Principles of Biology Chapter 4
Which of the following has the strongest resolving power? A.) Compound light microscope B.) Electron microscope C.) Magnifying glass D.) Human eye
Electron microscope
An extensive system of internal membranes, called the _______, is where carbohydrates and lipids are manufactured, and proteins are made that will be exported from the cell. A.) Golgi complex B.) Endoplasmic reticulum C.) Nucleolus D.) Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum
Which life forms have an endomembrane system: bacteria, archaea, or eukarya?
Eukarya
Explain how the term "compartmentalization" can be applied to eukaryotic cell anatomy more so than prokaryotic cell anatomy.
Eukaryotic cells can be broken up into more "rooms" compared to the prokaryotic cell.
In human intestinal cells, what specialized feature increases the surface-area-to-volume ratio and allows increased absorption of materials? A.) Very few organelles inside cells B.) Larger cell size C.) Many cilia D.) Many flagella E.) Surface folds called microvilli
Surface folds called microvilli
Which of the following cell structures is NOT found in bacteria? A.) Ribosomes B.) Plasma membrane C.) Nucleus D.) Cell wall E.) DNA
Nucleus
What are the 3 major principles of the cell theory?
1. A cell is the basic unit of life. 2. Organisms are made up of cells. 3. New cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
Plant and animal cells have an average size in the range of... A.) 1-10 nanometers B.) 10-100 nanometers C.) 1-10 micrometers D.) 10-100 micrometers E.) 1-10 millimeters
10-100 micrometers
The plasma membrane is... A.) A carbohydrate layer that surrounds groups of cells to protect them. B.) A double lipid layer with proteins inserted in it, which surrounds every cell individually. C.) A thin sheet of structural proteins that encloses cytoplasm. D.) Composed of proteins that form a protective barrier.
A double lipid layer with proteins inserted in it, which surrounds every cell individually.
Cells are usually rather small. What does this ensure that they have? A.) A sufficient surface area-to-volume ratio B.) An exchange of genetic information C.) A need for lipid-based membranes D.) A reduction in size due to division E.) A group of new cells by division
A sufficient surface area-to-volume ratio
From smallest to largest, what is the correct size order of the cytoskeleton fibers? A.) Microtubules, intermedia filaments, actin filaments B.) Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments C.) Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules D.) Intermediate filaments, actin filaments, microtubules E.) Microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments
Actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
Where are ribosomes found inside the eukaryotic cell? A.) Rough endoplasmic reticulum B.) Cytosol / cytoplasm C.) Mitochondria D.) All of the above
All of the above
You observe a cell that has lysosomes and a nucleus, but no chloroplasts or cell wall. Based on these observations, you conclude that the cell is most likely of what kind? A.) Bacterial cell B.) Archaean cell C.) Animal cell D.) Plant cell E.) Prokaryotic cell
Animal cell
How are newly made biomolecules transported from one compartment of the endomembrane system to another? A.) Budding and fusion of membrane transport vesicles B.) Sent out into the cytosol through membrane carrier proteins C.) Teleportation D.) Through conjugation bridges that form between the organelles
Budding and fusion of membrane transport vesicles
A scientist observes a cell that has a cell wall and ribosomes but no ER or nucleus. Based on these observations, he can conclude that the cell is most likely a(n)... A.) Animal cell B.) Bacterial cell C.) Plant cell D.) Archean cell E.) Prokaryotic cell
Bacterial cell
What are 2 other names for the cell's plasma membrane?
Cell membrane and cytoplasmic membrane are two other names for the cell's plasma membrane.
The ________ is a rigid structure, made up of polysaccharides, surrounding a cell that provides for structural support, shape, and protein. A.) Cell membrane B.) Cell wall C.) Ribosome D.) Flagellum
Cell wall
The basic unit of structure and function for all life is the... A.) Atom. B.) Organ. C.) Cell. D.) Molecule. E.) Organism.
Cell.
Cell theory includes the principle that... A.) Cells are the smallest living things; nothing smaller than a cell is considered alive. B.) All cells are surrounded by cell walls that protect them. C.) All organisms are made up of many cells arranged in specialized functional groups. D.) All cells contain membrane-bounded structures called organelles.
Cells are the smallest living things; nothing smaller than a cell is considered alive.
Which of the following organelles is NOT present in both plant and animal cells? A.) Nucleus B.) Endoplasmic reticulum C.) Golgi apparatus D.) Mitochondria E.) Chloroplast
Chloroplast
Name 3 structures or organelles unique to plant cell anatomy as compared with animal cell anatomy. Define the function of each of these structures/organelles.
Chloroplast- An organelle of plants and algae where photosynthesis occurs. Its functions include generating cellular energy (ATP) from sunlight and water, and using that energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide. Cell wall- The layer surrounding the plasma membrane. Its functions includes structural strength and protection. Vacuole- Functions include storage and physical support.
Two organelles that are thought to have once been free-living bacterial cells are... A.) Ribosomes and nuclei B.) Golgi bodies and vesicles C.) Peroxisomes and lysosomes D.) Chloroplasts and mitochondria
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
Which cytoskeletal structures on the lining of the respiratory tract are needed to sweep dust and debris away? A.) Flagella B.) Actin filaments C.) Pseudopods D.) Cilia E.) Intermediate filaments
Cilia
If you were studying the semifluid interior of the cell you would be studying the A.) Cytoplasm B.) Cytoskeleton C.) Centrosome D.) Chromatin E.) Centrioles
Cytoplasm
Some cancer chemotherapeutic drugs disrupt microtubules from functioning properly. How would these drugs affect the cancer cells? A.) Stop enzyme production in the cell B.) Disrupt cell shape and cell reproduction C.) Prevent the storage of water in the cytosol D.) Prevent the cancer cells from eating bacteria E.) Inhibit ATP synthesis
Disrupt cell shape and cell reproduction
Given that a cell's structure will often reflect its function, which of the following organelles would you predict to be larger or more numerous in cells whose main function is to secrete large amounts of enzymes out of the cell and into the stomach lumen for digesting food? A.) Nucleus B.) Cytoskeleton C.) Chloroplasts D.) Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes are produced from this organelle A.) Nucleus B.) Rough endoplasmic reticulum C.) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D.) Mitochondria E.) Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
______ function in the collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules made in the cell. A.) Mitochondria B.) Ribosomes C.) Golgi bodies D.) Vesicles
Golgi bodies
Organelles called ______ contain enzymes that digest worn out parts of cells. A.) Golgi bodies B.) Lysosomes C.) Vacuoles D.) Secretory vesicles
Lysosomes
Where inside an animal cell would engulfed bacteria, debris, and macromolecules be broken down? A.) Rough endoplasmic reticulum B.) Lysosomes C.) Peroxisomes D.) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum E.) Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Describe 3 functions of the cell's cytoskeleton
Maintenance of cell shape, hold organelles, and assist in moving materials in and out of the cell are three functions of the cell's cytoskeleton.
Which component of the cytoskeleton controls amoeboid movement-the crawling of cells along a surface?
Microfilaments (actin filament)
Which cytoskeletal fibers are found in the internal structure of the cilia and flagella? A.) Keratin filaments B.) Actin filaments C.) Microtubules D.) Myosin E.) Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Which organelle acts as the powerhouse of the cell? A.) Mitochondria B.) Nucleus C.) Rough endoplasmic reticulum D.) Lysosome
Mitochondria
Cyanide directly poisons _________ thereby preventing production of _____ molecules. A.) Nuclei / DNA B.) Mitochondria / ATP C.) Ribosomes / protein D.) Lysosomes / sugar E.) Actin / actinomycrete
Mitochondria / ATP
What is the function of secretory vesicles inside a cell? A.) Move proteins between the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus B.) Move proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane C.) Move proteins between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane D.) Move proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus E.) Move proteins between the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum
Move proteins between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane
What is the function of the transport vesicles inside a cell? A.) Move proteins between the SER And the RER B.) Move proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus C.) Move proteins between the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum D.) Move proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane
Move proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus
At which of these sites would you expect to find the highest number of ribosomes inside the cell? A.) Cytoskeleton B.) Nuclear envelope C.) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D.) Rough endoplasmic reticulum E.) Lysosome
Nuclear envelope
Proteins and mRNAs can pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm by moving through these structures in the nuclear envelope. A.) Nuclear pores B.) Cytoplasmic pores C.) Aquaporins D.) Worm holes
Nuclear pores
Provide a short description of each of the following eukaryotic cell structures or organelles. Nucleus Cytoskeleton Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome
Nucleus- Also known as the "control center". This is where DNA is found (chromatin). Cytoskeleton- Protein filaments that provide structure and movement. The vesicular traffic is regulated by cytoskeleton proteins. Mitochondria- Also called the "powerhouse of the cell". An organelle that harvests energy for the cell by oxidation of glucose to make ATP. It uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide in the process. Endoplasmic Reticulum- Organelle that produces and modifies molecules to be exported to other parts of the organism. It also breaks down toxic chemicals and cellular by-products. Golgi apparatus- This is where everything the ER makes gets transported to. It is a stack of slightly curved but flat saccules that sends biomolecules to their final destination. Lysosome- They hydrolyze macromolecules to carry out intracellular digestion.
A plant cell's central vacuole functions in A.) Manufacturing sugars. B.) Capturing energy from sunlight. C.) Packaging molecules for export from the cell. D.) Storing the genetic information of the cell. E.) Storing water, sugars, and ions.
Packaging molecules for export from the cell.
If you followed the breakdown of long chain fatty acids, in what organelle would they be digested first, before they could be used to make cellular energy in the mitochondria? A.) Rough endoplasmic reticulum B.) Mitochondria C.) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum D.) Nucleus E.) Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes
The membrane lipid responsible for forming the cell plasma membranes is A.) Phospholipids B.) Cell surface proteins C.) Transmembrane proteins D.) Carbohydrate chains
Phospholipids
Which of the following is not a type of cytoskeletal fiber? A.) Microtubules B.) Actin microfilaments C.) Intermediate filaments D.) Pili
Pili
Based on observations that a cell has a nucleus, a cell wall, and a large central vacuole, you can conclude that this cell is most likely a(n)... A.) Archaean cell B.) Animal cell C.) Bacterial cell D.) Plant cell E.) Prokaryotic cell
Plant cell
What is the function of the plasma membrane? What type of lipid is responsible for forming the cell plasma membrane?
Plasma membrane- Imports and regulates (separates and regulates) Phospholipids make up a cell plasma membrane
Which of the following are found within bacteria cells? A.) Ribosomes B.) Endoplasmic Reticulum C.) Nucleus D.) Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Which of the following would you expect to be found in larger numbers inside cells that are producing increased amounts of proteins compared with cells producing less? A.) Centrioles B.) Lysosomes C.) Ribosomes D.) Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Compare and contrast the functions of the rough ER and the smooth ER.
Rough ER- protein synthesis (ribosomes) Smooth ER- lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
If a poison that specifically inhibited ribosome function were added to cells, the cells would die directly from the fact that... A.) The cells would not be able to digest any bacteria for food. B.) The cells would not be able to generate any cell energy. C.) The cells would not be able to make any new proteins. D.) The cell would no longer be able to move around.
The cells would not be able to make any new proteins.
Generally, as a cell increases in size, how does the ratio of surface area to volume change? A.) The surface area increases more than the volume B.) The volume and surface area increase in equal amounts C.) The volume stays the same but the surface area increases D.) The surface area stays the same but the volume increases E.) The volume increases more than the surface area
The volume increases more than the surface area
What advantage is it to a cell to have small size?
When the surface area to volume ratio is greater, there will be greater efficiency in metabolism and growth.
