Program Planning

10. Acronyms - APHA, RFA/RFP, NACCHO

APHA- American Public Health Association RFA/RFP- Request for Application/Proposal NACCHO- National Association of County and City Health Officials

2. Be able to list and describe the 5 steps of the Generalized Model of Program Planning. Name at least one major benefit to using a planning model when planning a program.

1. Assessing needs The process of collecting and analyzing data 2. Setting goals and objectives Identifying what will be accomplished 3. Developing interventions How the goals will be achieved 4. Implementing interventions process of putting interventions into action 5. Evaluating results Formative evaluation - quality of program Summative evaluations - effectiveness of program *one major benefit=Models provide planners with direction and framework from which to build interventions to improve health

6. What is the Healthy Communities approach and how is it different from the Generalized Model of Program Planning?

A movement that began in the 1980s in Canada and, with the assistance of the World Health Organization, spread to various locations throughout Europe. Lessons include the idea that the pursuit of shared values in the context of ownership and empowerment is a viable approach to improving health in the community. *Although many of the steps associated with Healthy Communities appear quite similar to the Generalized Model, this approach is characterized by community ownership more so than any other planning approach.

7. Describe the prioritization matrix and explain when it is used.

A simple tool that provides a way to sort a diverse set of items into an order of importance. It also identifies their relative importance by deriving a numerical value for the priority of each item. It is used to prioritize the risk factors and conditions related to broader health problems by ranking their importance and changeability using the 2x2 matrix.

3. Be able to list and describe the 3 F's of program planning.

Fluidity - steps are sequential. Flexibility - adapt to needs of stakeholders. Functionality - outcome of planning is improved health conditions, not production of the plan.

1. What are some important questions to be answered in pre-planning? (See Table 1.4 from Chapter 1)

How is the community defined? What are the desired health outcomes? Does the community have the capacity and infrastructure to address the problem? Is it -intra or -inter organizational? What is the time frame for completing the program? Written plan? Program proposal? Program documentation or justification? What authority, if any, will the planners have? How will the planners be organized? What is expected of those who participate in the planning process? When is the best time to plan a program? What date are needed? Where should the planning occur? What resistance can be expected? What will enhance the success of the project?

4. MAPP, MAP-IT, PRECEDE/PROCEED, and SMART are program planning models. For each, be able to: (1) identify what each acronym stands for, (2) give a general description of the model/when it would be used, and (3) list/describe the phases.

MAPP- 1) Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships 2) -for city or country health departments -improving health and quality of life through mobilized partnerships and taking strategic action 3) Phase 1- Organizing for succes and partnership developments: core planners assess whether the MAPP process is timely, appropriate, or even possible Phase2- Visioning: guides community through process that results in a shared vision and common values Phase 3-Four MAPP Assessments: defining characteristics of MAPP model=community themes and strengths assessment, local public health assessment, community health status assessment, the forces of change assessment Phase 4-Identify Strategic Issues: a prioritized list of most important issues facing health of the community is developed Phase 5-Formulate Goals and Strategies: creates goals related to the vision and priority strategic issues Phase 6-Action Cycle: implementation details are considered, evaluation plans are developed, and plans for disseminating results are made MAP-IT- 1) Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Track 2)This was introduced in 2010 as a way to assist communities in implementing their own adaptations of Healthy People 2020 3) Phase 1-Mobilize: Starts by mobilizing key individuals and organizations into a coalition that can work together to improve the health of the community; similar to pre-planning Phase 2-Assess: Equivalent to a needs assessment Phase 3-Plan: Develops goals and objectives, measures, baselines, and targets Phase 4-Implement: Organizes the coalition so it can put the plan into action Phase 5-Track: Equivalent of evaluation PRECEDE/PROCEED-1) (Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational/ecological Diagnosis and Evaluation) (Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational & Environmental Development) 2)First four phases are assessment phases; social, epidemiological, behavioral & environmental; educational & ecological; administrative & policy; and intervention alignment. Last 4 phases are implementation, process, impact, and outcome evaluation. 3) Phase 1-Social Assessment and Situational Analysis: seeks to subjectively define the quality of life (problems & priorities) of those in the priority population Phase 2-Epidemiological Assessment: the step in which planners use data to identify & rank the health goals or problems that may contribute to or interact with problems identified in Phase 1 Phase 3- Educational & Ecological Assessment: identifies & classifies factors that have potential to influence behavior or change the environment Phase 4- Intervention Alignment & Administration & Policy Assessment: The intent of intervention alignment is to match appropriate strategies & interventions with projected changes and outcomes identified in earlier phases. In administration & policy assessment, planners determine if capabilities & resources are available to develop & implement a program. *in between where precede ends and proceed begins Phase 5- Implementation: With appropriate resources in hand, planners select the interventions and strategies and implementation begins. Phases 6, 7, and 8- Evaluation: Process evaluation - measurements of implementation to control, assure, or improve the quality of the program, Impact evaluation - immediate observable effects of program, Outcome evaluation - long-term effects of the program SMART-1) Social Marketing Assessment and Response Tool 2) a social marketing planning framework for health promotion 3)Phase 1- Preliminary Planning: includes the elements of pre-planning Phase2- Consumer Analysis: formative research (process that identifies differences among subgroups within a population, identifies a subgroup, influence wants and needs, and identify facts that influence its behavior Phase 3-Market Analysis: examines the fit between the focus of interest and important maker variables within the priority population Phase 4-Channel Analysis: considers which potential partners might collaborate in sharing responsibility for communication Phase 5- Develop Interventions, Materials, and Pretesting: analyze and categorize data appropriately Phase 6-Implementation: clarify's everyones roles Phase 7-Evaluation: preliminary evaluation strategies that were identified in phase 1 take place

8. Define and give examples of predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors.

Predisposing factors - antecedent; impact motivation; e.g., knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, & values Enabling factors - antecedent; barriers & vehicles; e.g., skills, access, availability, rules, & laws Reinforcing factors - subsequent; feedback & rewards; e.g., social benefits such as recognition, appreciation, incentives, disincentives

5. What is the SWOT Analysis and how is it used in program planning?

SWOT Analysis -Strengths What the organization does well, resources, personnel, partnership -Weaknesses Poor reputation, codes, regulations, policy, or management restrictions -Opportunities Unfulfilled consumer needs, loosening or removal of barriers, a new funding stream or a newly organized coalition -Threats Consumer trends, organizational competition, or private industry *Rapid internal and external scans that allow planners to implement interventions in a much shorter time frame; however, can lead to poorly planned programs, and must be used with caution.

9. Definitions: formative research, population-based approach, ecological framework

formative research- a process that identifies differences among subgrooups within a population, identifies a subgroup, determines the wants and needs of the subgroup, and identifies factors that influence its behavior, including benefits, barriers, and readiness to change population-based approach- planning processes used with large populations ecological framework- individuals/priority populations influenced by many different levels