip to the National Archives to see the Constitution document. This is an example of which instructional strategy? A. scaffolding B. cooperative learning C. fiction incorporation D. primary source utilization
D. primary source utilization
Semantic Cueing
Determining the meaning of the word, phrase, or sentence
Classical civilizations
Developed many structures and institutions that are still present today. Some are expansion of trade, new and various religions, increased agricultural options, extended territories, and social cohesion.
mnemonics
Devices used to help us remember-visual/words where each letter stands for a word etc.
Metacognition
During reading and individual mentally includes these processes: thinking about thinking, monitoring understanding, clarifying purpose, identifying difficulty and planning to solve, loathing through text to reviews key concepts, and adjusting reading speed depending on difficulty
What is emergent spelling?
Emergent spelling is typical of preschoolers, ages three to five and involves the stringing and scribbling of letters to form words. Emergent spelling represents a natural, early expression of the alphabet and other concepts about writing. Children may write randomly across the page. Students tend to prefer using uppercase letters.
nuclear energy
Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom
Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson developed the theory of psychosocial development relative to the eight stages of progression toward self-esteem. Erikson's development of identity continues throughout one's live time and, actually, it is never completed.
Strategies to help students distinguish between primary and secondary sources, reliable and unreliable sources, and paraphrasing and plagiarizing
Example for Web: Keep it REAL - Read the URL, Examine the Content, Ask about the Author, Look at the links.
How to teach concepts of print
Example: Shared book experience Use pointer (such as button pointer) to point to the text in big books, pocket charts and any charts you create in your classroom to develop and reinforce concepts of print.
Strategies to develop students' ability to determine word meaning and develop vocabularies
Example: In this activity, students use their knowledge of prefixes and suffixes to create new words based on the root words provided. Each worksheet has a total of three new roots with a word bank for prefixes and suffixes. Students create new words using a prefix, root, and suffix and then come up with what they think is the correct defintion. Once this part is completed, students look up the words they have created and write down the correct dictionary definition and judge how close they came.
What is experiential learning?
Experiential learning is credited to Carl Rogers who suggested that all human beings have a natural propensity to learn. The role of the teacher is to facilitate learning via: setting a positive classroom climate for learning; clarifying the purposes and rules; organizing and providing learning resources; balancing both intellectual and emotional components of learning; and ensuring that students engage in self-evaluation to assess their progress and success.
Present Perfect Tense
Expresses action or a condition that started in the pass and in continued or completed in the present
Future Perfect Tense
Expresses action that started in the past or the present and will conclude at some time the future
Exclamatory Sentence
Expresses strong feeling or shows surprises and ends with an exclamation point.
Primary sources
Eyewitness accounts of history. They include letters, diaries, speeches, and interviews.
Finish. Pronounce. Syllables. Before. After. Grammar. Synonym. Antonym. Logic. Example.
FP'S BAG SALE Context clues
Strategies to develop students' phonological awareness skills
Finger spelling, clapping syllables, picture sorting
How to develop student's understanding of point of view and how it influences meaning of text
First Person: "I" and "Me" standpoint. Personal perspective. Third Person: Narrator is not a character, but sees the world through only ONE character's eyes and thoughts Their Person Omniscient: The narrator is not a character in the story but knows what all of the characters are thinking along with the events that happen Third Person Objective: The narrator is an outsider who can report only what he or she sees and hears. This narrator can tell us what is happening, but he can't tell us the thoughts of the characters.
Law of simple machine
Force put into a machine (effort force) times the distance the fort moves equal s the output force from the machine (resistance) times the distance the resistance moves.
What is the Gestult Theory?
Gestalt theorists followed the basic principle that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In other words, the whole (a picture, a car) carried a different and altogether greater meaning than its individual components (paint, canvas, brush; or tire, paint, metal, respectively). In viewing the "whole," a cognitive process takes place - the mind makes a leap from comprehending the parts to realizing the whole. The fundamental premise of Gestalt psychology relates to a sense of wholeness. Gestalt theory emphasized a higher-order cognitive process relative to behavior, and endorses the notion of grouping characteristics of stimuli to allow for the interpretation of a problem.
imperative sentence
Gives a command. usually ends with a period, but can end in an ! Commands, asks or tell people to do something.
Question-Answer Relationship (QAR) strategy
Giving students questions, and/or helping students to formulate questions, to answer when they are reading provides students with purposes for their reading
Health
Healthy living, growth, nutrition, safety and well-being, communicable diseases, substance abuse, common diseases
Sociolinguistic
How language and its use is shaped by a society or culture.
1. Allow time for them to read whatever they would like. 2. Arrange cooperative learning groups to discuss their reading 3. frequently have both student-led and teacher-led discussions on what the class has read
How to motivate students to read
Six Traits Approach
Ideas, Organization, Voice, Word Choice, Sentence Fluency, Conventions
Types of Nonfiction
Informational texts, newspaper articles, essays, biographies, memoirs, letters, journals
Deductive Reasoning
Initiated from the general to the more specific, and often referred to as the "top-down" approach. Deductive reasoning is more narrow and primarily concerned with testing hypotheses.
Misconceptions
Invalid concepts that students construct using their experiences, expectations, beliefs, and emotions.
What is information processing?
Is a theory advanced by George A. Miller who stressed the idea that short-term memory could only hold 5-9 chunks of information (seven plus or minus two). The term chunk represents any meaningful unit (i.e. digits, words, pictures, etc ...). The concept of chunking and the limited capacity of shore-term memory became a basic element of all subsequent memory theories.
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
John Dewey
John Dewey was concerned with how student the classroom environment affected learning.
King Henry Doesn't Usually Drink Chocolate Milk
Kilo, Hecto, Deka, Unit, Deci, Centi, Milli
Metric Conversion
Kittens Hate Dogs But Do Chase Mice
Blooms Taxonomy
Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, Evaluation
Branches of government
Legislative: creates laws Judicial: interprets laws and administrates justice Executive: implement, support, and enforce the laws
area
Length x Width
area
Length x Width. , Measure of the surface inside of the perimeter -- in square units.
Missouri River
Lewis and Clark started on this river to go to the town of St. Charles; They used the Missouri River as their highway through the unknown lands. Longest River In USA
Develop active listening skills
Looks like: Eyes on speaker; Still bodies and hands on lap or table; Appropriate expressions Raising your hand to speak Sounds like: One voice at a time; Appropriate comments and questions; Quiet bodies; Inside voices; Waiting to be called n to speak
Declarative Sentence
Makes a statement or tells something and ends with a period.
semantic
Meaning of words and sentences
Tribes of people
Navajo, Inuit, Aborigines, etc
Human Gardners
Nine Intelligences
Traditional Literature
Opens up a world where right wins out over wrong, where hard work and perseverance are rewarded, and where helpless victims find vindication
Judiciary Branch
One of the three branches of government, this branch interprets laws. The highest authority in this branch is the Supreme Court, which determines the constitutionality of laws.
Higher Cognitive Questions
Open-ended, interpretive, evaluative, and inferential questions
Fifth- grade students are studying the history of the city in which they live. Which of the following is an example of a primary source of a topic? (A) A current newspaper article about the origins of the city's transportation system. (B) A textbook chapter addressing the industrial development of the city. (C) An Interview about the city's layout wit ha descendant of the first mayor. (D) A journal entry about living conditions written by an early settler of the city.
Option (D) is correct. The question requires an understanding of how to locate information related to social studies topics. A primary-source document provides firsthand information or direct evidence concerning a topic. Such documents are usually created by witnesses or other people who experienced the events being documented.
Scientific Experiment
PROCEDURE that TESTS a HYPOTHESIS by collecting information under controlled conditions
Piaget
Person responsible for describing and promoting the cognitive theory. Lerners contract new knowledge from previous knowledge
What are phonological systems?
Phonological systems are important in both oral and written language. There are 26 letters and 44 sounds and many ways to combine the letters - particularly the vowels-to spell many of the sounds. Sounds are called phonemes, and represented in print, and Graphemes are letter combinations.
physical science
Physical and chemical changes; temperature and heat; sound; light; electricity and magnetism; force, motion, and energy; matter; astronomy
What are Maslow's Deficiency Needs?
Physiological needs - food, sleep, clothing etc., Safety needs - freedom from harm or danger, Belongingness and love needs - acceptance and love from others, Esteem needs - approval and accomplishment.
photosynthesis
Plants make use of sunlight to create energy in special cells call chloroplasts. A green pigment within plant cells called chlorophyll reacts to sunlight to facilitate this process.
proportion
Proportion says that two ratios (or fractions) are equal. see notes.
Tall Tales
Purposely exaggerated accounts of individuals with superhuman strength
Stages of Spelling
Random Scribbling (18 months) Wordlike Scribbling (3 years) Prealphabetic (prephonemic) writing (4-5 years) Early Alphabetic (early letter name) (4-6+ years) Alphabetic (letter name) (5-7+years) ^^^^^previous stages are transitional^^^^ Consolidated alphabetic stage (6-7+years) Syllable Juncture (8-10+years) Derivational Consistency (10-20+years)
Biography
Reading about real people
running record
Record all behaviors during the running record forms instructional needs Student reads aloud no more than 250 words teacher notes whether the student has read the word properly results help form an assessment of student's reading competence *accuracy rate* is used to see if text is easy enough or frustrating for the reader. %. AR = (total words - total errors) / total words read x 100% independent 95-100% instructional 90-95% frustrational <90% *error frequency rate* ~ number read correctly compared to read incorrectly. dividing the total number of words by the total number of errors made does not demonstrate comprehension
Formative Assessments
Refers to a wide variety of methods that teachers use to conduct in-process evaluations of student comprehension, learning needs, and academic progress during a lesson, unit, or course.
immune system (animal)
Removes foreign bodies, such as viruses, from the body
The Rock Cycle
Rocks are placed into groups according to how they form (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic)
Science Fiction
Robots, spacecraft, mystery, and civilizations from other ages
Lithosphere
Rock formation, soil formation, plate tectonics, and erosion
hydrology
The scientific study of the properties, distribution and effects of water on the earth's surface, in the soil and underlying rocks and in the atmosphere.
Properties of operations
Rules that help us add, subtract, multiply and divide effectively and efficiently
Summarize. Connect. Rethink. Interpret. Predict.
SCRIP Comprehension Strategy
Strategies to develop fluency to support comprehension
Selecting appropriate text which are at instructional level, modeling fluent reading, paired reading, echo reading, readers theater, repeated reading
language cueing system
Semantic Cues Syntactic Cues Graphophonic Cues Textual Cues
nervous system (animal)
Sends signals that stimulate bodily movement, both voluntary and involuntary; includes the brain, which evaluates and interprets these signals.
Musical
Show sensitivity to rhythm and sound. They love music, but they are also sensitive to sounds in their environments. They may study better with music in the background. They can be taught by turning lessons into lyrics, speaking rhythmically, tapping out time. Tools include musical instruments, music, radio, stereo, CD-ROM, multimedia.
Kidzbiz Achieve 3000
Software that gives articles of various reading levels and asks Standardized tests questions with it.
Three major seas
South China Sea, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea
Phonemes
Speech Sounds *smallest unit of sound that discriminates one word from another. |i| vs |a| in pit and pat
Precommunicative
Spelling stage one-when the symbols are used to represent the alphabet; letter-sound does not correspond, no deciphering of upper and lowercase letters/scribbles
Modern Realistic Fiction
Stories about real problems that real children face
Myth
Stories that are more or less universally shared within a culture to explain its history and traditions; stories about events from the earliest times, often considered true among various societies
Constructivism
Student constructs his or her own learning by using existing knowledge in order to create new knowledge
Inquiry Based Learning
Students are involved in hands-on tasks, are active in discovery and participate in their own learning. Reasearch shows that students retain knowledge for longer periods of time this way.
benefits of keeping a journal
Students can keep up with any errors they are making, new vocabulary words, their mood, etc. helps reflect on progress
Overall purpose of teaching Social Studies
Students first learn about themselves, then their families, their communities, their territory or province, their country, and eventually the world
ethnography
Studies specific cultures by interacting with those cultures.
Anthropologist
Studies the history of people such as their culture and language
Cartographer
Studies the science of practice of map drawing
linguistic anthropology
Studies various human languages.
meteorology
Study of Earth's atmosphere and weather
Sum of Squares
Sum of the squares of the differences between each item and the mean
Variance
Sum of the squares quantity divided by the number of items
Expository Method
Teacher dominate and direct instruction way to teach science
Informal and/or authentic science assessment
Teacher observation and questioning; journals and/or logs; interviews and conferences; group and peer assessment; self-assessment; performance-based samples such as portfolios, project learning, and student work; comparing and contrasting
Narrative text
Tells a story. Includes: fables, myths, science fiction, even some news reports, biographies, and autobiographies.
Elements of Music
Texture, harmony, melody, rhythm
Phonological Awareness
The ability of the reader to recognize the sounds of spoken language
Decoding
The ability to apply your knowledge of letter-sound relationships, including knowledge of letter patterns, to correctly pronounce written words.
Orthographic Awareness
The ability to perceive and recall letter strings and word forms, as well as the retrieval of letters and words
exterior angles
The angles outside two lines that are crossed by a transversal
Style
The artful adaption of language to meet various purposes
Tone
The attitude an author takes toward his or her subject
What is assimilation?
The cognitive process where information from the environment is integrated into existing schemata to use and apply recently learned knowledge into one's thought pattern in solving problems.
cardinality principle
The counting principle that the last number name denotes the number of objects being counted.
Automatic Reading
The development of strong orthographic representations, which allows fast and accurate identification of whole words made up of specific letter patterns
Executive Branch
The division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments; enforces the nation's laws.
Outer core of the earth's crust
The earth's magnetic field originates in this thick, viscous part
kinetic energy
The energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains this type of energy unless its speed changes.
Purpose for teaching art
The goal of art education is today's elementary schools is to help children acquire a better understanding of art as a way of learning about themselves and the world around them.
What are initial blends?
The joining of two or more consonant sounds represented by letters that begins a word without losing the identity of the sounds. For example, /bl/ in black and the joining of the first consonant and vowel sounds in a word such as /b/ and /a/ in baby. This skill is important in learning phonics.
Antecedent
The noun that the pronoun replaces or to which it is referring
Novel
The longest form of fictional prose containing a variety of characterization, settings, local color, and regionalism
Mode
The number that occurs most often. If none of the numbers repeat then there is no mode.
density
The mass of an object as compared to its volume.
Schemata
The plural of schema, those structures that represent generic concepts stored in our memories
Emergent Reader
The reader at the beginning stages of learning to read and developing an association of print with meaning. During this stage of reading development, children engage in reading play and retelling familiar stories from memory and using pictures to make predictions
Annotating Text
The reader develops questions in response to text and analyzes and interprets elements of poetry, draws conclusions based on literal and figurative meaning, labels and interprets literacy devices, determines and labels main ideas and supportive details.
Accretion Learning
Tthe subconscious or subliminal, process by which individuals learn important things like language, prejudices, habits, social rules and behaviors. Accretion accounts for about 70% of what individuals know and understand.
Acute Triangle
Triangle with exactly three acute angles
Isosceles Triangle
Triangle with two sides of the same length
Erikson's psychosocial development (first four)
Trust vs. Mistrust: Early Childhood (2 to 3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt: School Age (6 to 11 years) Industry vs. Inferiority: School Age (6 to 11 years)
homonym
Two words have the same pronunciation and spelling but hold different meanings. Ex mouse(animal) or mouse(computer component)
Net
Two-dimensional figure that can be cut out and folded up to make a three-dimensional solid
Diphthongs
Two-vowel combinations where both vowels are heard, but not quite making their usual sounds because of the blending (i.e. oy in TOY)
Transitional Writing Stage
Understands the conventional alternative for sounds and the structure of words
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Use the body effectively, like a dancer or a surgeon. Keen sense of body awareness. They like movement, making things, touching. They communicate well through body language and be taught through physical activity, hands-on learning, acting out, role playing. Tools include equipment and real objects.
Pre-communicative Writing stage
Uses symbols from the alphabet but no knowledge of letter sound correspondence
Linguistic-Verbal
Using words effectively. These learners have highly developed auditory skills and often think in words. They like reading, playing word games, making up poetry or stories. They can be taught by encouraging them to say and see words, read books together. Tools include computers, games, multimedia, books, tape recorders, and lecture.
Inferential Reading
Utilizing prior knowledge, the reader draws conclusions and makes inferences and the refer recognizes the effects that personal experiences, biases, and points of view may have on analyzing text.
compare and contrast order steps in correct sequence chart fictional narrative structures visualize antecedents and consequences
Venn Diagram Storyboards Story Maps Cause and effects graphics
rimes
Vowels and consonants at the end of a syllable (end in the word blend, ap in the word tap)
Informational Books
Ways to learn more about something that children are interested in or something that they know little about
Denominator
We call the bottom number the Denominator, it is the number of parts the whole is divided into.
Numerator
We call the top number the Numerator, it is the number of parts you have. Numerator _________ Denominator
K-W-L Procedure
What I know, What I want to learn, and what I learned.
Phonetic
When every sound heard is represented by a letter or group of letters;vowels appear at this stage and can be interchanged EX ed endings are often written with a t or d LFENT (elephant)
Transitional
When the child stops relying on sounds and mapping alone to spell words; vowels appear in every syllable, all letters are present in a word but may not be in the correct order;conventions and rules of spelling are learned Ex gril=girl elefant=elephant Jhon=John
Passive Voice
When the subject of the verb is the receiver of the action
Median
Which is the middle value in an ordered set of numbers
polygons
a closed figure, all straight lines, and no intersecting lines.
High Frequency Words
Words most often used in the English language
verbals
Words that are made from verbs, have the power of a verb, but act like another part of speech
Homographs
Words that are spelled alike but have different sounds and meanings (bow and arrow vs. bow of a ship).
Sight Words
Words that the reader learns to era spontaneously either because of frequency or lack of conformity to orthographic rules
set
a collection of elements that are usually related.
rates
a comparison of two quantities with different units
Reciprocal Teaching
a dialogue between teacher and students, wherein each member of the dialogue responds to the other
common fractions
a fraction where both the top and bottom are whole numbers.
example of measurement division
a homeowner has a group of 400 pennies. he plans to give each trick-or- treater 5 pennies. How many trick-or-treaters can receive 5 pennies before the homeowner is out. In these case the students need to find the number of children. 80 children
Multipass Strategy
a learning strategy to help teenage students with learning disabilities (LD) related to reading.
equivalent sets
a set with an equal number of elements. the sets do not have to have the same exact elements. (A,B,C, D, E) (Jan, Feb, March, April, May)
point
a specific location, taking up no space, having no area, and represented as a dot.
Pythagorean Theorem
a squared plus b squared = c squared
stanine
a standard score with a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 2; it is always reported as a whole number
Elkonin boxes
a strategy for segmenting sounds in a word that involves drawing a box to represent each sound in a word.
literature circles
a student centered reading activity in which each member of the group is assigned a role as the group discusses what they have read
classifying objects in a set
allows students to sort material according to some specific criteria. for example: a student that is not able to count yet may sort objects according to size or whether it is hard or soft.
Reading Fluency
an ability to read printed text with speed, accuracy, and (when reading aloud) appropriate expression.
reciprocal teaching
an approach to instruction that features interactive dialogue between teachers and students.
application
apply knowledge they have learned, solve a problem with the information they have gained in class ex. solve a legal question in a government class using constitution and amendments ex. complete, solve, examine, illustrate, show
slant rhyme
appears to rhyme almost rhymes
real numbers
are all numbers that can be represented by points on the number line. zero, irrational, rational, and negative or positive, decimals
Bathos
attempt to evoke pity, sorry or nobility that goes overboard and becomes ridiculous. insincere pathos and a letdown sometimes called an anticlimax
Pre-Writing Techniques
brainstorming freewriting clustering/mapping
activities to teach phonological awareness
clapping to sounds of individual words, names or all words in a sentence practicing saying blended phonemes singing songs that involve phoneme replacement reading poems, songs and nursery rhymes out loud reading patterned and predictable texts out loud listening to environmental sounds or following verbal directions playing games with rhyming chants or fingerplays reading alliterative texts out loud grouping objects by beginning sounds reordering words in a well-known sentence or making silly phrases by deleting words from a well-known sentence
complimentary angles
consist of two angles whose measurements add up to 90 degrees
muscular system (animal)
controls bodily movement, both voluntary and involuntary
skip counting
counting by twos, threes, counting only even or odd numbers, or counting by other multiples
angles are measured in
degrees
Dyspraxic
do not process spoken language sequentially due to a neurological distortion.
pragmatics
effective use of language.
summative
evaluation of the end multiple choice, T/F, constructed response
revising
for the readers. making sure the main idea makes sense and it is a cohesive paper, Making content clear for readers. does all supporting information clearly relate to my purpose?
knowledge
gained specific knowledge from a text ex. memorized dates, or the main idea of a text ex. tell, list, label, name, remember, recall
identity element of addition
if 0 is added to any number, the result is that number. in other words, the number's identity or value remains the same
congruent
if the measure of two angles are the same they are congruent.
vertical angles
if two lines intersect they form two pairs of vertical angles.
measurement devision
in this devision method, students are told how many objects there are in all, how many objects are in each individual set, and must determine the number of sets.
Syntactic Cues
involve word order, rules and patterns of language (grammar), and punctuation.
deductive reasoning
involves applying generalized concepts to specific applications. In math, this usually involves the student learning a general rule then practicing that rule in solving specific math problems that require the student to correctly apply that rule
associative property
involves grouping numbers in problems involving three or more factors or addends. ex. (2x4)x3 is the same as 2x(4x3)
magma
is molten rock
inference
is the act of drawing a conclusion based on information that is not directly stated in a story.
declarative sentence
makes a statement and is punctuated by a period.
publishing
making it available for the public -turning paper in to teacher -entering in an essay contest
Editing
making sure documents meet the conventions of stand written English. grammar, sentence structure, word choice, punctuation, spelling, etc.
pre-number concepts
matching, sorting, comparing, ordering
Music education in the elementary level is supported by extensive research about it benefits in which subjects
mathematics and literacy
semantic
meanings we recognize from words
explain meter and give examples of some common metrical feet used in poetry
meter - a recurring pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in language creates a rhythm when spoken. When the pattern is regular it is a meter. When meter is used in a composition it is called verse. Lambic an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable Anapestic Two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable Trochaic one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable Dactylic stressed syllable followed by two stressed syllables Spondaic two consecutive syllables that are stressed almost equally Pyrrhic Two consecutive syllables that are equally unstressed.
composite numbers
most of our numbers are composite number because they are composed of several whole number factors.
Every number has an indefinite number of
multiples. because the number is multiplied by counting numbers.
prime
natural number that have 2 factors. 1 and itself (be divided by itself and 1). ex: 3= 3 and 1 or 5= 5 and 1
regrouping in multiplication
occurs in problems such as 268 x 26 = 6968
summer
occurs when a particular area is closer to the sun
winter
occurs when a particular area is farther from the sun
Phonemic awareness
occurs when an emergent reader begins to associate the sounds of spoken language with the symbols of written language
rime
part of the word that rhymes ... ook in look and ow in cow.
Accommodation
people adapt their thinking to incoming information The cognitive process where existing schemata are modified or/and new schemata is restructured to fit the child's environment.
phonemic awarness
phonological awareness where a student can hear phonemes in words
Best characteristics of sound
pitch, amplitude and quality
organize (scientific method)
placing data in a cohesive form
Deductive reasoning
proceeds from general to specific.Teachers present material through lectures and students teach each other through presentations. For Example the teacher would instruct the students how to regroup a two-digit number and then have the students apply the regrouping rules in the examples they practice.
inductive reasoning
proceeds from specific to general. the teacher first introduces a concept and using inferences from the data the students develop generalizations.
coarticulation
process of articulating sound while still articulating the previous sound. ... |oy| while still saying |t| in toy.
question
produce a list of questions the text might answer. a list of questions at the end of the text might be helpful in this step
bloom taxonomy- create (evaluation)
produce new or original work.
Phonology
producing and understanding speech sounds
informal geometry
provides students with the concepts and skills necessary for: finding the perimeter, area, surface area and volume of common geometric figures graphing equations on the coordinate system and deriving the equation for the third line from a pair of points: using the Pythagorean Theorem to solve problems involving right triangles; determining if triangles are similar and finding an unknown side in similar triangles; and determining unknown angles in figures by calculating the sum of the interior angles.
prosody
reading with expression
primary colors
red yellow blue
Semantic Cues
refer to the meaning in language that assists in comprehending texts, including words, speech, signs, symbols, and other meaning-bearing forms.
bloom taxonomy- understand (comprehension)
refers to a type of understanding or apprehension such that the individual knows that is being communicated and can make us of the material or idea being communicated without necessarily relating to it other material or seeing its fullest implications.
adaptive reasoning in math
requires students to think logically. includes reasoning regarding concepts and how they apply to specific situations.
describe the components of a short story
same elements of a novel plot, characters and point of view narrative that can be read in one sitting no time for extensive character development, large numbers of characters, in depth analysis, complicated plot lines or detailed backgrounds related to the fable, the exemplum and the folktale have become mainly an American art form William Faulkner, Katherine Anne Porter, Eudora Welty, Flannery O'Connor, O. Henry and J.D. Salinger
grammar
should be taught by enabling practice in context
semantics
study of meaning
less fluent readers
take time sounding out the word and dont spend much time understanding the text
cultural context
the basic beliefs, assumptions, and desires that a writer incorporates into a text
median
the number in the middle when placed in sequential order.
commutative property of addition and multiplication
the order of addends does not determine the sum or product. example: 6x9 and 9x6 both equal 54. subtraction and division are not commutative
semiabstract
the students work with one symbol to represent objects. such as using tally marks
syntactic
this refers to the order of words, how they are placed in a sentence and how they appear to function within that sentence
hydrosphere
water
comma splices
when a comma is used to used to join two independent clauses without a proper conjunction. the comma should be replaced by a period or a conjunction used.
helping verbs
when a single verb cannot do a job by itself of because of tense issues should have gone (gone is main, should and have are helping verbs was playing (playing is the main verb, was is the helping verb
think alouds
when teachers verbalize aloud while reading a selection orally, include describing things there doing as they read to monitor their comprehension. Purpose is to model for students how skilled readers construct meaning from a text.
interior angles
when two lines are crossed by a transversal they form eight angles. the four angles that lie between the two lines are called the interior angles. "inside the lines"
What is the difference in deductive and inductive reasoning?
with deductive reasoning the teacher gives the students the rule first and then the students practice it. With inductive reasoning the students see many applications of the rule and the determine the rule themselves.
semantics
word and sentence meaning
morphology
word formation such as roots and affixes
syntax
word order
cloze tests
words are left out of a passage and the student must fill them in
receptive Vocab
words that a student cna comprehend and respond to, even if the person cannot produce those words.
Initial words sounds
words that begin with the same letter. "fat" and "fur"
preposition
words that express relationship in time or space in on around above between by before with etc
homophones
words that sound the same but are spelled differently
Antonyms
words with opposite meanings, (i.e., big and little)
informative writing
writing educates readers by imparting straightforward information and facts, but never personal opinions.
transitional
writing via invented spelling
slope formula
y2-y1/x2-x1
Authentic Assessment
A technique to examine students' collective abilities via real-world challenges that requires them to apply their relevant skills and knowledge
obtuse angle
An angle that measures more than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees
Ballad
An in medias res story is told or sung, usually in verse, accompanied by music
fractions
#s expressed in the form x/y. both x and y must be whole numbers. ____ cannot always be translated into integers. however, all integers can be translated into fractions
associative law
(12x3)x10 same as 12(3x10). still get the same answer states that you can add or multiply regardless of how the numbers are grouped.
Evaluation-6th Tier of Bloom's Taxonomy (highest level)
-requires judging information using some criteria or standard Asking students to evaluate, recommend, summarize, debate, criticize, or judge challenges them to incorporate the evaluation level in their thinking process.
Knowledge-Bloom's Taxonomy-Ist Tier
-requires learning information -consists of memorizing or identifying facts -provides the basis for greater understanding Questions that ask students to define, describe, label, locate, recite, select, memorize, recognize, name, state, identify, or repeat utilize the knowledge level of Bloom's taxonomy.
Comprehension-Bloom's Taxonomy 2nd tier
-requires understanding information -focuses on the meaning and intent of the material Whenever students are asked to restate, paraphrase, rewrite, convert, give examples, illustrate, summarize, explain, locate, express they are employing comprehension level skills.
Application-3rd Tier of Bloom's Taxonomy
-requires using information. -gives student practice in the transfer of their learning to other situations Some action verbs associated with the application level are apply, modify, dramatize, translate, demonstrate, and construct.
What are some disadvantages of inductive lessons?
-the need for additional preparation by the teacher -access to numerous resources -additional time for students to conduct research.
Developing oral presentation skills
...
additive inverse
0 = -11 + 11
confederate states
11 southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861, Jefferson Davis was the president of the confederacy, Montgomery, AL was the capitol
Sociocognitive Approach of Language Acquisition
A language acquisition theory that states that the different aspects of linguistic, cognitive, and social knowledge are interactive elements of total human development
Prose
A literary work that is in ordinary form without metrical structure and uses the familiar structure of spoken language, sentence after sentence
solution
A substance in which one substance is evenly distributed in another substance.
Bloom's Taxonomy
A system for categorizing levels of abstraction of questions that commonly occur in educational settings. Includes the following competencies: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
Sight Words
Common words with irregular spelling Words that cannot be decoded
Cultural load
Concerned with how the relationship between language and culture can help or hinder learning
Prosody
Concerns versifications of text and involves such matters as which syllable of a word is accented
Imperative Sentence
Gives a command, often with you as the understood subject and ends with a period
scaffolding
Gives temporary support who is not ready to do the task on their own.
Conserved Energy
In a closed system, i.e., a system that isolated from its surroundings, the total energy of the system is conserved.
Psychomotor Domain
Includes abilities related to physical prowess ranging from reflexes through basic motions such as catching and throwing a ball, to skilled motions such as playing tennis, or playing the piano.
map key
Includes the compass rose, map scale, and legends that explain each of the symbols used on a particular map
Math problem-solving
Investigating and understanding content, formulating problems from everyday situations, verifying and interpreting results, identifying and solving problems that are developmentally appropriate
Structured Language Approach for Teaching Spelling
Involves an in-depth focus on letter/sound relationships and progresses through letters, phonemes, blended syllables, to whole words
What is a community of learners?
Is a classroom environment that promotes leaning via a variety of teaching and learning strategies including cooperative learning, collaboration, technology, etc ...
metaphor
Is a comparison of two unrelated objects, concepts, or ideas without using the words like or as The cloud was a soft pillow of down Bryce's words were bullets flying at my heart
grapheme
Is a letter of letters that represent one phoneme;the smallest meaningful unit within a writing system Ex. c, a, t=three graphemes
What is cooperative learning?
Is an instructional approach ha encourages students to work collaboratively as partners or in small groups on clearly defined tasks.
Proper Adjective
Is formed by a proper noun and is always capitalized
Constructivism
Is relative to problem solving. Here, students use creativity, analysis, and logic regarding their ability to analyze facts, make comparisons, generate ideas, defend view points, draw inferences, evaluate arguments and solve problems.
inertia
Is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its state of motion (this includes changes to its speed, direction or state of rest). It is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at constant velocity.
Why use a paragraph hamburger organizer?
It helps students organize their ideas into a cohesive paragraph. It helps show the organization or structure of concepts/idea. It demonstrates in a concrete way how information is related.
What is Metacognitgion?
Metacognition involves several important elements including designing, monitoring, and assessing a specific plan of action. Steps students should take to enhance metacognition are (1) identify how much they know about a specific topic to consider for developing a project, (2) have an idea of exactly how much time they want to devote to the project, (3) have an idea of when the project is expected to e completed, (4) monitor their progress by reviewing their work relative to the project, and (5) assess their performance and/or satisfaction with the project or assignment. During this phase of the project, students should ask themselves "Am I satisfied?" or "Can I do a better job?" "If so, how?". In short, metacognition is simply the process of "thinking about thinking". In fact, good readers use metacognition before they read anything in order to help them clarify their purpose for reading and to preview the text.
The Writing Process
Prewriting, Drafting, Revising, Editing, Publishing
Historical Fiction
Provides the opportunity to introduce younger children to history in a beneficial way
Conventional Spelling
Standard spelling is the correct form for written documents
Developmental Approach for Teaching Spelling
Students go through several stages of development from invented spelling to conventional spelling
Teaching art, music, and physical education
Students in schools who have art, music, and physical education taught by specialists may do better on state standardized tests.
primatology
Studies behavior of non-human primates.
Geology
Study of the Earth
semantics
Study of word meaning
Traits/Elements of Writing
Style, tone, point-of-view
elements
Substances consisting of a single type of atom
mixture
Substances that are mixed together, but the individual molecules remain separate, mixtures are considered homogenous due to this even distribution.
Whole Language Approach for Teaching Spelling
Supports that idea that student learns to spell by remembering what the words looks like rather than by remembering how it sounds
Print Awareness
The realization that writing is create with instruments such as pens, pencils, crayons, and markers
Alliteration
The repetition of the beginning consonant sound
Syntax
The rules of patterned relationships that correctly create phrases and sentences from words
Modern Fantasy
The stories are based in reality, which makes it easier for the reader to suspend disbelief and enter into worlds of unreality
What is an idiom?
The use of words peculiar to a particular language with a meaning that differs from typical syntactic patterns or from the literal meaning of its parts taken together. Some examples of idiomatic expressions would include, "John kicked the bucket" means "John passed away," or "chill out" means "relax, don't sweat it.
Interpersonal
Understanding, interacting with others. These students learn through interaction. They have many friends, empathy for others, street smarts. They can be taught through group activities, seminars, dialogues. Tools include the telephone, audio conferencing, time and attention from the instructor, video conferencing, writing, computer conferencing, E-mail.
solid figures
Three dimensional shapes
Literal, inferential, evaluate
Three levels of Reading Comprehension
Purpose for teaching physical education
To develop the skills, knowledge, and confidence necessary to lead a physically active lifestyle. A high-quality physical education program promotes an active lifestyle, improved health, motor skill development, and better cognitive performance. A student who becomes skilled and knowledgeable in physical education is more likely to become a healthy adult who is motivated to remain healthy and physically active throughout his or her life. Promotes lifelong physical activity and attitudes and behaviors that reduce health risks.
(1) planning and setting goals for reading; (2) activating their background knowledge and using textual cues to construct meaning from the text as they read; (3) self-monitoring their reading comprehension; (4) solving problems they experience while reading; and (5) self-evaluating their progress.
Transactional Strategy Instruction (5 steps) Helps with comprehension
circulatory system (animal)
Transports blood, which contains oxygen along with different nutrients and lymph, throughout the body
a percent can be converted to a decimal by
moving the decimal point two place to the right. 98% becomes .98
iriqouis indians
new york
irrational numbers
numbers keep going, like pi
rational numbers
numbers that can be expressed as a fraction (x/y), in which both x and y are integers and y is never 0. A ___ number can also be expressed as a decimal or a percent
composite numbers
numbers that have more than two factors. 6 is an example
prime numbers
numbers that only have two factors: the number itself and 1. ex. the only #s that can be multiplied together to make a product of 5 are 5 and 1. this means that 5 is a prime number
multiples
of any whole numbers are the results of multiplying that whole number by the counting numbers( 1,2,3....). for example: multiples of 7 are : 7,14,21,28.....every whole number has an infinite number of multiples.
semiabstract
one object in the operation is replaced with a numeral while the other object is still represented by a picture or another, more visual representation
Literacy-rich Environment
one that provides students having disabilities with stimulation to take part in activities involving language and literacy during their everyday life routines
onset and rime
onset is the initial sound unit of any word and the rime is the stream of letters that follow
Differentiating for ELL Students and Special Needs Students in rhyming words
onset words with pictures combining with textures on pictures for tactile
writing process
prewriting drafting revising editing publishing
when number cannot be divided up equally they are
prime numbers. they cannot be divided by 2 or split equally. example. 3 / 2 = 1.5
Literacy examples in a classroom
printed labeled materials (schedule, calendar, etc.), helping teacher change the room to any topic they are working on
Directed Reading
procedure where you teach students to make predictions continually as they read narrative texts.
Scaffolding strategies to support students' progress toward independent proficient reading
provide access to grade-level texts, purposeful grouping, close reading
scientific method
provides a framework by which theories can be tested through prediction, hypothesis, experimentation, and interpretation of resulting data
a percent can be converted into a fraction by
putting the percent over 100 and then reducing. 20% becomes 20/100 and that is reduced to 1/5
ordering
putting things into their correct place following some rule.
Considerations when revising a paper
questions to keep in ind is the thesis clear do the paragraphs flow and provide details to support the thesis is anything repeated unnecessarily is there anything off topic is the language understandable does anything need to be defined is the material interesting
read
read through the text to find answers to the chosen questions
Irony
refers to difference between what is and what ought to be or what is said and what is meant twist of fate it is ironic that the tortoise beat the hare.
volume
refers to how much space is inside a three dimensional, closed container
adaptive reasoning
refers to logical thinking. in Math adaptive reasoning is the capacity to think logically about the relationships between concepts and situations.
symmetry
refers to objects that can be divided into two identical figures with a single line
Structural analysis
refers to the ability to analyze words according to their individual parts, or syllables
phoneme
refers to the actual sounds produced in a spoken word
probability
refers to the likelihood that a given event will take place
Semantics
refers to the meaning of the vocabulary symbols arranged within a structure. content of a word
physical geography
refers to the study of Earth's physical attributes. can include landforms like mountains, rivers, deserts and plateaus, types of soil, climate, etc
bloom taxonomy- apply (application)
refers to the use of abstractions in a particular concrete situations. Use information in new situations
Oxymoron
refers to two terms that are used together for contradictory effect. new classic
polygons
regular 2-dimensional constructs formed by the intersection of at least three straight lines. rectangles, triangles, pentagons, and quadrilaterals are all polygons
inequalities
a mathematical sentence involving <, >, or = plus < or >
numbers vs. numerals
a number is the concept of a quantity of objects, while a numeral is a symbol representing quantity
prime numbers
a number which can only be divided by itself and 1
regrouping in subtraction
a process once called borrowing. used in problems such as 23-7.
regrouping in addition
a process once called carrying. it is used in problems such as 26+ 6, 16+7.
compound
a substance formed by combining different elements in exact proportions
cloze test
a test in which one is asked to supply words that have been removed from a passage in order to measure one's ability to comprehend text.
distributive property
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Distributive property
a(b+c)= ab+ac is an algebra property which is used to multiply a single term and two or more terms inside a set of parentheses.
Commutative Property
a+b=b+a
An Elementary teacher who is teaching the properties of geometric objects states, "if all four angles are right angles, the shape must be a rectangle. If it is a square, all angles are right angles. If it is a square, it must be a rectangle." This if-then reasoning reflects which of the following theories? A. van Hiele - informal deduction B. Gardner theory - logical intelligence C. Van de Walle approach - developmental teaching D. Piaget constructivist approach - "hands on" learning
a. van Hiele - informal deduction
pythagorean theorem
a^2+b^2=c^2. the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
physical changes
affect the shape or size of an object without changing its molecular structure
subordinating conjunction
after although as because before even thou if since though unless until when whenever whereas wherever while
An example of adaptive reasoning is
after solving a math problem a student would look to see if it is reasonable. If the child solves the problem 7-4 and gets 11 as the answer. The child might think, I only had 7 to start with and I took 4 away. I could not end up with 11 because it is bigger than 7.
Scribble Stage
age 1-2; uncontrolled scribble- focus on random marks and controlled scribble- children begin to understand the connection between their action and marks on paper
Pseudo-Naturalistic
age 10-13; The use of value and light is now apparent in drawings. Children at this stage of artistic development are very critical of their own success. Success is determined by the level of realism achieved in the drawing. Frustration is a common occurrence. It is exceptionally important to encourage students at this stage.
Decision Stage
age 13-16; Children at this stage will decide to continue drawing or view it as an activity without merit. This stage of artistic development is perhaps the most critical to the development of an artist.
Preschematic Stage
age 3-4; the second stage in children's art development, which is marked by attempts to represent familiar objects in the environment
Schematic Stage
age 5-6; the third stage in children's art development, which is marked by using specific forms and shapes to represent elements of the environment
Dawning Realism
age 7-9; children are beginning to become more critical of their own work. Overlapping can be seen and a sense of spatial relationships is more evident.
chemical changes
alter the molecular structure. In chemical reactions, a substance can combine with another substance or break apart to form a new substance.
interrogative sentence
asks a question and is punctuated by a question mark.
evaluate
assess information and come to a conclusion ex. evaluate the basis behind any primary document to see how it effects points speaker is making ex. select, judge, debate, recommend
Testing recognition of rhyming
assess the student on what rhyming is and examples of rhyming.
excretory system (animal)
removes waste from the body
formative
assessing as you teach, homework, observation, in-class activities, journal writing
anaphora
repetition of a phrase in rhetorical speech
alliteration
repetition of first sounds or stressed syllables.
assonance
repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds.
analysis
see patterns they have use to analyze a problem ex. what motives were behind protagonist actions during a novel. requires students to analyze character and come to a conclusion based on analysis ex. analyze, explain, investigate, infer
elkonin boxes
segmenting sounds in a word that involves drawing a box to represent each sound in a word, helps build listening vocabulary
syntactic
sentence structure, word order, and grammar
Exclamatory sentence
shows strong emotion. ends with an exclamation point
dependent clause
similar to a independent clause but lack the element that would make it a complete sentence. begin with a subordinating conjunction
Anecdote
simply a narrative description of an event or incident
Survey
skim the text and look at major characteristics such as headings of chapters, diagrams, charts of pictures, and words that are emphasized by a different font
Differentiating instruction for reading fluency instruction
small groups based on levels. read cold reading. then tally your errors. Then hot read. then graph between cold and hot readings
predict (scientific method)
stating the expected result of an experiment before performing that experiment
orthographic phase (spelling)
student recognizes text in larger units, develops broader word recognition, utilizes decoding skills with fluency.
repeated and monitored oral reading
student who read and reread passages orally as they receive guidance and/or feedback become better readers. improves speed, word recognition, accuracy and fluency
publishing (stage 6)
students "publish" the work by making and presenting a final, carefully written draft
Think-Along Passage
students answered questions after each page during reading
deductive method (inquiry method)
students are presented with generalizations and rules, and then find specific examples of these rules through research
reciprocal teaching
students become the teacher
interpretive comprehension
students go beyond what is said and read for deeper meanings
in partitive division
students know the number of groups but they do not know the number of objects in each group.
comparing objects in a set
students may compare objects in a set to objects in another set as a help in preparing for number skills. example: is there a chair for each toy bear? Does every child in the room a carton of milk?
writing word prolbems
students need to demonstrate an understanding of arithmetic operations, different terms, that are used for a specific operations, and how to use those terms appropriately in word problems
inductive method (inquiry method)
students perform research and gather data from which they form generalizations and rules
writing (stage 2)
students produce a rough first draft, without worrying about proper spelling, grammar or formatting
prewriting (stage 2)
students research and gather information on their chosen topic
revising (stage 3)
students review and revise their rough draft to improve mechanisms
rewriting (stage 5)
students revise their draft once again based on feedback from others during the editing and evaluation stage
round robin reading
students take turns reading parts of a text aloud, does not increase fluency.
shared writing
teacher and students work cooperatively together to compose a piece of writing
differentiated instruction
teacher matches student characteristics to instruction and assessment with the same curriculum ex. content, product and process DOESN"T change curriculum
Professional development
teachers assessing themselves and improving on any weaknesses through collaboration and other activities
Phonics
teaches children the principles that guide the relationships of letters to sounds; it teaches them the process of sounding out printed words they see; and it teaches them the exceptions to the rules that are the main guiding principles of the relationships of letters and sounds.
systematic instruction
teaching a set of useful sound/spelling relationships in a clearly defined, carefully selected, logical instructional sequence
Close Reading
technique in which students read challenging texts multiple times, each time for a different purpose.
experiment (scientific method)
test a single variable in a controlled experimental environment where only that variable is independent
supplementary texts
texts on the same subject or theme as the more difficult core text. Helps with those who have lower background knowledge and literacy levels
elements of music
texture, harmony, melody, rhythm
alternate interior angles
the interior angles that lie on opposite sides of the transversal are alternate interior angles.
subtraction is
the inverse of addition. is a binary operation.
volume
the measure of the amount of space inside of a solid figure, like a cube.
concrete method
the teacher allows the students to real objects to solve problems. manipulatives
scaffolding: interactive (stage 3)
the teacher and student continue to work together as the students take on more of the reading
scaffolding: shared (stage 2)
the teacher and the student read the text together. the student can read familiar words while the teacher models reading of unfamiliar words
scaffolding: modeled (stage 1)
the teacher models reading tasks for the student, who primarily observes but can also participate. reading aloud would be a modeled reading task
inquiry lesson
the teacher presents a question and students must work to determine the answer using inductive reasoning techniques . the teacher will facilitate the process by providing support and resources, but the students are responsible for learning the concepts
scaffolding: guided (stage 4)
the teacher works with the student to provide help where it is still needed, such as supplying pronunciations or meaning for unfamiliar words
narrative writing
the writer retells familiar stories, writes stories about events in his or her own life or creates original stories.
semantic
these are clues toward the meaning of a word derived from the full context of that word
skip counting
they may start with 1 and count only the odd numbers. 1,3,5,7,9
pre-writing
thinking about a topic or working thesis. start collecting information and getting ideas that relate to main idea/thesis. could us diagram, outline, identify pros and cons
Emergent literacy (Stage 1)
this stage sees children in transition between spoken and written language with the help of adults
rotations
turning motions
carbs
turns extra into fat, energy source
dipthong
two adjacent vowels sounds occurring in the same syllable
adjacent
two angles are adjacent if they share a common vertex.
supplementary angles
two angles whose measurements total 180 degrees. if placed back to back, the bases of these angles would form a straight line
compound sentence
two complete sentences (independent clauses) connected with a coordinating conjunction
vertical angles
two intersecting lines form two sets of this angle. they are situated opposite from each other, with a shared vertex, and measure the same number of degrees
angle
two non collinear rays that have the same vertex
dipthong
two vowels in which the sound begins at the first vowel and moves toward the sound of the second vowel
dipthongs
two vowels to make another sound, oe in "shoe"
homographs
two words that look alike but have different meanings bow/bow
comanchee
tx, oklahoma
expository writing
type of writing that used to explain, describe, give information, or inform. share ideas and provides explanations and evidence.
comprehension
understanding information, interepreting facts ex. understand why each cloud has formed in that manner ex, describe, contrast, discuss, predict
infer (scientific method)
use existing information to infer additional information
synthesis
use given facts to create new theories or make predictions ex. invent a new product or game ex. invent, imagine, create, compose
equalities
use two different units to describe the same measured amount
t-chart
used for listing two separate viewpoints on a topic
What is the role of the teacher in inquiry lessons?
facilitator who plans outcomes and provides resources for students as they work.
holistic rubric
used to assess students work as a whole, not just portions of students writing
Transitional Words and phrases
used to link thoughts and sentences. Addition - also, in addition, furthermore, moreover, and then, another Admitting a Point - Granted, although, while it is true that Cause and effect - Since, so, onsequently, a a result, therefore, thus Comparison - similarly, just as, in like manner, likewise Contrast - on the other hand, yet, nevertheless, despite, but, still Emphasis - Indeed, in fact, without a doubt, certainly, to be sure Illustration - for example, for instance, in particular, specifically Purpose - In order to, for this purpose, for this to occur Spatial arrangement - Beside, above, below, around, across, inside, near, far, to the left Summary or clarification - in summary, in conclusion, that is, in other words Time sequence - Before, after, later, soon, next, meanwhile, suddenly, finally
telescope
used to observe objects too distant to see in detail with the naked eye
microscope
used to observe objects too small to see with the naked eye
social students
useful for establishing between fact and opinion
ordered pairs
way of representing the location of a specific point on a plane
number concepts
words, symbols, quantity, counting patterns,
Law of Superposition
geological law that states that the past will hold the position at the bottom and the present will hold the position on the top
drafting
getting ideas on paper, organizing your information logically, and developing your topic with enough detail for your audience and purpose.
syntax
grammatical structure of a word.
identity element of multiplication
if any number is multiplied by 1, the result is the original number. The number's identity or value remains the same
Story Grammar
in text analysis, a formal device or grammar used for specifying relations among episodes in a story and to formulate rules for generating other stories.
partitive devision
in this devision method, the student knows the total and the number of sets and must determine the number of objects in each set.
developing literacy (Stage 2)
in this stage, children begin to develop independent literacy skills, including decoding and handwriting. this stage typically occurs during the first and second grades
natural numbers
include the set of counting numbers 1,2,3,4,5..... and the set of whole numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5....
simple sentence
independent clause subject, verb and complete thought
operations
indicate what one does which any given group of numbers.
Bloom Taxonomy- remember (knowledege
involves the recall of specifics and universals, the recall of methods and processes, or the recall of a pattern , structure, or setting. Memorization.
Identity element of multiplication
is 1. which means if a number is multiplied by 1 that answer is that of the other number. 1 x 8 = 8
multiplication
is a binary operation. the result of the operation is a product. 4 x 9 = 36. the product is 36
set
is a collection of things real, or imagined, related or unrelated. students may manipulate the objects within the set in various ways.
number
is a concept that indicates how many.
persuasive writing
is a form of nonfiction writing that encourages careful word choice, the development of logical arguments, and a cohesive summary.
radiant energy
is a form of wave energy
mechanical energy
is created by moving objects
magnetic energy
is the force of a magnet -- push or pull
supplementary angles
is the sum of two angles is 180 degrees
complementary angles
is when the sum of two angles is 90 degrees.
stages of writing development scribbling
letter-like symbols, string of letters, beginning sounds emerge, consonants represent words, initial middle and final sounds, transitional phases, standard spelling
grapho/phonic
letter-to-sound relationships
grapheme
letters that correspond to sound (written)
biosphere
life
extemporaneous speech
limited preparation speech
equator
line that runs E to W
prime meredian
line that runs N to S
mean
Add up all the numbers in a set and divided them by the sum of the numbers
primary source document
First-hand account of the actual history
early emergent
letter like forms
body needs X hours of sleep
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Six Categories of Bloom's Taxonomy
(Starting from the bottom to the top) Remembering: Retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long-term memory. Understanding: Constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. Applying: Carrying out or using a procedure through executing, or implementing. Analyzing: Breaking material into constituent parts, determining how the parts relate to one another and to an overall structure or purpose through differentiating, organizing, and attributing. Evaluating: Making judgments based on criteria and standards through checking and critiquing. Creating: Putting elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure through generating, planning, or producing.
associative property
(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)
Deductive
(from general to specific)Instruction begins with a study of the broad topic and then focuses downy o more detailed information
Inductive
(from specific to general) Instruction begins with a study of finite information on which to base general conclusions or make broad generalizations about the subject
rational numbers
(m/n) fractions, n cannot be 0
editing and evaluation (stage 4)
(post-writing) students evaluate their own word as well as that of other students
Phonemic Awareness
* Two best predictors of future success in reading are phonemic awareness and letter knowledge * Developing phonemic awareness results in average percentile gains of 15 points. * Consciousness of individual sounds in words. It is the realization that spoken word is composed of a sequence of speech sounds.
Forms of Emergent Writing
*Drawing* The drawing is not an illustration for a story but is the story itself. The child reads the drawing as though it were text. *Scribbling* The scribbling resembles a line of writing. It may have the appearance of a series of waves or, in a more advanced representation, may resemble a series of letterlike forms. *letterlike* Letterlike forms resemble manuscript or cursive letters and are generally written as separate forms rather than the continuous forms seen in scribbling. They are not real letters, and care needs to be taken that poorly formed real letters are not placed in this category. *Prephonemic Spelling* The child writes with real letters, but the letters are a random collection or a meaningless pattern, such as repeating the same letter. Although the letters are real, they do not represent sounds. *Copying* The child copies from print found in his or her environment: signs, labels, etc *Invented Spelling* Students make use of the alphabetic principle. The letters they write represent sounds. Initially, one letter may represent a whole word. Over time, there is a gradual movement to conventional spelling. *Conventional Spelling* Student's spelling is conventional.
Reading from Emergent Writing
*Null* The child refuses to read the story he or she has written, says that he or she cannot read it, or comments that nothing was written or the story does not say anything. *Labeling/Describing* The child supplies labels or a description instead of reading. The child says, "Cat" or "This is a cat." A one-word response is a label; a sentence response is a description if it gives information beyond the label. *Dialogue* The child only responds if you ask questions, so the interchange takes on a question-answer format. The question-answer interchange may be initiated by the child. *Oral Monologue* The child tells a story in the style of an oral retelling. It does not have the characteristics of the reading of a piece of writing. *Written Monologue* The reading sounds as though the child is reading from a written piece. It has the sound and flow of oral reading of written text, but the child is not actually reading from the written piece. *Naming Letters* The child names the letters that have been written. *Aspectual/Strategic Reading* The child is beginning to attend to the writing and may attempt to sound out some words and phrases while skipping others. The child may read the written piece while looking at the written words, but the written words may not completely match up with what the child is reading. *Conventional* The child uses the written words to read. The rendition may sound like written monologue, but the main difference is that the child is deciphering the written words while reading
Devepment of Spelling
*Prealphabetic (prephonemic) stage* -children realize that letters are used to create words, but have not caught onto the alphabetic principle (letters represent sounds). *Alphabetic (letter name) stage* - put alphabetic principle to work. at the beginning single letters may represent whole sounds (k for car). later phase they may add the consonent phase, (kr for car). -child spells what they hear *consolidated alphabetic stage* -within word pattern stage -*orthographic phase* (tries to use correct spelling)
prewriting techniques: listing and charting
*listing* similar to brainstorming writing down as many desriptive words and phrases correct spelling and grouping come later intended to stimulate creativity and provide a vibrant vocabulary for the description of the subject once the actual writing process begins *charting* works for comparison/contrast purposes or advantages and disadvantages (pros and cons)
three ways to arrange information strategically in writing
*logical order* coherent pattern in information such as inductive or deductive reasoning or division of a topic into its parts *hierarchical order* ranking of material from most to least important or vice versa or breaking topic from a general form into specifics *chronological order* sequence in a how to, it will be step 1 step 2 etc.
suffixes
*noun suffixes* two types - denotes act of of state of or quality of - ment ... argument ... the act of arguing - denotes the doer or on who acts - eer ... auction ... auctioneer ... one who auctions *verb suffix* - denote to make or to perform the act of - en ... soften ... to make soft - ate, ize, fy *adjectival suffix* - ful ... means full of ... careful means full of care - ish, less and able
Three ways to arrange information strategically in writing
*order defined by genre* predetermined order structured according to a precedent or professional guidelines order required for a type of research or lab report resume or application form. *order of importance* ranking determined by priorities persuasive paper, writer usually puts the strongest argument in the last body paragraph so that readers will remember it. in news report, the most important information comes first. *order of interest* if the writer thinks that reader knowledge and interest in the subject will be low, normal order choices need to be changed and the piece should begin with a hook.
structure of inquiry lesson
1) teacher presents the question 2) students brainstorm (everything they know about the topic) 3) students separate what they already know into categories 4) students research specific topics within these categories 5) students present their research findings to the class
natural number
1,2,3,4 no numbers with 0
1 mile-yd
1,760 yd
11. Jane is saving to buy a new car. Her friends are planning a weekend trip to the beach. She wants to go, but decides that saving for the car is more important. Jane's choice best demonstrates which of the following economic concepts? (A) Opportunity cost (B) Supply and demand (C) Scarcity of resources (D) Comparative advantage
11. The correct answer is (A). Opportunity cost is the value of what is forgone when an economic choice is made. In this example, the opportunity cost of saving for the car is forgoing a weekend trip with friends.
2. Which of the following types of maps shows the boundaries of countries, states or municipalities? (A) Thematic (B) Topographic (C) Political (D) Meteorological
2. The correct answer is (C). A political map shows boundaries of countries, states, and municipalities. A thematic map presents specific information related to a geographic area, such as the location of natural resources. A topographic map shows the physical features of the land. A meteorological map presents information about weather and climate.
regrouping in subtraction at the concrete level:
23-7=? The students can see that they can't subtract 7 from 3. Begin with 2 groups of 10 straws and 1 group of 3 straws. The student will count out 7 straws. When the students see that they cannot subtract 7 from 3, They can unbundle 1 pack of 10 straws and place 10 straws with the 3 other straws. They can pull 7 straws from 13; 6 straws will be left along with 1 bundle of 10. answer is 16.
1 yard-in
36 inches
1 year equals
52 weeks
base 10 place value example
543- 5 is in the 100s place. 4 is in the 10s place. 3 is in the 1s place. (10x or 10 divided by)
commutative property
5x56 same as 56x5
setset
6 line stanza
Traditional Approach for Teaching Spelling
Adheres strictly to a phonics-based approach to spelling
simile
A comparison of two unrelated objects, concepts, or ideas using the words like or as Ex. The dog ran like a pinwheel in the wind
Retelling
A comprehension assessment strategy in which the student retells a story that they have read to highlight the main themes
Word Map Strategy
A comprehension assessment strategy that features teacher-directed learning where children are "walked through" the process of identifying the type of information that makes a definition. Children are also assisted in using context clues and background understanding to construct meaning
Short Story
A concise narrative that has less background than a novel, but that typically includes many of the same plot developments and techniques
Federal government
A form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments
What is a minilesson?
A minilesson is associated to direct instruction and skill-and-drill activities. Here, teachers use direct instruction during the mini-lesson to teach about reading and writing procedures, skills, and strategies. The second kind of teaching is indirect teaching. Here, teachers use indirect teaching for brief, on-the-spot mini-lesson as they respond to students' questions or assist students who need specific help. Mini-lesson takes place during whole-class activities, conferences with students, or working with small groups.
What is a phoneme?
A minimal sound unit of speech that, when contrasted with another phoneme, affects the naming of words in a language, such as /b/ in book contrasts with /r/ in rook, /l/ in look. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that change the meanings of spoken words. For example, if you change the first phoneme in cat from /c/ to /f/, the word bat changes to fat. The English language has about 41-44 phonemes. A few words, such as a or oh, have only one phoneme. Most words have more than one phoneme. The word ifhas two phonemes /i/ and /f/.
atmosphere
A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon.
multiplicative inverse
A number times its multiplicative inverse is equal to 1; also called reciprocal
Atoll
A ring or partial ring of coral that forms an island in a sea or ocean
Scientific method
A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.
What is connectionism?
A theory developed by Edward Thorndike. The learning theory that represents the original S-R framework of behavioral psychology suggesting that learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli and responses. These associations or "habits" become strengthened or weakened by the nature and frequency of the S-R pairings. For example, after much trial and error behavior, the cat learns to associate pressing the lever (S) with opening the door (R). This S-R connection is established because it results in a satisfying state of affairs (escape from the box).
What is behaviorism?
A theory of animal and human learning that focuses on observable behaviors and ignores psychological activities.
Legend
A traditional narrative or collection of related narrative, popularly regarded as historically factual but actually a mixture of fact and fiction; similar to myths except they tend to deal with events that happened more recently
A fifth grade teacher has been teachign the solar system. Students have learned the compsoition of the planets and compared them to Earth. The teacher has divided the class into groups and assigned a project to identify the planet they believe could sustain a life-form and describe how this creature would differ from humans in order to live on the planet. This is an example of which of the following stages of Bloom's Taxonomy? A. synthesis B. knowledge C. application D. Comprehension
A. synthesis
What is equilibration?
According to Piaget, development is driven by the process of equilibration. Equilibration encompasses assimilation (i.e., people transform incoming information so that it fits within their existing thinking) and accommodation (i.e, people adapt their thinking to incoming information). Piaget suggested that equilibration takes place in three phases. First children are satisfied with their mode of thought and therefore are in a state of equilibrium. Then, they become aware of the shortcomings in their existing thinking and are dissatisfied (i.e., are in a state of disequilibration and experience cognitive conflict). Last, they adopt a more sophisticated mode of thought that eliminates the shortcomings of the old one (i.e., reach a more stable equilibrium).
Phonemic Awareness
Acknowledgement of sounds and words; sounds in words that are spoken
Folktales/Fairy Tales
Adventures of animals or humans and the supernatural; hero is usually on a quest aided by other-worldly helpers
7 continents
Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Australia, and Antarctica.
regular triangle
All congruent sides and angles.
irrational numbers
All numbers that are not rational are considered irrational. An irrational number can be written as a decimal, but not as a fraction. An irrational number has endless non-repeating digits to the right of the decimal point. Here are some irrational numbers: 0, Pi - 3. 14...
Prior Knowledge
All of an individual's prior experiences, education, and development that precede his or her entrance into a specific learning situation or his or her attempts to comprehend a specific text
alternate exterior angles
Angles that lay outside the parallel lines and are on opposite sides of the transversal; They are congruent.
corresponding angles
Angles that lie on the same side of the transversal in corresponding positions
consecutive exterior angles
Angles which share the same side of the transversal and are outside the lines.
rational numbers
Any number that can be written as a fraction
Major deserts
Arabian, Atacama, Australian, Iranian, Kalahari, Namib, North American, Pantagonian, Saharan, Sonoran, Takla Makan-Gobi, That, and Turkestand.
syntax
Arrangement of words in phrases and sentences
Combination
Arrangement where order does not matter
Permutation
Arrangement where order matters
Beginner, Developing, Proficient
Asessing Phonemic Awareness - 3 levels
Jacob Kounin's classroom management theory
Believed teachers have the ability to affect student's behavior through instructional management. Having good classroom management skills and well-paced lessons are both teacher behaviors tgat demonstarte "with-it-ness" he found 4 characteristics that a teacher needs 1. With-it-ness: means that you have eyes all over you...that you see things...you pick up on what's going on in your classroom a. Pick up on body language b. Know what is going to happen before it happens d. This can be developed with practice 2. Over-lapping activities: not everybody has to be doing the same thing a. Managing different things at the same time 3. Maintenance of Group Focus: making sure that all of your groups/students are engaged in and focused on learning 4. Movement management: having unused time b. Transitions; any times you have movement or change...it is a great opportunity to misbehave 1) Warn your students ahead of time
compare and contrast blank verse and free verse
Blank Verse - unrhymed verse consists of lines of lambic pentameter (five feet 'sets' of unstressed and stressed syllables.) closest to natural human speech. most common because of its versatility Shakespearean plays, Milton's epic poems, and T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land. Free Verse lacks regular patterns of poetic feet has more controlled rhythm than prose in terms of pace and pauses no rhyme and usually written in short lines of irregular length King James Translation of Psalms, Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass and Ezra pound and William Carlos Williams.
Incas
Brought forth the concept of present-day irrigation, road systems, military organizations
3 most recognized classical civilizations
China, Greece and Rome, India
Simple Sentence
Contains one independent clause
Mississippi River
Control of this river would cut the Confederacy in half A major North American river and the chief river of the United States, longest river in the U.S. TN's natural border on west
Counting Numbers
Counting Numbers are Whole Numbers, but without the zero. Because you can't "count" zero. So they are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... (and so on).
Cardinal Number
Counting, indicate quantity
Davio Ausubel
Davio Ausubel pointed out that learning is based primarily on the types of superordinate processes that occur during the early learning stage. New material is related to relevant idea in the existing cognitive structure. David Ausubel Subsumption Theory is concerned with how individuals learn vast amounts of meaningful material from lecture assignments in a school setting. Verbal learning was seen as the predominant method of classroom learning. David Ausubel felt discovery learning techniques are often uneconomical, inefficient, and ineffective. He felt most school learning is verbal learning (receptive learning) and indicated that individuals tend to forget things because certain details become integrated and lose their importance.
alphabetical principle
Decoding is also called
liquid
Does not have a definite shape but the volume can be measured
gas
Does not have a definite volume or a defined shape; is the least dense of the states of matter
E. Guthrie
E. Guthrie is credited as the exponent originator. According to Guthrie, all learning was a consequence of association between a particular stimulus and response. Simple contiguous (close together in time or space) association of a stimulus and response can lead to a change in behavior. Thus, the role of motivation is to create a state of arousal and activity that will produce a given response that can now be conditioned. In addition, contiguity theory indicates that forgetting is due in part, to interference rather than the passage of time, as stimuli tends to become associated with new responses and old responses gradually, become unlearned
thermal energy
Energy due to temperature.
presenting letters visually and having the student name them
Evaluating letter knowledge of a student
Summative assessment
Evaluation at the conclusion of a unit (multiple choice, true/false, constructed response)
Physical Education Concepts
Exercise, physical fitness, game and sport kills, safety, locomotor patterns, body management, social discipline, healthy lifestyles
How to develop students' ability to distinguish among fact, opinion, and reasoned judgement
Fact: Something that can be proven true Opinion: Something that someone thinks or feels about something Reasoned Judgement: Decision that requires time and effort and results from careful information gathering, generation of alternatives, and evaluation of alternatives
Teaching Math in Real-World Contexts
Helpful to motivate students and access prior knowledge; Should not be elevated to a general principal; some math must be taught for math's sake alone; students should be able to say "this learning will help me do this"
Overall purpose of teaching Science
Helping students discover that a major influence on the culture of society is the discovery and innovation of science and technology.
Differentiating for ELL Students and Special Needs Students in phonemic awareness
Helping them by providing explicit instruction using multiple sensory modalities, aiding comprehension and retention: examples- giving them extra practice on website www.readwritethink.org
Mount Rainier
Highest mountain of the Cascade Range and the highest in Washington.
Howard Gardner
Howard Gardner is credited with coining the Multiple Intelligences Theory which is a pluralized way of understanding the intellect. Researchers believe that each person's level of intelligence is made up of autonomous faculties that can work individually or in concert with other faculties. Howard Gardner identified seven such faculties he labels as `intelligences' including: musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, linguistic intelligence, special intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, and, intrapersonal intelligence
prepositional phrase
IT contains the preposition and the modifiers of the object
Nine planets revolve around the sun
In an elliptical pattern
Derivational Relations Spelling
It is common among students ages 11-14. Students explore the relationship between spelling and meaning during the derivational relations stage, and learn that words with related meanings are often related in spelling despite changes in vowel and consonant sounds (e.g., wise-wisdom, sign-signal, nation-national). Examples of spelling errors include: CRITISIZE (criticize), APPEARENCE (appearance), and COMMITTE or COMMITEE (committee). The focus in this stage is on morphemes, and students learn about Greek and Latin root words and affixes.
What is emergence learning?
It is manifested via structuring, patterning, and constructing meaning, understanding, and ideas that did not exist initially. This process involves insight, reflection, creative expression, and/or group interactions. This method of learning is dependent on intelligence, synthesis, intuition, creativity, and problem-solving skills. Emergence only accounts for 1-2% of what individuals learn in a lifetime emergence like emerging ideas, building from what you know emerging into something else/new
Galileo
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)
Jerome Bruner
Jerome Bruner suggested that learning is an active process where students' constructed new ideas and concepts based upon their current/past experiences and knowledge. The learned information selected is then transformed to constructs hypotheses and makes decision based on the cognitive structure.
Bloom's Taxonomy (detailed description of levels)
Knowledge: Remember: recall appropriate info Comprehension: Understand: grasp the meaning of info Apply: use material in new and concrete situations Analyze: break down material into new and component parts so that its organizational structure may be understood Evaluate: make judgments based on criteria and standards Synthesize: Create: put elements together to form a coherent or functional whole
Correct Writing Stage
Knows the orthographic system and the basic rules, making generalizations
sedimentary rocks
Layers of sediments pressed together over time. gypsum, coal, limestone and sandstone
Transmission model of citizenship
Learning government functions and following government rules
Concepts of Print
Left to right progression (words on the page are read from left to right) One-to-one correspondence (spoken words match print) Return sweep (you return to the left after reaching the end of a line of print) Spaces between words Top to bottom (words on a page are read from top to bottom) Beginning and end (where to start and stop reading a word, sentence, or book)
Compound Sentence
Made up of two independent clauses that are joined by a conjunction, a correlative conduction, or semicolon
solid
Maintains a consistent volume and shape; the densest of the states of matter.
Descriptive Writing
Making an experience available through one of the five senses
Strategies to develop phonic and word-analysis skills to support decoding
Morphology, syllabication, word building, wor/letter sorts, high-frequency words)
partial products
Multiplication method in which the products of each place value separately, and then added together
Purpose for teaching music
Music is considered a fundamental component of human culture and behavior. It touches on all learning domains, including the psychomotor domain (the development of skills), the cognitive domain (the acquisition of knowledge), and, in particular and significant ways, the affective domain (the learner's willingness to receive, internalize, and share what is learned), including music appreciation and sensitivity.
Comprehension
Occurs when readers are able to make predictions, select main ideas, and establish significant and supporting details of the story
cloze procedure
Omits every fifth word in a passage and requires that the student supply the missing word to make sense of the passage
What is operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning is coined by B.F. Skinner, is based upon the premise that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. The change in behavior is a result of the student's response to events (stimuli) occurring in one's environment. A response produces a consequence such as, jumping rope or learning to swim. When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond. Skinner examined how learning was affected by stimuli presented after an act was performed. He discovered that certain stimuli caused the organism to repeat an act more frequently. He labeled "stimuli" with this effect the "reinforces." Today, classroom teachers are the recipients of this finding by using reinforcement as a means of controlling and motivating student behavior. The term "behavior modification" is an important technique teachers employ in improving the learning and classroom behavior of their students.
A teacher shares a book about Jackie Robinson, the first African American to play major league baseball, as an introduction to a lesson on character traits. Which of the following traits will the teacher most likely discuss during the lesson? (A)Courage (B)Honesty (C)Loyalty (D)Compassion
Option (A) is correct. The question requires an understanding of citizenship and how to use stories and knowledge of historical figures to illustrate important civic concepts. Jackie Robinson showed courage when he became the first black to play major league baseball. Robinson was widely revered for his show of restraint in the face of jeers, slurs, and discrimination from fans, opposing players, and even his own teammates.
President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation declared free only those slaves who (A) were living in the areas still in rebellion (B) were serving in the union armies (C) were living in the border states (D) had escaped to northern states
Option (A) is correct. The question requires an understanding of important events and developments in the history of the United States. The Emancipation Proclamation freed only those slaves who were living in the states or parts of states still in rebellion
Which of the following is most closely associated with the philosophy of the Articles of Confederation adopted in 1777 ? (A) states' rights (B) manifest destiny (C) nationalism (D) checks and balances
Option (A) is correct. The question requires an understanding of important people, events, and symbols of the United States. The Articles of Confederation, America's first constitution, provided a new central government to which the states surrendered little power. For the states, the Articles of Confederation represented a loose association in which each state retained its sovereignty, freedom, and independence.
As part of a unit on the American Revolution, a social studies teacher asks half of the class to study the views of the Loyalists sympathetic to Britain and the other half to study the views of the Patriots. The activity culminates with a debate over which group's views are more compelling. The activity is primarily aimed at developing students' ability to (A)Challenge assumptions (B) consider different point of view (C) develope alternate solutions (D) determine relevant information
Option (B) is correct. The question requires an understanding of how to locate, analyze, and synthesize information related to social studies topics. The activity requires students to view issues from the perspectives of the Loyalists and the Patriots, and then to construct a convincing argument.
Students in an upper-elementary grade are using a map of the Western Hemisphere to answer questions about places, landmarks, and geographical features. The activity best assesses which of the following social studies skills? (A) building models and hypotheses (B) interpreting graphic representations (C) understanding the lessons of history (D) predicting data outcomes
Option (B) is correct. The question requires an understanding of how to use maps and globes to foster students' understanding of spatial patterns. A goal of introducing maps is to help students gain an understanding of their community and the world around them. Maps allow students to interpret and retrieve information and to build models of communities (floor maps).
Which of the following is the correct definition of a river delta? (A)the place where a river empties into a larger body of water (B) a wall built across a river, creating a like that stores water (C) a land area formed by soil left behind as a river drains into a larger body of water (D) the starting point of a river
Option (C) is correct. The question requires an understanding of physical geographic features. A river delta is formed when sediments, carried by a river, are deposited at the mouth of the river.
Primary Sources
Original sources that give firsthand knowledge
Reading fluency and comprehension include:
Orthographic awareness, semantic cueing, syntactic cueing
biosphere
Part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere
Constructivist theory of language acquisition
Piaget's view of cognitive development, in which children discover, or construct, virtually all knowledge about their world through their own activity.
Drama
Plays (comedy, modern, or tragedy) that are typically performed in five acts
Strategies for teaching students to find and organize key details and main ideas and themes in a text
Plays, think-alouds, graphic organizers
Logical-mathematical
Reasoning, calculating. Think conceptually, abstractly and are able to see and explore patterns and relationships. They like to experiment, solve puzzles, ask cosmic questions. They can be taught through logic games, investigations, mysteries. They need to learn and form concepts before they can deal with details.
International Date Line
Runs from north to south at 180 longitude seperating one date from another on the calendar
major elements that make up living things
SPONCH sulphur phosphorus oxygen nitrogen carbon hydrogen
Albert Bandura
Social-congnitive; personality comes from observing others and modeling ourselves after them.
Informal and/or authentic social studies assessment
Teacher observation and questioning; interviews and conferences; group and peer assessment; self-assessment; performance- based samples such as portfolios, project learning, oral reports, and student work; comparing and contrasting; organizing data; problem solving; critical thinking; model building; planning, forecasting, and decision making
The Shared Book Experience
Teachers use big books. includes introduction (prereading) ask predictive questions. read story with dramatic punch and point to text (tracking of print). Have discussion, reread on subsequent days with the whole group
What is cognitive coaching?
Teaching students to use their own thinking processes to solve problems.
Unstructured math manipulative
Various uses and can be applied to more that one concept in math
Abraham Maslow
The Hierarchy of Human Needs describe his work in the area of self-actualization. An important aspect of his theory is based on the premise that within each individual are forces that both seeks growth and, at the same time, actively resist growth. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs has five levels. Physiological/biological needs are the most demanding. only after hunger, thirst, and the need for shelter have been satisfied, do the needs at the next higher level emerge. Safety needs include security, protection from physical and emotional harm, and the desire for good health. Belonging and love seek the need for family and friends in the individual and the feeling of acceptance and friendship in relations with others. Need for esteem follows and moves the individual to their first internal demand for self respect, autonomy, achievement along with status, recognition, and attention. Self-actualization assumes that lower needs have been satisfied; personal motivation is re-directed towards developing one's potential, to "become" what you are capable of achieving in life.
oxymoron
The combination of tow words with opposite meanings Ex. jumbo shrimp act naturally smal fortune minor crisis
Alphabetic principle
The concept that written language is comprised of letters that represent sounds in spoken words
Phonics
The connections between the sounds and letters on a page
Jackie Robinson
The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.
pinnacle
The highest point of rock, ice or land.
What is the Alphabetic Principle?
The notion that letters making a word have corresponding sounds thus letters and sounds can be placed together to build words.
Language Load
The number of unrecognizable words a student encounters when reading a passage or listening to a teacher
Formative Evaluation
The ongoing evaluation during an instructional sequence to allow midstream adaptation and improvement of the project.
Onset-Rime
The onset is the part of the word before the vowel; not all words have onsets. The rime is the part of the word including the vowel and what follows it. Ex. s-un
Point-of-view
The perspective of the text
Why use Elkonin Boxes?
They help students build phonological awareness by segmenting words into sounds or syllables. They teach students how to count the number of phonemes in the word (not always the number of letters). They help students better understand the alphabetic principle in decoding and spelling.
Visual-Spatial
Think in terms of physical space, as do architects and sailors. Very aware of their environments. They like to draw, do jigsaw puzzles, read maps, daydream. They can be taught through drawings, verbal and physical imagery. Tools include models, graphics, charts, photographs, drawings, 3-D modeling, video, videoconferencing, television, multimedia, texts with pictures/charts/graphs.
Nitrogen cycle
This cycle ensures that the air maintains the proper amount of nitrogen to sustain life. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil help convert nitrogen from the air into a form of nitrogen plants are able to use. Nitrifying bacteria convert animal waste to nitrogen that returns to the soil. De-nitrifying bacteria convert dead animals and dead plants into nitrogen that returns to the atmosphere.
carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle
This cycle occurs when plants take in carbon dioxide to produce energy and release oxygen as a waste product. Animals then take in the oxygen to produce energy and release carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Lower Cognitive Questions
Those that ask the student merely to recall verbatim or literally the material perviously read or taught by the teacher
Materials, equipment, texts, and technology - math
Use of manipulatives and developmentally appropriate materials, equipment, texts, and technology in mathematics instruction such as spinners, number cubes, balls in a jar, software, the Internet, handheld calculators, and spreadsheets
Materials, equipment, texts, and technology - social studies
Use of manipulatives and developmentally appropriate materials, equipment, texts, and technology in social studies, such as physical, topographic, political, and weather maps; globes, aerial imagery, satellite images, graphs, tables, diagrams, graphic organizers, pictures, real-word resources, and trade books, including multicultural tests and narrative tests as well as information from various sources, software, and the Internet
Onomatopeia
Use of words that mimic sounds Ez buzz, cackle, boom, poof
Phonetic Writing Stage
Uses a letter or group of letters for every speech sounds heard and may not conform to the more conventional spelling
No Child Left Behind
Uses benchmarks throughout the year to assess students and better adapt to their needs
Mutant Genes cause what disruption within the DNA of an organism
Usually results in unfertilized eggs because DNA cannot properly develop
Mount Albert
What's the highest mountain in the Rockies CO
onomatopoeia
When a word sounds like its meaning-hiss, woof, zip, swish
Semiphonic
When letter sound correspondence begins to arise;single letters are used to represent words or sounds or syllables; initial sounds ares used first to spell words then final sounds and lastly medial sounds. Single letters U=you elephant is INT
Transitive Verb
When the verb transfers its action to an object;the noun must receive the action of the verb for the verb meaning to be complete Ex. The girl threw the ball (Threw transfer its meaning to the ball. Without the ball the meaning of the verb threw is incomplete.)
Complementary Angle
When two angles are measured, the sum of their degrees is equal to 90 degrees
William Glaser
William Glaser is credited with the Concept Control Theory. The Concept Control Theory is a motivation theory developed that contends that behavior is inspired by what a person wants most at any given time: survival, love, power, freedom, or any other basic human need.
homograph
Words that have the same meaning and may or may not be pronounced differently Read(past tense) read (present tense) dove(bird) dove(past these of dive)
Signal words
Words that indicate that a list, contrast, or connection is about to be made. Examples: Cause/Effect (because, since, consequently, this led to...so, if...then) Compare/Contrast (different from, same as, although, however) Description (for example, such as, first, second,) Problem/Solution (the question is, one answer is) Sequence/Chronological Order (next, then before, after)
Narrative Writing
Writing that is arranged chronologically
di·graph
a combination of two letters representing one sound, as in ph and ey.
addition is
a binary operation. meaning it combines only two number at a time to produce a third unique number. adding two whole numbers always results in a whole number.
identifying parts of a book
a child exhibiting reading readiness can differentiate between the title of a book, the book's beginning, end, and possibly chapter breaks
understanding spoken and written language connection
a child exhibiting reading readiness understands that written or printed text is a graphical representation of the spoken word
A 2ns grade teacher has given one of her leveled reading groups a book titled "The Princess and the Horse Who Could Fly" and asked them to think about the title of the book. Once of the studetns stated, "I think this book is about a young girl who lives in a kingdom with a very special horse. The girl loves her horse, and they have some fun adventures. " What skill group is this student building upon? A. interpreting and predicting B. prereading and identifying C. imagery and understanding D. comprehending and translating
a. interpreting and predicting
Phonological Awareness
ability to detect beginning and to hear separate sounds in words. ability to perceive sound structures in a spoken word (syllables and indiidual phonemes) auditory skill does not necessarily involve print should be developed before the student has learned letter to sound correspondences. awareness of this is an indicator of future reading success rhyming, blending and segmenting
speech discrimination
ability to discriminate the sounds of language ... for example the difference between hat and bat.
literacy
ability to read and write *UNESCO definition* -ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute, and use printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. - understanding cultural, political and historical contexts of communities falls under this def. of literacy
syncopation
accenting the off-beat in music
accuracy
accurate words read.
SQ3R
acronym for a reading comprehension method: Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
concepts of prime and composite numbers
an inductive learning activity that requires sorting helps students build...
Scaffolding
an instructional technique whereby the teacher models the desired learning strategy or task, then gradually shifts responsibility to the students. essentially means doing some of the work for the student who isn't quite ready to accomplish a task independently.
addition is
an operation that when performed two numbers results in a sum
decimals
another way of representing fractions in the base ten system: each place to the right of the decimal point increases in value by a factor of ten
role of emotions in poetry
appeals to the soul and memories with language that can be intriguingly novel feelings associated with the toic are magnified by the ordered presentation found in poetry poetry is feelings packed into words people write poetry to express their feelings and people read poetry to try to experience those same feelings. poetry interprets the human condition with understanding and insight children respond well to poetry because it has an inviting, entertaining sound that they are eager to mimic.
factors
are any of the numbers or symbols in math that, when multiplied together form a product. for example: the whole number factors or 12 are : 1,2,3,4,6, and 12. 1x 12 = 12 2 x 6 = 12 3 x 4 = 12
decimal numbers
are fractions written in special notation. for example: .25 can be written as 1/4. all decimal numbers are actually fractions.
Inquiry or discovery lessons
are inductive in nature. It starts with a thought provoking question for which students are interested in finding the answer.
prime numbers
are numbers with only two whole number factors. 1 and itself. the first few are. 2, 3, 5,7,11,13, 17, 19, 1 x 2 = 2 1 x 3 = 3.... they are always odd numbers.
problems like: addend + 3 = 5
are solved but subtraction. 5-3=2
Patterning objects in a set
arranging objects in a set to a duplicate a pattern. for example: red,yellow, red, yellow, or 2,4,6,8...
base- 10 place- value scheme
as we move to the left of any number, each place value is 10 times the place value to the right. vise versa
Associative property for addition and multiplication
associating or grouping three or more addends or factors in a different way does not change the sum or product. example. (3+7)+5 equals the same as 3 +(7+5). division and subtraction are not associative.
Phonics
based on the idea of the connection between phonemes and graphemes. Phonemes are the actual sounds created during speech; graphemes are the symbols
Decoding
being able to apply one's knowledge of patterns in printed letters and of correspondences between letters and the sounds they represent, and to pronounce printed words correctly
Phonemic awareness
being able to hear, identify, and manipulate individual speech sounds or phonemes
biology
branch of science that studies living objects
spectroscope
breaks beams of light down into individual colors
respiratory system (animal)
brings air and oxygen into the body
Climax
building up to a dramatic highpoint through a series of phrases or sentences. can refer to the highpoint or most intense event in a story.
mental math
calculations that are done in a students head without the guidance of pencil and paper
line structure in poems
can be any length and have any metrical pattern
rational numbers
can be written as a ratio or fraction. in which both the numerator (the number on top) and the denominator (the number on the bottom) are whole numbers. 1/2. 3/4. 5/6.
expanded notation
can show the value of each number in its place. 543 - the values are (5x[ 10 x 10 ] + (4 x [10 x 1] ) + (3 x 1). which is taught as 500 + 40 + 3
exponential notation
can show the value of each number. 543- the exponential values are (5 x 10^2) + (4 x 10^1) + (3 x 10^0).
when numbers can be divided up equally they are
composite numbers. they be divided by 2 or split equally. example ,4,6,8,9,10,12 are all composite numbers. 4 / 2 = 2 6 / 2 = 3
receptive vocabulary
comprehension vocabulary used by a person in silent reading and learning
The legislative branch of the government
comprised of Senate and the House of Representatives
metamorphic rocks
crystalized sedimentary rock Made when heat, pressure, or fluids change one type of rock into another type of rock slate and marble
Textual Cues
cues in text such as titles, headings and sub-headings, bold print or italics, captions, and other text features to construct meaning
lines are perpendicular of they
contain the sides of a right angle. Intersecting at or forming right angles.
fluency
conventional spelling
digestive system (animal)
converts food into energy
Euphemism
cover up word to make it less offensive or unpleasant. Jackie has passed on ... instead of jackie is dead
Neurological-impress method
described in 1969 by R.G. Heckleman as a method in which adults and children hold the book together, with the adult reading aloud while the child observes and reads aloud when they recognize words or repeated phrases
Syllabication
designed to help students decode an unfamiliar word by separating it into its syllabilic parts and then recombining them into a whole. structural analysis dealing with syllables *two approaches to teaching* -generalization --easy affixes -ing, -er, -ly -- compound words -- two consonants between two vowels win-ter con-cept ------but not digraphs are not split broth-er with-er --the ending le, cra-dle ma-ple --two vowels together (sometimes) i-de-a and di-al -Pattern -tion -eight
mass
determines quantity of matter in a specific object
observe (scientific method)
determining an occurrence that can be measured via experimentation
Modified alphabet method
diacritical marks are added to the traditional alphabet to make the correspondence between specific letters and specific sounds more direct. instruction gradually phases to the traditional alphabet
bloom taxonomy- analyze
draw connections among ideas. differentiate, organize, compare.
preliterate
drawing, scribbling
change of seasons
earths revolution around the sun and the tilt of the earth on its axis causes this
Market
economy An economic system in which people choose freely what to buy and sell
controlled vocabulary
emerging readers are only exposed to reading materials that contain certain words
distributive property of multiplication over addition
example: 6 x 47 gives the same result as multiplying 6 x 40 and then 6 x 7. and then adding the products. 6 x 47 = (6 x 40) + (6 x 7). notation is a(b+c) = (a x b) + (a x c)
concrete
excellent way for kinesthetic learners, this method provides real objects for the students to use. these are often referred to as manipulatives
Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM)
focuses on fluency, and reflects changes in both response ease and accuracy in its scoring
Miscue analysis
focuses on the types of errors readers make for information about the learner's reading skills and strategies
igneous rocks
formed when magma cools beneath Earth's surface or when lava cools at Earth's surface; forms in or around volcanoes; requires heat solidified magma granite, pumice and obsidian
framed paragraphs
framework for writing strong paragraphs guides students by providing transitional phrases incorporates various sentence types
stanza structure in poems
group of lines grouping denotes a relationship of lines can be any length, but separationg of lines into different stanzas indicates an intentional pattern breaks between stanzas indicate change of subject or though melodic unit that can be analyzed for metrical and rhyme patterns couplet - two lines tercet - three lines quatrain - four lines Cinquain - Five lines
convergent questions
have only one correct answer
equal sets
have the exact same elements in them, even though they could be out of order.
bloom taxonomy
helps us plan and teach different levels of thinking
creative comprehension
highest level of comprehension. in this level the student has reached a level where they can use information from the text and apply it to other similar situations. (compose a different ending to a story, consider how the story might have progressed if the plot were different)
Print concept awareness tool
informal reading assessment: checks on students ability to understand the elements of a book
onset
initial part of a word ... c in cat and sh in sheep
semi-concrete
instead of using manipulatives, students use illustrations of actual objects
micrometer
instrument for accurately measuring small distances
if lines have a point or points in common they are said to
intersect
prosody
intonation and rhythm of speech; pitch, stress and juncture
semiphonetic spelling
knows most of the alphabet, have a clear understanding of letter sound relationship, and know that we write from left to right, but have not yet mastered spacing between words.
pragmatics
language use
Geography
locations, places, and human movement; environment and society; places and regions; human and physical systems; states, regions, United States, and the world.
review
look over the text to see if the answers supplied are correct
tesselations
something that can be drawn over and over with no empty space between the shapes
phonology
sound
homophones
sound exactly alike, but have different spellings and meanings hair/hare
phoneme
sound is a unit of speech
rate
speed of reading
fiber
speeds up the removal of water from large intestine
intergers
start with negatives
Pythagorean Theorem
states that in any right triangle, the sum of the squares of the two short sides will be the same as the squares of the hypotenuse. expressed as a^2+b^2=c^2
additive identity or identity element of addition
states that the number 0 ,when added to any number the sum is that of the other number. 2 + 0=2. therefore 0 is the additive identity or identity element of addition
Commutative property
states that the order of the factors does not affect the final solution. ex. 2 x 4 is the same as 4 x 2
multiplication property of 0
states that when a factor is multiplied by 0, then the product is 0. 3 x 0 = 0
anthropology
studies human culture, both modern and prehistoric.
archaeology
studies items and fossils left behind by prehistoric cultures and individuals.
Graphophonic cues
studies the letter-sound relationships within a word
psychology
study of human behavior, especially as it applies to individuals and small groups. Psychologists try to determine reasons why people act the way they do, and help them to overcome specific problems.
Parallelism
subjects, objects, verbs, modifiers, phrases and clauses can be structured in sentences to balance one with another through a similar grammatical pattern Parallel Words - The killer behaved coldly, cruelly, and inexplicably. Parallel phrases - Praised by comrades, honored by commanders, the soldier came home a hero. Parralel clauses - we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the hills.
afixes
syllables attached to the beginning or end of a word to make a derivative or inflectional form of a word *prefix* word that appears at a beginning of the word ex: mis means wrong ... misspelling means wrong spelling *suffix* added at the end 'er' means one who/that ... worker means one who works 'able' means capable of ... workable means capable of working
Alphabetic Principle
system by which speech sounds are represented by letters. Idea that in English, words are made up of letters that approximate the sounds heard when we speak these words.
3 most contributing factors to weather are
the Earth's movement, solar radiation, water cycle
Orthography
the art of writing words with the proper letters. The conventional spelling system of a language
Alphabetic principle
the concept that letters represent speech sounds, and arrangements of letters represent spoken words
distributive property
the distributive property states that a larger # can be expressed as a sum of two numbers and when each of these two numbers is multiplied by the same factor, the products can be added together to achieve the solution. ex. to solve 104x11, you can multiply 11x100 (1,100) then 4x11 (44) 1,100+44= 1,144 which is the product of 104x11
parallel lines
the do not intersect.
electrical energy
the energy of electric charges
alphabetic principle
the idea that there is an organized, logical, and predictable relationship between written letters and spoke sounds
explicit phonics intruction
the instruction provides teachers with precise directions for teaching letter sound relationships
prosody
the patterns of stress and intonation in a language
Prosody
the patterns of stress and intonation in a language.
literal comprehension
the primary step in reading comprehension is identifying facts directly stated in the passage
structural analysis
the process of using familiar word parts to determine the meaning of unfamiliar words
property of reciprocals
the product of any number multiplied by its reciprocal is one. 5/1 x 1/5= 1 . the fives cancel out
morphological units
the smallest grammatical units conveying different meanings
scaffolding: independent (stage 5)
the student is able to read on his or her own
critical comprehension
the student must make judgements based on the text (is it reliable? is the reader's emotional response to the text?)
in measurement division
the students know how many are in each group but do not know how many sets.
abstract method
the students matches the elements of a given group with abstract numbers. to represent three rabbits eating four carrots daily using the abstract method, the student would set up the problem as 3x4
semiconcrete
the students work with visual representations, pictures, instead of actual objects.
number theory
the study of numbers and the relationships between them
Geography
the study of places on the earth. It covers 5 main themes. 1) location 2) place 3)movement & connections 4) regions, processes and patterns 5) human interaction with the environment
morphology
the study of the structure of words
Morphology
the study of word structure as formed from the smallest units of meaning (morphemes) Ex. prefixes, suffixes, plural, verb tense
mean
the sum of the numbers in a set is divided by how many numbers are in the set (average)
grapheme
the symbols, such as our alphabet, diacritical marks, or other parts of written language, that represent individual sounds of speech
regrouping in addition at the concrete level:
to work the problem 16+7, the teacher would have the student make one bundle of 10 straws and lay 6 to the side. When the students see 7 straws added to 6 straws, they realize that they need to make another bundle of 10. when they make the second they only have 3 straws left. They see it as two groups of 10 and 3 ones. or 23
Global marketplace
trading and working with other countries
Haiku
traditional form of japanese poetry 3 lines first and last lines must have 5 syllables 2nd line has 7 syllables rarely rhymes
