Praxis 5089 Middle School Social Studies, Social Studies Praxis Practice Test, Middle School Social Studies Praxis Study Guide 2

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Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Which of the following Native American tribes was forced off its land by the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and resettled in the Indian Territory? A. Iroquois B. Cherokee C. Pueblo D. Sioux

Miranda v. Arizona

1966 Supreme Court decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination and to protect their right to counsel.

A student is contemplating whether to go to the school football game or to a movie on Saturday evening. Which economic concept is illustrated by whatever decision the student makes? A. Trade-off B. Comparative advantage C. Diminishing utility D. Negative externality

During the French Revolution, Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins were directly responsible for A. instituting the Reign of Terror to root out counterrevolutionaries B. protecting freedom of religious expression, including Catholicism C. establishing the Directory to stabilize the French government D. leading the French army in conquest of central Europe

For most people, personal wealth is accumulated most directly by A. saving B. spending C. working long hours D. borrowing

The unemployment rate is a measure of the percent of the A. total population that is unemployed B. adult population that is unemployed C. labor force that is laid off from work D. labor force that is unemployed

he Monroe Doctrine, which expressed core precepts of United States foreign policy for over a century, held that the country should A. intervene militarily on the side of France in wars between the European powers B. intervene militarily on the side of Great Britain in wars between the European powers .C. appropriate the former colonies of Spain in the Western Hemisphere D. disallow further European colonization in the Western Hemisphere

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress.

Maximilien Robespierre

"The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue.

Constitutional Amendment 26

18 year olds get to vote.

The Know-Nothing Party emerged in the mid-1800seighteen hundreds as a reaction in part to the substantial increase in immigration to the United States from which of the following regions? A. Ireland B. Mexico C. India D. England

Many geographers have concluded that developing countries will continue to experience population growth despite a declining birth rate for which of the following reasons? A. Increased urbanization B. Migration from developed nations C. A young age profile D. Increased demand for labor

Which of the following has been a contributing factor in ethnic conflict and political unrest in sub-Saharan Africa during the last 50 years? A. A higher-than-average rate of natural disasters B. The Green Revolution C. Colonial borders superimposed over a cultural mosaic D. Rapid increase in literacy rates

When President Dwight Eisenhower warned of the growth of the "military-industrial complex" in his farewell address, he was referring, in part, to the dangers of the A. potential for defense contractors and arms manufacturers to exert influence on political leaders B. threat that the rise of Arab nationalism posed to Western democracies during the Cold War C.necessity of intervention in the Middle East due to economic dependence on imported oil D.growing costs of the nuclear arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union

Which of the following is a characteristic of socialism as an economic system? A. The production and distribution of the nation's output are determined by central government planners. B. The decisions about production and distribution of the nation's output are made by individual households and firms. C. Central planners impose production rules and regulations on privately owned businesses. D. Central planners impose taxes on corporate profits and rents.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of a command economy? A. Resources are often wasted. B. Market forces control the price of goods. C. Large-scale projects can be completed relatively quickly. D. Resources can be quickly mobilized on a large scale.

Which of the following is the best example of a perfectly competitive product market? A. A corn farmer who sells corn in the national commodity markets B. A single firm that sells highly differentiated tennis shoes in the nation's retail stores C. A single company in competition with the United States Postal Service D. A company that hires its laborers from a single labor union pool

Which of the following mountain ranges separates Europe from Asia? A. Urals B. Himalayas C. Alps D. Pyrenees

Which of the following was a significant weakness of the Articles of Confederation? A. The Articles were difficult to amend. B. The Articles granted the federal government too much power. C. The Articles did not allow states to print their own money or conduct their own trade policies. D. The Articles granted the federal government sole authority to establish relationships with foreign nations.

Which of the following would most likely have supported Andrew Jackson for president in the 1820seighteen twenties and 1830seighteen thirties? A. mWestern farmers and craftsmen B. Middle-class women reformers C. New England businessmen D. Free African Americans

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Which of the following is considered to be a polytheistic religion? A. Sikhism B. Islam C. Shinto D. Zoroastrianism

Longitude indicates a place's absolute location in terms of which of the following? A. Degrees north or south of the equator B. Degrees east or west of the equator C. Degrees north or south of the prime meridian D. Degrees east or west of the prime meridian

Which of the following occurred following the death of Muhammad in 632 C.E.? A. Muslims lost control of Egypt to the Byzantine Empire. B. His cousin, Ali, was immediately elected the leader of the ummah, the community of believers. C. His followers created differing versions of the Quran. D. Tribes that renounced Islam rebelled against those who followed the caliph.

Which of the following types of income taxes imposes the biggest burden on minimum-wage earners? A. Flat B. Progressive C. Proportional D. Regressive

Constitutional Amendment 13

Abolish slavery

An equatorial rain forest is associated with which of the following climatic conditions? A. Cold, dry winters and warm, moist summers B. Hot and wet conditions year-round C. Mild winters and hot, sultry summers D. Cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers

Which of the following was a significant result of the European participation in the Crusades? A. The strengthening of the Byzantine Empire B. New products and knowledge brought back to Europe C. The consolidation of papal control over European kings D. The establishment of European dominance over Eurasian land and sea trade routes

Which of the following was the most important contributing factor to the outbreak of the Iranian Revolution in 1979? A. The desire to create a Westernized, secular state on the model of Turkey B. The desire to restore Islamic fundamentalist theology as a political force C. The desire to liberate Iran from the political and economic control of the Soviet Union D. The desire to nationalize oil fields to economically support a military regime

Marco Polo

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

Olmecs

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization, lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, Use of the calendar spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Mexican Revolution

(1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

Which of the following is true of a presidential system of government? A. There is typically more party discipline than in a parliamentary system. B. The executive is the head of government but not the head of state. C. The executive is also a member of the legislature. D. The executive serves a fixed term of office.

Which of the following rivers is NOT in Asia? A. Yangtze B. Mekong C. Euphrates D. Nile

Which of the following statements describes the absolute location of a place? A. City Hall is located at 23 S. Main Street. B. Pittsburgh is located 305 miles west of Philadelphia. C. Houston is located southeast of Austin. D. Seattle is located at 47°N, 122°W.

Which of the following was a significant factor contributing to the French Revolution in the late 1700s? A. Opposition of the revolutionaries to the political ideals of the American Revolution B. The French monarchy's policy of isolating France from the rest of Europe C. A sharp fall in the price of bread, a staple of the peasant diet D. A large national debt caused in part by foreign adventures and the need to support a large army and navy

explicit costs

input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm

Samuel Morse

invented the telegraph in 1844

Coup d'etat

A sudden overthrow of the government by a small group

Which of the following countries, because its location made it unusually well-placed to control trade during the Renaissance, rose to prominence in the 1700s? A. Great Britain B. France C. Italy D. Portugal

Which of the following is a subsistence crop? A. Corn B. Coffee C. Rubber D. Cocoa

Which of the following has been a primary cause of soil depletion in deforested rain forest environments? A. The overuse of harmful pesticides B. The introduction of cash-crop agriculture C. Contamination by industrial waste D. The use of chemical fertilizers

Which of the following is a constitutional check made by the president in the legislative process? A. The president introduces a bill onto the floor of Congress. B. The president vetoes a bill that has been passed by Congress. C. The president votes on a bill when there is a tie in the House of Representatives. D. The president approves committee leadership in Congress.

Which of the following is an example of a progressive tax? A. A tax that imposes a higher percentage rate of taxation on persons with lower incomes B. A tax that imposes a higher percentage rate of taxation on persons with higher incomes C. A tax that imposes the same percentage rate of taxation on everyone, regardless of income D. A tax imposed on luxury goods rather than on necessities

Which of the following is NOT likely to be given as a justification for establishing protective tariffs on imports? A. Allowing infant industries time to develop within their own countries B. Providing the widest possible variety of goods and services within the home country C. Guaranteeing that sufficient supplies of essential materials are available in times of crisis D. Preserving high-paying jobs within the home country

When creating a monthly personal budget, which TWO of the following are considered fixed expenses? A. Heat B. Rent C. Groceries D. Car payment

B&D

The concept of a nation-state in its ideal form is a political state populated entirely by one nation of people who share a single religion, language, and cultural heritage. Which of the following best represents the ideal nation-state? A. Indonesia B. China C. India D. Japan

The invention of the cotton gin in the 1790sseventeen nineties most directly resulted in which of the following? A. The election of Thomas Jefferson B. The emergence of the temperance movement C. The outbreak of the War of 1812 D. The increased use of slave labor on plantations

King Louis XVI

King of France, weak leader, executed during the French Revolution

Constitutional Amendment 25

Lays down the rules for who becomes president if the president dies/resigns etc.

junta

a military group ruling a country after seizing power

Sir Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Chief of the Party

term for the president as the leader of his or her political party

New Deal

the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented

Conquistador

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

Red Scare

A period of general fear of communists

Multilateralism

A philosophy that encourages individual nations tacked together to solve international problems.

Which of the following age-groups has had the lowest voter turnout in the most recent United States elections? A. 18-24 B. 25-36 C. 37-50 D. 51 and older

Former slaves who could not afford to buy land during Reconstruction often turned to which of the following? A. Factory work B. Sharecropping C. Railroad building D. Clerical work

Maintaining a low-inflation economic environment is a macroeconomic goal intended to achieve A. economic growth B. price stability C. full employment D. income security

Which of the following protections found in the United States Bill of Rights is cited most often by death-penalty opponents? A. Protection against self-incrimination B. Protection of freedom of speech C. Protection from cruel and unusual punishment D. Protection from unreasonable searches and seizures

Which religion is most common in North Africa? A. Judaism B. Christianity C. Islam D. Animism

Toussaint Louverture led a revolution against the French to gain the independence of which country? A. Bolivia B. Cuba C. Haiti D. Mexico

Which of the following is an example of cultural diffusion? A. The integration of Irish immigrants into the dominant culture of the United States B. The intermarriage of immigrants of different ethnic and racial groups in Great Britain C. The passage of gunpowder from China to Europe D. The enforcement of an English-only environment in government-run schools for Native Americans

Which of the following was a major obstacle that had to be overcome before the Panama Canal could be successfully completed? A. Several endangered species of plants and animals had to be moved away from the Canal Zone. B. The Panamanian public had to be convinced the canal would benefit their country. C. Doctors had to develop ways to combat malaria. D. The United States government had to revoke the Monroe Doctrine

All of the following are aspects of disagreement in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict EXCEPT A. territorial borders B. water rights C. religious claims to land D. state control of the economy

Mandate of Heaven

a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source

Mussolini

Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945)

Constitutional Amendment 8

No excessive bail or cruel punishment

Medici Family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Rasputin

Siberian peasant monk who was religious advisor in the court of Nicholas II

Lusitania (1915)

passenger ship sunk by Germany to get US involved in WW1

Chief of State

term for the President as the ceremonial head of the United States, the symbol of all the people of the nation

opportunity cost

the most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

primary source

A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

conomic systems can be classified as market, command, and mixed. Which THREE of the following are characteristics of a market economy? A. Decentralized decision making B. Centralized decision making C. Protection of private property rights D. Price system allocating resources E. Equality of income distribution

A, C, D

President Woodrow Wilson argued in 1917 that the United States needed to enter the First World War in order to A. make the world safe for democracy B. eliminate the communist threat in Europe C. establish the United States as a dominant superpower D. protect United States oil interests within the Ottoman Empire

Singapore has become one of the outstanding centers of manufacturing, finance, and trade along the Pacific Rim. This is due in part to which of the following geographic advantages? A. Relative location B. Absolute location C. Topography D. Mineral resources

The United States Constitution permits both the federal and state governments to borrow money. Which of the following types of power best describes this arrangement? A. Concurrent powers B. Implied powers C. Expressed powers D. Reserved powers

Which of the following statements best represents a moral justification for the expansion of the United States in the 1800seighteen hundreds under the idea of Manifest Destiny? A.The United States could achieve peace with Native Americans living west of the Mississippi River. B. The United States needed to prevent the French from colonizing the Pacific coast of North America. C. The United States should spread civilization and progress to the undeveloped West. D. The United States should ensure that people moving to the West were Catholics.

The United States Supreme Court decision in the case of Marbury v. Madison was significant because it established the A. right of the Supreme Court to original jurisdiction in federal cases B. power of the Supreme Court to invalidate an act of Congress C. number of United States Supreme Court justices D. principle that presidents have the authority to expand United States territory by purchasing land

The Vedas and the Upanishads are associated with which of the following religious traditions? A. Islam B. Hinduism C. Judaism D. Daoism

The principal source of opposition to the ratification of the Constitution during the years 1787-1788 came from a fear that ratification would A. lead to a large national debt B. weaken the power of the states C. put an end to majority rule among United States citizens D. be the first step in the establishment of a monarchy

What legal doctrine was overturned in the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision in 1954? A. Universal schooling B. "Separate but equal" laws C. Prayer in school D. Sanctity of the flag

The political system of modern Japan is best described as A. an autocracy B. an oligarchy C. a democracy D. a confederation

What was the major purpose of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) ? A. To protect labor unions in the United States, Canada, and Mexico B. To increase energy production in the United States, Canada, and Mexico C. To reduce tariffs and other trade barriers among the United States, Canada, and Mexico D. To increase trade between North America and the European Union

Ferdinand and Isabella

This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

Charlemagne

a brilliant warrior and a strong king, and he led the Franks in building a huge empire

John Locke (1632-1704)

insisted that governments are formed to protect natural rights

Alexander Graham Bell

invented the telephone in 1876

Commander in Chief

term for the president as commander of the nation's armed forces

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

cost-push theory

theory that inflation occurs when producers raise prices in order to meet increased costs

quantity theory

theory that too much money in the economy causes inflation

Aztecs

(1200-1521) settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen

(1892-1918) nicknamed The Red Baron; He was one of the Best German fighter pilot in WWI. Joined Imperial German Army Air Service. Credited with over 80 air combat victories.

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.

The expansion of tobacco cultivation in colonial Virginia encouraged which of the following developments? A. An increase in the demand for cheap agricultural labor B. A transition from commercial farming to subsistence farming C. The expansion of urban metropolitan areas funded by taxes on agricultural exports D. An increased dependence on domestic markets for the sale of agricultural goods

The methods of Mohandas Gandhi in India had the most direct influence on the methods adopted by which of the following? A. Martin Luther King, JrJunior. B. Ho Chi Minh C. Mao Zedong D. Emiliano Zapata

When compared with perfectly competitive firms in long-run equilibrium, a monopoly with an identical cost structure will charge a A. higher price and produce lower output B. higher price and produce higher output C. lower price and produce higher output D. lower price and produce lower output

Which of the following concepts of American government has been most directly attributed to the Magna Carta? A. Limited government B. Representative government C. Federated government D. Democratic government

Which of the following describes a mixed Native American and European ethnic heritage in Latin America? A. Mestizo B. Inca C. Maya D. Garifuna

Which of the following helps explain why incumbents have high reelection rates in the House of Representatives? A. Representatives claim credit for projects in their districts. B. The House of Representatives as an institution has high approval ratings. C. The winner-take-all system makes it difficult for challengers to win. D. Voters know how their representative votes on most issues.

Which of the following statements is true of authoritarian regimes? A. There may be elections, but they are usually not competitive. B. The government is transparent and shares information with the public. C. Civil society is robust with many active nongovernmental organizations. D. Citizens are free to protest policies that they believe are unfair.

he Supreme Court's ruling in the case Brown vversus. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) overturned which of the following? A. The legality of racial segregation in public education B. The ability of states to allocate property taxes for school districts C. The legality of all-male public schools D. The ability of the federal government to impose regulations on schools that accept federal funding

Which of the following were effects of the GI Bill on the United States following the Second World War? Select all that apply. A. The growth of suburbia B. Higher levels of education C. Decreased wages for the working class D. Decreased racial segregation

A & B

Which TWO of the following are characteristics of the Southeast region of the United States? A. Hot, humid summers B. Lack of arable land C. A relatively low cost of living D. Domination of politics by the Democratic Party

A & C

Which of the following policies were pursued by President Ronald Reagan during his presidency? Select all that apply. A. Easing of tensions with the Soviet Union B. Increasing regulation of business C. Increasing funding of social welfare programs D. Lowering taxes to stimulate the economy

A & D

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Arab Spring

A series of popular revolts in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa that sought an end to authoritarian, often Western-supported regimes.

Communist Manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views.

Which of the following is true of public opinion in the aggregate? A.There is no measurement error. B. It is stable and reliable over time. C. Politicians do not use it to guide policy making. D. It is a reflection of the media's influence on the public.

Which of the following most limited the outbreak of open war during the Cold War? A. Efforts by the USSRU S S R to establish communist governments in Asia B. Nuclear weapons and the threat of mutual assured destruction C. Nonaligned nations that resisted joining opposing sides in the conflict D. Successful independence movements in colonized nations in Africa

Which of the following was a direct cultural consequence of the First World War in Europe? A. The continuing dominance of imperial ruling elites in Germany, Austria, Russia, and Turkey B. The creation of a disillusioned, lost generation that questioned the progress of modernity C. The rejection of nationalism and racism in Europe because they had only fostered war D. The rapid decline of American cultural influence around the world

Which of the following was a predominant attitude among Americans toward foreign affairs before the First and Second World Wars? A. The United States should expand its colonial holdings overseas. B. The United States should remain neutral in conflicts between European powers. C. The United States should avoid commercial exchanges with Latin American countries. D. The United States should join international organizations to guarantee collective security.

Which of the following was an advantage of the colonists over the British during the Revolutionary War? A. The colonial army had more experienced military leaders than the British army. B. The British army was often overwhelmed by the guerrilla tactics of the colonial army. C. British soldiers were not as well disciplined as colonial soldiers. D. Colonial soldiers used more advanced weaponry than British soldiers.

Which TWO of the following actions did certain states take to keep individuals from exercising the right to vote in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries? A. Requiring identification cards to enter polling places B. Collecting poll taxes C. Requiring literacy tests D. Suspending habeas corpus E. Holding elections on religious holidays

B, C

Which TWO of the following reforms were part of the New Deal in the United States during the 1930snineteen thirties? A. Establishing a progressive income tax B. Recognizing the right of workers to bargain collectively C. Guaranteeing the right to vote regardless of race D. Creating aid programs for tenant farmers and migrant workers E.Eliminating national origins quotas in immigration

B, D

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal attempted to combat the economic problems of the Great Depression primarily by A. reducing government regulation of businesses B. providing funding for public-works projects C. lowering tariffs to encourage imports D. imposing wage and price controls to stop inflation

The fundamental economic problem stems from A. high unemployment and inflation B. scarce resources and unlimited wants C. lack of economic growth D. lack of competition and free markets

The media's impact on politics is primarily the ability to influence A. who people vote for B. which issues are perceived as important C. citizens' views on political ideology D. beliefs about political efficacy

W. E. B. Du Bois' The Souls of Black Folk (1903) contained A. strong support for Marcus Garvey's Back-to-Africa movement B. a criticism of Booker T. Washington's approach to expanding the opportunities of African Americans C. an alternative to the plan for advancing the civil rights movement advocated by the Niagara Movement D. a defense of the United States Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

Which of the following best describes a significant feature of the Waltham-Lowell system? A. Textile mill owners hired entire families, including children over 7 years old, to work in the mills. B. Young women from neighboring farms were hired to work in the textile mills to earn money until they married. C. Textile mill owners paid the cost of passage for factory workers from Europe to the United States to guarantee a supply of labor. D. Textile mills printed their own scrip, or currency, with which workers were paid for use in stores established by the owners.

Which of the following best describes separation of powers? Select all that apply. A. Power is divided between the national government and the 50 states. B. Power is distributed among three branches of government. C. State governments receive their powers from the people. D. The basic powers of government are gathered in a single agency.

Which of the following countries make up the region of the Andean West in South America? A. Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay B. Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru C. Colombia, Guyana, Venezuela D. Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua

Which of the following has most influenced where humans have settled throughout history? A. Temperate climate B. Access to water C. Availability of game to hunt D. Natural barriers for protection

Which of the following individuals was imprisoned for many years for opposing apartheid and was elected president of South Africa in 1994? A. Desmond Tutu B. Nelson Mandela C. F. W. de Klerk D. Marcus Garvey

Which of the following novels had the greatest impact on the abolitionist movement? A. Native Son B. Uncle Tom's Cabin C. Huckleberry Finn D. Gone with the Wind

Which of the following socioeconomic patterns predominated in both Europe and Japan during the period between 700 and 1300 C.E.? A. Urbanization B. Feudalism C. Capitalism D. Guild system

Which of the following took place after the government of Cuba nationalized property and assets held by United States citizens and corporations within its borders? A. The Cuban unemployment rate increased dramatically. B. The United States government placed an embargo on trade with Cuba. C. Cuba reduced its economic dependence on the exportation of sugar. D. The Cuban government instituted a series of wide-ranging economic reforms.

Which of the following was the most significant contribution of the Articles of Confederation government to the growth of the United States? A. Providing an effective method for the taxation of the states by the national government B. Passing the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 which established the procedure for territories to become states C. Establishing the precedent that later allowed Thomas Jefferson to acquire the Louisiana Territory D. Developing a system of tariffs that enabled the national government to meet its expenses by taxing imports

Hammurabi

Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC)

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Constitutional Amendment 3

Citizens do not have to house soldiers

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Mahatma Gandhi

Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines.

Which of the following was a major consequence of the treaties that ended the First World War? A. The Romanov dynasty was overthrown in the first phase of the Russian Revolution, and the Bolsheviks took power in the second phase. B. European powers applied the principle of national self-determination to their colonies. C. The dismantling of empires in central, eastern, and southeastern Europe led to the creation of numerous unstable states. D. Germany and Austria were admitted with nonvoting status to the League of Nations.

Which of the following was a major reason the population of the English colonies in North America grew more rapidly than the population of the French colonies in North America? A. Unlike British ships, French ships carrying settlers had to avoid English warships blockading the coast of France. B. Land for settlement was scarcer in the French colonies than in the English colonies. C. Unlike the French Crown, the English Crown allowed religious dissenters to leave the homeland for North America. D. The discovery of gold in the English colonies attracted settlers from several western European nations.

Which of the following works presents an argument that the legitimacy of a government is based on the consent of the governed? A. Aristotle's Politics B. V. I. Lenin's What Is to Be Done? C. John Locke's The Second Treatise of Government D. Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations

Which of the following are accomplishments that were a result of the Progressive movement? A. Attainment of voting rights for black males B. Implementation of laissez-faire economic policies C. Regulation of the food and drug industries D. Development of better sanitation in urban areas

C. & D.

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Dante Aleghieri

Italian poet (approx 1300 CE) wrote the The Divine Comedy; the "Inferno" section is where we get the Western idea of the devil with horns, hooves and a pointy tail

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

June 28, 1914 This event sparked the first declaration of war in World War I

monopolistic competition

a market structure in which many companies sell products that are similar but not identical

price elasticity of demand

a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

Jakota Triangle

a zone of prosperity during the 1980's & early 1990's: Japan, South Korea, & Taiwan

Japanese feudal system

emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai, peasants

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

Cyrus the Great

king of Persia and founder of the Persian empire (circa 600-529 BC)

Darius the Great

king of Persia who expanded the empire and invaded Greece but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon (550-486 BC)

Empress Wu

the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

law of diminishing returns

the principle that, at some point, adding more of a variable input, such as labor, to the same amount of a fixed input, such as capital, will cause the marginal product of the variable input to decline

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Theodora

the wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.

demand-pull theory

theory that inflation occurs when demand for goods and services exceeds existing supplies

Entente

understanding or agreement between governments

Mary Wollstonecraft

wrote Vindication of The Rights of Woman. advocated for women voting and holding office.

Thomas Edison

Invented the light bulb in 1880

Chief Legislator

The role of the president in influencing the making of laws.

Chief Diplomat (President)

The role of the president in recognizing foreign governments, making treaties, and effecting executive agreements.

Causes of inflation

quantity theory, demand-pull theory, cost-push theory

Chinese dynasties in order

Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a factor of production? A. Capital B. Demand C. Labor D. Land

command economy

An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.

Map

Constitutional Amendment 16

Income Tax

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.

In the long run, the growth in the money supply is a primary cause of A. inflation B. rapid economic growth C. deflation D. comparative advantage

In which of the following map projections are the intersections between lines of latitude and longitude all at right angles? A.Mercator B. Azimuthal C. Goode Homolosine D. Robinson

Oligopoly

A market structure in which a few large firms dominate a market

The Inca Empire used which of the following to organize taxation and labor? A. The mit'a system B. The devshirme system C. The hacienda system D. The casta system

4 Purposes of the United Nations

1. To keep peace throughout the world 2. To develop friendly relations among nations 3. To help nations work together to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease and illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other's rights and freedoms 4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals

5 Pillars of Islam

1. belief in one God, Allah, and Muhammad his prophet 2. daily prayer 5 times a day 3. alms (offering) for the poor 4. fasting (sunrise to sunset) during Ramadan 5. hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca

Mayans

1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Montesquieu

1700s French thinker, believed in separation of government powers into legislative, judicial, and executive branches

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. "El Libertador"

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

From the point of view of Marxist theory, which of the following was a significant problem with developing a communist revolution in Russia in 1917 ? A. Russia had not developed an industrialized capitalist economy, which limited the formation of the proletariat. B. Russia was engaged in the First World War, which weakened the military and alienated many of its citizens. C. Russia was a land-based continental state and lacked an overseas colonial empire. D. Russia was an empire composed of different nationalities and ethnicities.

If the international value of the United States dollar weakens in the foreign exchange markets, which of the following will occur? A. United States exports will increase. B. United States imports will increase. C. The supply of the dollar will increase. D. The United States trade deficits will increase.

The Himalaya Mountains in Asia were formed by which of the following occurrences? A. The movement and collision of tectonic plates B. The growth and eruption of volcanoes C. The buildup of sediment layers over time D. A rift zone where a tectonic plate is tearing apart

W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963)

A black orator and essayist. Helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theories, and took a militant position on race relations.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

circular flow model

A diagram that traces the flow of resources, products, income, and revenue among economic decision makers

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Totalitarianism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

Haitian Revolution

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Cold War (1945-1991)

A war of words and threats between the United States and the Soviet Union that was marked primarily by a political and economic, rather than military, struggle between the two nations.

President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points addressed which THREE of the following ideas for establishing world peace? A. Reduction of armaments B. Free navigation of the seas C. Independence of African colonies D. Relaxation of trade restrictions E. Restoration of prewar European borders

A,B, D

"The short-run effects should be very favorable to the United States. Unquestionably, the United States will emerge from this confrontation with increased prestige worldwide. The Soviet action should demonstrate once again the offensive nature of Soviet motivations more clearly than anything we could say. It should also demonstrate that the Soviets are not prepared to risk a decisive military showdown with the United States over issues involving the extension of Soviet power." This passage was most likely written in the aftermath of which of the following conflicts? A. Cuban missile crisis B. Vietnam War C. Invasion of Afghanistan D. Korean War

An increase in which of the following is most likely to lead to long-run economic growth? A. Productivity B. Personal taxes C. Consumer spending D. Interest rates

Federalism is best defined as a system of government in which A. power is divided between national and subnational governments B. power is centralized in a national government that can devolve certain authority and responsibility to subnational governments C. a group of sovereign governments shares a supranational judicial institution D. citizens determine national policy by voting directly in national referenda

In its purest form, a direct democracy exists when citizens do which of the following? A. Participate without intermediaries in political decision making B. Elect representatives to participate in political decision making C. Directly elect a chief executive who writes all legislation D. Vote to approve or overturn laws passed by elected representatives

The Bill of Rights was originally added to the United States Constitution explicitly to ensure protection from abuse of power by A. the national government B. state governments C. individual citizens D. religious institutions

Which of the following best describes a consequence of including the principle of popular sovereignty in the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 ? A. It reopened the issue of slavery in the area closed to slavery north of the 36° 30' line of the Missouri Compromise. B. It gave New Orleans the best chance of becoming the eastern terminus of the first transcontinental railroad. C. It eliminated the possibility of extending slavery west of the Mississippi River. D. It resulted in a repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act, thereby angering proslavery Southerners and increasing the chances of secession.

Which of the following best describes a major challenge that President Lyndon Johnson faced in 1968 as he completed his full term as president? A. He struggled to make the federal budget support both the Vietnam War and the "War on Poverty." B. He faced a Congress that was controlled by the Republican Party. C. The majority of the country felt that the nation was falling behind in the space race. D. His health insurance proposal for elderly Americans was stalled in Congress with little chance of passage.

Which of the following correctly lists the order for passing a bill into a law in the House of Representatives? A. The bill is named, referred to the appropriate standing committee, scheduled for floor debate, and then voted on. B. The bill is referred to the appropriate standing committee, named, voted on, and then signed by the president. C. The bill is voted on, referred to the appropriate standing committee, sent to the Senate, and then scheduled for debate. D. The bill is scheduled for floor debate, voted on, referred to the appropriate standing committee, and then named.

Which of the following states had the highest rate of population growth between 1980 and 2010 ? A. Arizona B. Kansas C. New York D. Ohio

Which of the following was a major effect of the Spanish conquest of Mesoamerica? A. The decimation of native populations exposed to European diseases B. The formation of alliances of native peoples to resist the Spanish invaders C. The revival of Maya culture D. The expulsion of Catholic missionaries

Susan B. Anthony

An American social reformer and feminist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement.

mixed economy

An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion.

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

Incas

Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru

Constitutional Amendment 24

Anti poll tax

Constitutional Amendment 10

Any rights not given to federal government are given to the states and people

Which of the following best describes the lifestyle of Native American peoples in Mexico before the arrival of European colonizers? A. They hunted buffalo for food and were nomadic. B. They farmed maize and built permanent settlements. C. They gathered wild plants for food and were seminomadic. D. They farmed diverse crops and engaged in seasonal migration.

Which of the following combinations includes an example of each of the factors of production? A. Forest, tractor, factory B. Oil, factory, worker C. Minerals, money, worker D. Money, output, technology

Which of the following is protected by the First Amendment? A. Shouting "Fire!" in a crowded movie theater B. Burning the United States flag C. Threatening the president of the United States D. Writing untrue articles about a celebrity in a newspaper

Nelson Mandela

First black president of South Africa

By the end of the nineteenth century the use of pools, trusts, and holding companies by big businesses resulted in A. a more even distribution of wealth B. a concentration of economic power in the hands of a few C. an increase in social welfare benefits D. a slowing in the growth of the economy

Immigration Map

In the long run, which of the following have been shown to have the greatest effect in improving a nation's standard of living? A. Increases in the minimum wage B. Advances in technology C. Increases in interest rates on mortgage loans D. Increases in tariffs on imported goods

Pastoral nomadism is a form of subsistence agriculture primarily practiced in the A. Arctic climate of northern Canada B. arid climate of North Africa and the Middle East C. Mediterranean climate of southern Europe D. tropical climate of Latin America and the Caribbean

The March 2011 tsunami that originated off the coast of Japan was the result of A. a typhoon B. an undersea earthquake C. heavy summer monsoons D. a volcanic eruption

The argument that women's special role as guardians of morality necessitated their involvement in the public sphere was asserted during the A. colonial period B. Progressive Era C. Great Depression D. late twentieth century

The climates of Chile and coastal Peru are much cooler than other areas in South America because A. cold winds blow unimpeded from the Antarctic continent B. the Humboldt Current brings cold ocean waters C. arid conditions create cooler weather near the ocean D. cold winds flow down from the Andes mountain range

When tropical rain forests are cut down, which part of the hydrologic cycle is diminished, leading to changes in the local climate? A. Groundwater flow B. Transpiration C. Condensation D. Surface runoff

Which climate zone covers the largest surface area within Africa? A. Mediterranean B. Arid C. Humid subtropical D. Wet and dry tropical

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

Orville and Wilbur Wright

Brothers who flew the first airplane in 1903

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code

Erasmus of Rotterdam is best known as an advocate of which of the following? A. The creation of the Jesuit order B. A formal break with the Catholic Church C. Christian humanism D. Crusades against the Ottoman Turks

In the western United States, the Sierra Nevada influence the downwind climate such that the ecosystem to the east of the mountain range is a A. prairie B. wetland C. desert D. rain forest

In which of the following phases of the business cycle does the economy experience decreasing unemployment rates and increasing consumer spending? A. Depression B. Recession C. Recovery D. Contraction

In which of the following ways did the Black Death most directly affect economic development in medieval Europe? A. It strengthened the dominance of landed elites. B. It introduced the need for slavery. C. It inflated the value of laborers' wages and many commodities. D. It sparked ideas of class-based equality and utopian socialism.

Jeff earns $10 per hour working at the local bakery. The current consumer price index (CPIC P I) is 125. Based on the information, Jeff's real wage per hour is equal to which of the following? A. $12.50 B. $10.00 C. $8.00 D. $1.25

The Landsat satellite imagery, which shows land cover on the surface of Earth, is an example of which of the following technologies? A. Geographic information systems (GISG I S) B. Global positioning systems (GPSG P S) C. Remote sensing D. Cartography

What Canadian province has a majority French-speaking population? A. Ontario B. Alberta C. Quebec D. Nova Scotia

When government expenditures exceed tax revenues in any given year, the result will most likely be A. an increase in taxes B. a decrease in taxes C. a budget deficit D. a budget surplus

Which of the following Supreme Court decisions most directly established its power of judicial review? A. Gibbons vversus. Ogden B. McCulloch vversus. Maryland C. Marbury vversus. Madison D. Schenck vversus. United States

Which of the following best characterizes the primary purpose of the United Nations intervention in the Korean peninsula in 1950 ? A. To rebuild Korea after the devastation of decades of Japanese imperial rule B. To enforce the UNU N policy of democratic government in East Asia C. To prevent North Korea from conquering South Korea and spreading communism D. To eliminate the nuclear threat on the Asian continent

Which of the following best describes the Italian city-states of Milan, Florence, and Venice during the period from 1400 to 1600 ? A. They were well integrated within a centralized political and economic system centered around Rome. B. They were democratic states ruled by assemblies of citizen legislators, and they tolerated religious dissent. C. They were independent, prosperous urban settlements that competed economically and politically against one another. D. They were decentralized fiefs of the Holy Roman emperor, each ruled by competing vassals who occupied manors farmed by serfs.

Which of the following best describes the major significance of the 1648 treaty known as the Peace of Westphalia? A. It centralized the governance of the Holy Roman Empire. B. It led to a century of Habsburg domination of European affairs. C. It cemented the nation-state as the source of collective security and international law. D. It reaffirmed the central role played by the Vatican in international affairs.

Which of the following best describes the primary motive of fifteenth-century Portuguese and Spanish explorers for finding a water route to Asia? A. To establish settler colonies in Asia to remedy overpopulation in Europe B. To conquer Muslim states and convert Asia and the Middle East to Christianity C. To circumvent the Middle East to establish direct trade with Asian markets D. To find and take new resources from the Americas to enrich their own governments

Which of the following is an example of a referendum? A. A nonpartisan election for a circuit court judge B. An election in which citizens vote directly for members of a state's senate C. An election in which citizens vote whether or not to support a law that legalizes marijuana D. A statewide election to remove an elected official, such as a governor, from office

Which of the following is an exclusive constitutional power of the United States Senate? A. Origination all revenue bills B. Approval of the presidential budget C. Ratification of treaties made by the president D. Ratification of constitutional amendments before they are sent to the states for ratification

Which of the following is responsible for supervising and regulating banks? A. The United States Department of the Treasury B. The Financial Services Committee C. The Federal Reserve D. The Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs

Which of the following was a cause of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the southern United States in the years following the First World War? A. Racial segregation was not being enforced in the northern and midwestern states. B. The federal government promised free homesteads to African American families in the Midwest. C. Discrimination and violence pushed African Americans to seek employment in the North. D.Heavy recruiting by labor unions encouraged African American workers to move to western states.

Which of the following was a primary goal of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs in the 1960snineteen sixties? A. Increasing United States involvement in foreign affairs B.Curtailing federal government spending C. Reducing poverty in the United States D. Guaranteeing free higher education for all citizens

"Communists have infiltrated into the school system. We know that teachers in Harvard are avowed Communists. They are spreading Communism in every way they can." Question: Which political figure came to prominence espousing the sentiments similar to those expressed in this quote? A. Adlai Stevenson B. Harry Truman C. Joseph McCarthy D. Dwight Eisenhower

A group of people sharing common elements of culture and history is defined as a A. state B. country C. nation D. polity

A market structure in which there is a single seller producing a product for which there are no close substitutes is known as A. perfect competition B. monopolistic competition C. monopoly D. oligopoly

All of the following were characteristic of the interaction between China and Great Britain in the 1800s EXCEPT A. China used military means to resist the importation of opium B. China agreed to grant treaty ports to Great Britain C. Great Britain colonized large areas of southern and central China D. Great Britain joined with other Western powers to crush the Boxer Rebellion

Which of the following accurately describes the role of interest groups in the United States political system? A. They raise money to provide public funding for elections. B. Their membership generally includes a majority of potential beneficiaries of their efforts. C. They utilize lobbyists to provide policy makers with information on bills and issues. D. They hold national and state conventions to nominate candidates for political office.

Which of the following best describes the Monroe Doctrine, promulgated by President Monroe in 1823 ? A. A publication from the first Continental Congress that outlined Federalist principles B. The first plan for self-government adopted in the English colonies C. A document intended to end European colonization in the Western Hemisphere D. One of the first documents to oppose slavery in the United States

Which of the following best describes the first group of European colonists to settle in Australia? A. Dutch merchants who established harbors and trading posts B. Landowners and aristocrats from Spain who settled on the eastern coast C. Prisoners from Great Britain who were forced into manual labor D. Immigrants from France who established farms and businesses

Which of the following best describes the main goal of Pan-Africanism? A. To end support for the African National Congress B. To support trade between the countries of Africa C. To unify African people throughout the world D. To build military alliances with Western powers

Which of the following civil rights activists is most closely associated with the Montgomery bus boycott? A. Ella Baker B. Angela Davis C. Martin Luther King, Jr. D. Malcolm X

Which of the following has most accelerated the spread of a global popular culture? A. The creation of the United Nations B. The growth of world religions C. New communications technologies D. Increased access to air travel

Constitutional Amendment 27

Congress cannot accept a pay raise until next term

"[Leeds, England exhibited] the many marks by which a manufacturing town may always be known . . . the wretched, stunted, decrepit, and, frequently, the mutilated appearance of the broken-down labourers, who are generally to be seen in the dirty, disagreeable streets; the swarms of meanly-clad women and children, and the dingy, smoky, wretched-looking dwellings of the poor. . . . We see, on the one hand, a few individuals who have accumulated great wealth by means of the factory system; and, on the other hand, hundreds of thousands of human beings huddled together in attics and cellars, or crawling over the earth as if they did not belong to it." William Dodd, English factory worker, 1842 Describe two economic causes of the conditions described in the passage. Explain how the conflict between wealthy individuals and factory workers characterizes the period in which the passage was written.

Correct responses for Part A may include: A. Urban areas become more densely populated due to high demand for factory labor. Urban dwellings and living conditions were not well maintained, and tended to be overcrowded due to high population of low wage workers. Increased demand for cheaply and mass-produced manufactured goods. Factory labor was sometimes dangerous or destructive to workers' health, which caused them to endure injuries or chronic medical conditions. Factory labor work spaces were not thoroughly maintained, causing workers to become covered in soot or other by-products on the job. Correct responses for Part B may include: B. Wage disparities between workers and wealthy factory owners widened during the industrial era in places like England and the United States. Industrial labor was often so dangerous or unsanitary that wage workers looked drastically different than those who amassed wealth from their labor. C. Living conditions for factory workers were often cramped and dirty, as compared to the living quarters of wealthy individuals. This characterizes the time period as one of economic disparity.

Which of the following investment instruments offers an individual a professionally managed, diversified financial portfolio as a single investment? A. Common stocks B. Preferred stocks C. Bonds D. Mutual funds

Describe the pattern of trade represented on the map. Identify one product that was transported on each leg of the route represented on the map. What geographical or climatological factors shaped the pattern of the trade routes represented on the map?

Correct responses for Part A may include: A.The trade routes form a triangle pattern in which trade runs from North America and the Caribbean to Europe to West Africa and back to the Americas. Correct responses for Part B may include: B. North America/Caribbean to Europe: tobacco, cotton, rice, sugar Europe to West Africa: manufactured goods, textiles, rum West Africa to North America/South America/Caribbean: slaves Correct responses for Part C may include: C. Atlantic "trade winds" naturally carried vessels east from the coast of Africa to the Caribbean, and the Gulf Stream brought trade vessels back in a northwestern path across the North Atlantic to Europe.

"...Matthew Lyon of Fairhaven in the said District of Vermont, being a malicious and seditious person and of a depraved mind and wicked and diabolical disposition and deceitfully wickedly & maliciously contriving to defame the government of the United States and with intent and design to defame the government of the United States and John Adams the President of the United States and to bring the said government and President into contempt and disrepute and with intent and design to excite against the said Government and President the hatred of the good people of the United States and to stir up sedition in the United States..." Indictment of Matthew Lyon, October 5, 1798 Identify the crime Matthew Lyon was accused of in the passage. Identify the legislation passed by the United States government that criminalized Lyon's actions. Using principles found in the United States Constitution, explain how some political figures opposed this legislation in the late 1700sseventeen hundreds.

Correct responses for Part A may include: Lyon published a newspaper article criticizing John Adams Lyon committed what was then understood as sedition Correct responses for Part B may include: The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1978 Correct responses for Part B may include: Some political figures argued against Mathew Lyon's charges by appealing to the First Amendment of the Constitution, which guarantees the rights of free speech and freedom of the press. Some political figures argues that the charges violated the Constitution because some of the publications took place before the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed.

A decrease in the cost of producing oranges will lead to which of the following changes in the equilibrium quantity and equilibrium price in the orange market? A. A decrease in quantity and an increase in the price of oranges B. A decrease in both the quantity and the price of oranges C. An increase in both the quantity and the price of oranges D. An increase in the quantity and a decrease in the price of oranges

A main purpose of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 was to A. set a date in 1807 for the end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the British colonies B. prohibit Native American allies of British colonists from trading with French colonists C. establish a trade boycott of British goods by the North American colonies D. forbid British colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains

An increase in business confidence about the profitability of projects leads to an increase in gross domestic product due to an increase in which of the following? A. Imports B. Exports C. Government spending D. Investment spending

Capital as a factor of production refers to which of the following? A. Money used to pay wages B. Products made for consumption C. The money needed to start a business D. Manufactured tools and equipment used for production

Despite initial failures, the eventual success of the English settlement at Jamestown can best be attributed to which of the following economic activities? A. Serving as a penal colony for political prisoners B. Building ships for the British navy C. Transporting enslaved Africans to the Caribbean D. Cultivating tobacco as a cash crop

In a period of inflation, which of the following combinations of monetary policy actions would the Federal Reserve most likely undertake? Discount Rate Open-market Operations A. Decrease Buy bonds B. Decrease Sell bonds C. Increase Buy bonds D. Increase Sell bonds

In response to the spread of Soviet influence during the Cold War, the United States A.adopted a policy of isolationism and refused to form alliances with other countries B. declared that it would forcibly overthrow communist governments in Eastern Europe C. canceled all economic aid to Europe to fund increases in military spending D. armed and aided local anticommunist movements in foreign countries

Indentured servitude became a widespread practice in the English North American colonies during the 1600ssixteen hundreds due primarily to A. the need to employ a growing population of indebted prisoners B. trade restrictions imposed under the Navigation Acts C. rising costs associated with chattel slavery D. the lack of an available supply of labor

Which of the following best describes the central aim of Renaissance humanism? A. To study medieval religious authorities in the arts, law, medicine, and theology B. To develop and test hypotheses about nature based on experiments and inductive reasoning C. To centralize political authority and sovereign power within the hands of the monarchy D. To recover the learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome through use of reason and empirical evidence

Which of the following best describes the concept of federalism? A. All political power in a nation belongs to the people. B. The central government of a nation-state derives its authority from local governments. C. The people have the right to change their government if that government abuses its authority. D. Central, local, and regional governments share powers in a single nation-state.

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of divided government? A. A state constitution creates a bicameral legislature. B. The federal government shares a responsibility with the state governments. C. In the Senate, all Republicans vote for a bill while all Democrats vote against it. D. Congress has a majority of Republicans while the president is a Democrat.

Which of the following is a true comparison of the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate? A. The constitutional minimum age for the House is twenty-one years, while it is thirty years for the Senate. B. The length of one term in the House is four years, while the length of one term in the Senate is six years. C. House members may be naturalized citizens, while Senate members must be natural-born citizens. D. House membership is based on the total population of individual states, while Senate membership is based on equal representation from each state.

Which of the following represents the most accurate explanation for the spread of Buddhism into Southeast Asia? A. Conquest of the region by imperial powers from the Indian subcontinent B. Missionary activity supported by the Chinese imperial government C. Persecution of Buddhists in Japan resulting in mass emigration D. Extensive trade and mercantile activity within the Indian Ocean basin

Which of the following was a Southern advantage over the North during the United States Civil War? A. A larger population B. A developed railroad system C. A stronger industrial base D. A knowledge of local geography

Which of the following was a direct effect of the Meiji Restoration in Japan? A. Adoption of constitutional democracy B. Reestablishment of samurai political power and social status C. Elimination of the position of emperor from the Japanese political hierarchy D. Promotion of rapid industrialization and military expansion

Which of the following was a significant weakness of the League of Nations? A. It was dominated by the United States and the USSRU S S R, whose opposition to each other led to an inability to act. B. It required member states to maintain high levels of military readiness and funding, which led to conflict. C. It developed a mandate system to oversee colonized regions in order to foster human rights and self-determination. D. It lacked the participation of several significant world powers and had no armed force to enforce its resolutions.

Which of the following was the most direct political result of the Protestant Reformation? A. Revitalized Christian states resisted the Ottoman Empire's advance. B. The Spanish and Portuguese colonized the Americas. C. Catholic crusaders sacked the Greek Orthodox capital of Constantinople. D. Wars of religion fractured the ideal of Christian unity.

"No United States president was elected as a third-party candidate in the twentieth century. Therefore, the third-party system has had no effect on American politics." Which of the following is an accurate claim about third-party candidacies that disputes this statement? A. Third-party candidates are usually members of ethnic minority groups. B. Third-party candidates tend to reduce the total amount of media coverage in an election. C. Third-party candidates often lead to voter confusion, reducing total voter turnout. D. Third-party candidates sometimes force platform shifts in the dominant parties

In the early years of European exploration and settlement of North America, the Native American population changed in which of the following ways? A. It grew, largely as a result of the spread of European crops. B. It decreased, largely as a result of European military attacks. C. It decreased, largely as a result of changes in the climate. D. It decreased, largely as a result of the spread of infectious diseases from Europeans.

In which of the following regions of the United States is a farmer most likely to need irrigation to grow crops? A. New England B. Southeast C. Pacific Northwest D. Southwest

Membership in which of the following supranational organizations is most likely to affect the sovereignty of member countries? A. United Nations B. Organization of American States C. World Health Organization D. European Union

The Continental Divide passes through which of the following states? A. North Dakota B. Kansas C. Nevada D. Colorado

Which of the following is a true statement about a pure parliamentary system of government? A. Legislators who accept ministerial appointments must resign their seats. B. Seats in parliament are apportioned strictly according to proportional representation. C. Governments must be formed by a coalition of several parties. D. The head of government must be a current member of the legislature.

Which of the following mountain ranges provides a natural barrier that separates the continents of Europe and Asia? A. The Alps B. The Andes C. The Pyrenees D. The Urals

Which of the following represents the opportunity cost of purchasing a used automobile for $6,000 ? A. The difference between the $6,000 and the cost of a new car B. The cost of paying for the necessary repairs to the car C. The time it took to research and identify the appropriate used car D. A vacation or other purposes for which the $6,000 could have been used

Copernicus

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

Executive Order 9066

FDR's order to place all Japanese Americans in Internment Camps

market economy

Economic decisions are made by individuals or the open market.

Suez Canal Crisis (1956)

Egypt's dictator, Abdul Gamal Nasser, a former army officer who had led the coup that overthrew King Farouk, nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956, and was attacked by British, French and Israeli forces. The U.S. intervened on behalf of Egypt. Damaged Britain and France's standing as world powers.

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Mercenaries

Foreign soldiers who fought for money

Constitutional Amendment 1

Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition.

Joan of Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

Johann Gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Constitutional Amendment 14

If you are born or naturalized in the U.S. then you are a citizen of the U.S.

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia planter, led a group of 300 settlers in a war against the local Native Americans. When Virginia's royal governor questioned Bacon's actions, Bacon and his men looted and burned Jamestown. Bacon's Rebellion manifested the increasing hostility between the poor and wealthy in the Chesapeake region.

Filial Piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

implicit costs

Indirect, non-purchased, or opportunity costs of resources provided by the entrepreneur

Constitutional Amendment 11

Individual cannot sue a state in a federal court

secondary source

Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

Sectionalism

Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

McCulloch v. Maryland court case

Maryland's state powers did not include the right to collect taxes from institutions created by the federal government.

MAIN causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Shoguns

Military leaders of the bakufu (military governments in Japan).

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

5 themes of geography

Movement Region Human Environment Interaction Location Place

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Constitutional Amendment 5

No double jeopardy or no witness against yourself

Constitutional Amendment 4

No unreasonable search or arrest

Map Consumption expenditure $875 billion Investment spending $205 billion Government purchases $240 billion Exports $130 billion Imports $205 billion Taxes $175 billion Net exports $-negative75 billion According to the data in the table, the government of Country X is running a budget A.deficit equal to $65 billion B.deficit equal to $75 billion C.surplus equal to $100 billion D.surplus equal to $240 billion

Option (A) is correct. The government's income is equal to the total tax revenue it collects. Each year, if the government income (tax revenue) falls short of its spending, the government's budget is running a deficit. The deficit in this case is equal to $175-minus$240 or -negative$65 billion.

Population Map

Option (D) is correct. The population pyramid shows the age demographics of Mexico, where population growth has stabilized in recent decades.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Constitutional Amendment 9

People get rights not listed in Constitution

Constitutional Amendment 12

Separate ballots for President and Vice President

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Constitutional Amendment 17

Popular election of U.S. Senators.

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Constitutional Amendment 22

President can only serve two terms.

Constitutional Amendment 20

President takes office on January 20th instead of March 4th (lame duck)

Emancipation Proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union.

Determinants of labor demand

Product demand, productivity, prices of other resources, and complementary resources

Constitutional Amendment 18

Prohibition

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

Pullman Strike (1894)

Railroad strike that started when the Pullman Palace Car Company cut wages while maintaining high rents; led by Eugene V. Debs; ended when President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops.

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

Constitutional Amendment 21

Repeal of Prohibition

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Constitutional Amendment 2

Right to bear arms.

Gulf War 1991

Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait despite peace treaty and refusal to abandon Iraqi occupation

Miguel de Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution

Chief Administrator

Term for the President as head of the administration of the Federal Government

October Revolution of 1917

The Bolsheviks seized power by force in a second revolution in 1917. Once in power, they changed Russia to a Communist nation.

Great Schism

The seperation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church (1054 CE)

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Sales of Indulgences

The practice of selling indulgences for the forgiveness of sins was the issue that first captured the attention of Martin Luther

Siddhartha Gautama

The prince who is said to have founded Buddhism.

Constitutional Amendment 7

The right to a jury trial in civil matters of $20 and over

Constitutional Amendment 6

The right to a speedy and public trial

Furman v. Georgia

This 1972 Supreme Court case struck down all state laws allowing the death penalty stating that they allowed for too much discretion on the part of the judge and jury resulting in lack of consistent administration of the penalty.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

SALT I

Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. and the USSR. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

7 Biomes of the World

Tropical rainforests, temperate forests, deserts, tundra, taiga, grasslands, & savanna.

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Panic of 1873, depression

Unrestrained speculation on the railroads let to disaster - inflation and strikes by railroad workers. 18,000 businesses failed and 3 million people were out of work. Federal troops were called in to end the strike.

Daimyos

Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate

Constitutional Amendment 23

Washington D.C. residents can vote for president.

Constitutional Amendment 19

Women's suffrage

Constitutional Amendment 15

You cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka

a 1954 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that "separate but equal" education for black and white students was unconstitutional

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 Theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

supply and demand

an economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it (demand) and depending on how much of the good is available (supply)

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