Priciniples Of Management Chapter 02
Which of the following statements summarizes Weber's third principle of bureaucracy?
The extent of each position's formal authority should be clearly specified.
Authority gives managers the power to make decisions regarding resources, both human and inanimate; however, it does not always hold managers accountable for themselves.
False
Theory Y managers believe that workers are lazy, dislike work and will try to do as little as possible.
False
True or false: A system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers is a closed system.
False
True or false: One of the major implications of the Hawthorne studies was that the behavior of managers and workers in the work setting is less important than the technical aspects of the task in explaining the level of performance.
False
True or false: The Gilbreths' goal was to make employees work harder for longer hours so that gains across tasks would add up to enormous savings of time and effort.
False
Whose theory purported that managers have the right to give orders and the power to exhort subordinates for obedience?
Fayol's 14 principles of management
Which theorist proposed that employees with knowledge and expertise, not managers' formal authority deriving from their position in the hierarchy, should decide who will lead at any particular moment?
Follett
If a manager heaps praise on an employee for a job well done, and the employee's work continues to improve, what effect could this be attributed to?
Hawthorne
What study suggests that workers' attitudes toward their managers affect the level of workers' performance?
Hawthorne effect
What is the movement that suggested training managers in behavioral leadership in order to encourage employee cooperation and increase their productivity?
Human relations
In a bureaucratic system, when specifying the best ways to accomplish organizational tasks or increase performance, behavioral guidelines must be set. Which of the following are not important to include when defining these guidelines? (Choose all that apply.)
Industry ratios, Benchmarks
_______ authority derives from personal expertise, technical knowledge, moral worth, and the ability to lead and to generate commitment from subordinates.
Informal
What is it called when employees feel free to work independently and exercise their creativity?
Initiative
Which of Fayol's principles meant the methodical arrangement of positions to provide employees with career opportunities that satisfy their needs?
Order
A more open organizational structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected is an ______ structure.
organic
Fayol suggested companies use _____ charts as a method of providing order and structure in an organization.
organizational
The goal of the Hawthorne studies was to raise ______.
productivity
According to _______, it is the manager's responsibility to create a work setting that encourages employee commitment to organizational goals and gives employees opportunities to innovate and show initiative.
Theory Y
The first principle of Max Weber's ______ theory explains how a manager's formal authority derives from the position he or she holds in an organization.
bureaucracy
The term "______" was originally defined by Weber as a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.
bureaucracy
A system of small workshops run by skilled workers who produced hand-manufactured products was called ______.
crafts production
The organizational environment refers to how managers control their organization's relationship with its ______ environment.
external
The ______ approach is a management approach that advocates the idea that a manager's attitude toward employees can affect productivity; the self-fulfilling prophecy is an example.
human relations
A relatively closed organizational structure in which authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised is a(n) ______ structure.
mechanistic
Customers may purchase goods and services from companies that use a(n) __________, when the companies use resources from the external environment and then transform them and bring them to market.
open system
While a(n)______ system may be impacted by floods or drought, a(n)_______ system is not impacted by the external environment.
open; closed
According to Max Weber's principles of bureaucracy, an organization can hold all of its employees strictly accountable for their actions when they know their exact ______.
responsibilities
The type of formal, written instructions, or ______, detail actions to be taken when circumstances are different from what they are at present in order to achieve specific goals.
rules
True or false: Standard operating procedures are generalized guidelines about how to perform a certain aspect of a task.
False
What organizational structure promotes collaboration among employees and loosely defined roles with responsibilities?
Organic
What are the two factors that are examined in the administrative management theory when trying to create an organization that is highly efficient and effective?
Organizational structure and control systems
Which principle of bureaucracy states that managers' formal authority stem from their positions within an organization?
Principle 1
Rank the following theories of management from the oldest to the most recent, with the oldest theory at the top.
Scientific management, administrative management, behavioral management. management science, and organizational environment theory.
Which theory is a set of positive assumptions about workers that leads to the conclusion that a manager's task is to create an environment that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self-direction?
Theory Y
True or false: The Hawthorne studies suggested it is important to understand that the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of both the work-group members and management affect performance.
True
What did Max Weber have in mind when he wrote Principle 3?
When employees know exactly what is expected of them, companies can hold them entirely responsible for their actions.
According to Fayol, _____ should not be concentrated at the top of the chain of command.
authority
Fayol's principle of ______ suggests that superior managers are those who are able to strike a balance between keeping order in their departments and encouraging skilled employees to work independently.
initiative
Innovation and creativity could not occur within organizations if employees didn't take by trying something new.
initiative
During the first stage, referred to as the stage, an organization acquires resources.
input
Fayol suggested that workers be given more ______ in order to counteract the boredom that many workers feel arising from too much specialization.
job duties
One focus of the ______ theory is that managers must use rigorous quantitative techniques in order to make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.
management science
The goal of the relay assembly test experiments was to increase ______.
productivity
A critical message of the contingency theory is that ______.
"there is no one best way to organize"
Which was one of the results of discipline, according to Fayol?
A reliable workforce that would work toward organizational goals
The benefits of scientific management include which of the following management practices? (Choose all that apply.)
Achieving the right mix of worker-task specialization Linking people and tasks by the speed of the production line
What is the theory of management that examines how to create an organizational structure and control system that results in an organization that is highly efficient and effective?
Administrative
The Hawthorne effect suggests that managers' behavior toward their employees ______.
affects the level of a worker's performance
When an employee acts in a specific way in a certain circumstance because of formal, written instructions, his or her behavior results from following ______.
rules
True or False: Management science theory relies heavily on organic materials (including substances and human power) and less on quantitative techniques when helping managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.
False
______ focuses on matching people and tasks to maximize efficiency.
Scientific management
Management science theory is an approach to management that uses rigorous ______ techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources.
quantitative
Management science theory is really an extension of whose theory of management that relied on measuring worker tasks to improve efficiency?
Taylor
Specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task are called ______.
standard operation procedures
Weber's fourth principle allows managers to hold subordinates accountable for their actions because ______.
the company is organized as a hierarchy of authority.
What is the study of how managers should behave for motivating employees, encouraging them to perform at high levels, and committing to achieving organizational goals?
Behavioral management
_______ is a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.
Bureaucracy
Which of the following are principles developed by Frederick W. Taylor to increase efficiency in the workplace? (Choose all that apply.)
Codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and standard operating procedures. Establish an acceptable level of performance for a task and develop a pay system that rewards performance. Study the way workers perform their tasks and experiment with ways to improve how tasks are performed. Select workers who possess skills and abilities that match the needs of the task and train them on the rules.
What theory has the premise that there is no best way to organize and that the organizational structures and control systems that managers choose will be based on factors occurring in the the external environmental?
Contingency
Groups and teams can cooperate with management to raise performance or thwart any attempts to do so. Therefore, as the Hawthorne studies suggested, it is important to understand that the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of which two groups can affect performance? (Choose all that apply.)
Management and work-group members
Which theory is a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services?
Management science
Who developed the principles of bureaucracy, a formal system of organization that was designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness?
Max Weber
In establishing the two contrasting assumptions, Theory X and Theory Y, who was the theorist who created an approach to understanding managers' attitudes within organizations as well as their behaviors?
McGregor
Theories X and Y, the contrasting assumptions about how managers' behaviors and attitude dominate within an organization, was developed by ______.
McGregor
According to which management theorist did the Fourth Principle of Bureaucracy reason that authority is most effective when there is a hierarchical arrangement of jobs so that the reporting structure is clear for both managers and their employees?
Weber
According to the text, ______ is defined as the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources. This gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.
authority
Managers have the formal ______ to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.
authority
The power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources is called ______.
authority
Weber's third principle of bureaucracy states that managers and workers understand what is expected of them and what to expect from each other when their tasks _________ and are clearly specified.
authority
Fayol's principle of ______ gives managers the informal power to use their personal expertise, technical knowledge, and moral worth in order to lead their subordinates to commit to the organization.
authority and responsibility
A high concentration of authority figures within the managerial hierarchy is called
centralization
A system that is self-contained and, thus, not affected by changes occurring in its external environment is known as a system.
closed
Ellie Rollin's manager has been in a horrendous mood since the third quarter report came out. No matter what she does, the feedback from her manager is discouraging. According to the Hawthorne effect, Ellie's work performance is likely to ______.
decrease
Based on his experiments and observations, Frederick W. Taylor developed four principles to increase ______ in the workplace.
efficiency
Fayols' principle of ______ states that all organizational members are entitled to justice, impartiality, and fairness.
equity
Weber's ______ principle of bureaucracy is especially useful in organizations dealing with sensitive issues with possible major repercussions because the organizational hierarchy allows managers to be able to hold subordinates accountable for their actions.
fourth
Fredrick W. Taylor, who is best known for defining the techniques of scientific management, was a ____ manager.
manufacturing
Fayol's principle of equity addresses ______.
treating all members of the organization with respect
Unity of ______ results in an effective organization where activities are focused and individuals and groups have a unified plan for using organizational resources.
direction
Fayol believed that ______ was a necessary force that allowed managers to build workforces that were reliable, hardworking, and respectful towards other within the organization.
discipline
The ______ movement advocates that supervisors should receive behavioral training in order to manage subordinates in a way that elicits their cooperation.
human relations
The ________ movement advocates for managers to be trained to supervise their staff in a way that will engender their cooperation and increase their productivity.
human relations
Max Weber (1864-1920) wrote at the turn of the 20th century, when Germany was undergoing its _______ revolution.
industrial
Adam Smith found that having employees focus on one task instead of many was more successful than having them learn a number of different tasks. In other words, he believed that ______ would lead to more successful organizational performance.
job specialization
Mary Parker Follett proposed that authority should go with ______, not necessarily with the managers because of their position.
knowledge
Fayol was known for his many contributions to management theory, but one of his claims to fame was to be the first to ______.
limit the length of the chain of command
Tracy's company put into place a new ______ organizational structure to make management more centralized, rules more daunting, and supervision much more confining. As a result, Tracy feels a lack of freedom and creativity, but her manager explained that the new structure was intended to establish stability.
mechanistic
The set of forces and conditions that are external to an organization's boundaries, but that affect a manager's ability to purchase and use resources is referred to as the ______ environment.
organizational
In the ______ experiments, researchers investigated how aspects of the work environment, such as hours of work and the number and length of rest periods, affect performance.
relay assembly test
According to F.W. Taylor, ______ management is the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency.
scientific
By combining two management practices, achieving the right mix of worker-task specialization and linking people and tasks by the speed of the production line, ______ management resulted in benefits for the organization.
scientific
When managers study the relationships between people and tasks so that they can redesign the work process to increase efficiency, they are using ______ management.
scientific
Frederick W. Taylor is best known for defining the techniques of management.
scientific management
When there are systematic relationships between people and tasks with the result being an improved work process with maximum efficiency, this exemplifies _______.
scientific management
An organization that lacks a unity of direction does not have a(n) ______ plan, which, according to Fayol, leads to an organization that is inefficient, ineffective, unfocused, and working at cross-purposes.
single
Fayol was the first to point out the downside of _________.
specialization
When individual workers begin to focus on particular tasks, a division of labor takes place called job
specialization
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), rules, and norms are important in a bureaucratic system because _____.
they guide performance by specifying the best ways to accomplish tasks
Behavioral management is the study of how managers should personally behave: (Choose all that apply.)
to encourage employees to perform at high levels, to motivate employees to be committed to organizational goals.
During which stage does an organization acquire resources?
Input
What did Weber's fourth principle say about role of authority with regard to the hierarchical reporting structure?
It said that authority would be most effective when the reporting hierarchy was properly arranged.