ps2 256 chp 1
Which of Erikson's stages involves infants and toddlers beginning to assert their sense of independence? Multiple choice question.
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?
Bronfenbrenner
Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?
Chronosystem Mesosystem Microsystem Macrosystem Exosystem
____ -cultural studies compare aspects of two or more cultures.
Cross
Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Formal operations Internalized mental actions Culture Social interaction
Culture Social interaction
Which developmental period in childhood involves learning to be self-sufficient, caring for the self, developing school readiness skills, and playing with peers?
Early childhood
According to ______, eight stages of development unfold as an individual goes through life, and a unique developmental task confronts the individual at each stage.
Erikson
____ refers to the characteristics of people as males and females as a central part of their identity in social relationships.
Gender
A specific assertion and prediction that can be tested is referred to as a(n) _____.
Hypothesis
During which developmental stage of Erikson's theory do children, usually in the elementary school years, direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills?
Industry versus inferiority
Waylon is extremely dependent on his parents and is just beginning to develop language. Which developmental period is Waylon mostly likely in?
Infancy
__________ is the developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months
Infancy
According to Erikson at what stage do children encounter a wider social world and face new challenges that require active, purposeful behavior?
Initiative vs. guilt
Which of the following is true of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Multiple select question. It consists of four stages. It consists of eight stages. It states that we organize our experiences and adapt to changes. It states that social interaction plays a large role.
It consists of four stages. It states that we organize our experiences and adapt to changes.
Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development? (select all that apply) Multiple select question. It occurs throughout life. It begins at birth. It ends once one enters late adulthood. It involves growth and change.
It occurs throughout life. It involves growth and change.
When does Erikson's second stage of psychosocial development occur? Multiple choice question.
Late infancy
Tamara is one of 30 participants in a study of language development. She was tested when she was two, again when she was five, and will be tested every 3 years until she is 14. What kind of study is Tamara participating in?
Longitudinal
What type of research involves studying the same people over a period of time, usually several years or more?
Longitudinal
Which of the following are cognitive theories of development? (Select all that apply.) Piaget's developmental theory Erikson's psychosocial theory Information-processing theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
Piaget's developmental theory Information-processing theory Vygotsky's sociocultural theory
______ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes.
Psychoanalytic
______ age refers to an individual's ability to adapt to change as compared to other people who have lived the same amount of time.
Psychological
Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of research designs? Multiple choice question. Experimental research Standardized research Descriptive research Correlational research
Standardized research
Which statement about the human life span is TRUE? Multiple choice question. The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history. The upper boundary of the human life span is based on the average age to which people live. The maximum life span is 100 years. In the 20th century, human life expectancy increased by 50+ years in the United States.
The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history.
Which of the following statements are consistent with the basic premises of Erikson's psychosocial theory? Select all that apply: Multiple select question. The stages must be passed through without overgratification or undergratification, or fixation will occur. A person must experience disequilibrium in order to move to the next stage. There is a crisis that must be resolved. There is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.
There is a crisis that must be resolved. There is a turning point marked by increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.
Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?
Trust versus mistrust
The "nature" part of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as ______.
a biological and genetic perspective
Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of _______.
a cross-sectional study
Amanda is engaging in much more logical and abstract thought than she used to, and she has become quite idealistic. She is far more interested in spending time with her friends than with her family. Amanda is most likely in the developmental period of ______.
adolescence
The _____ period of development is the period between childhood and emerging adulthood. It begins at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ends at 18 to 21 years of age. (Watch your spelling!)
adolescence
The "nurture" portion of the nature-nurture issue in development can be described as ______. Multiple choice question.
an environmental perspective on how people develop
One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories. Multiple choice question.
cognitive
When conducting life-span development research, researchers must be cautious of _____ effects, such as a person's time of birth, era, or generation, because they can powerfully affect the dependent measures in research concerned with age.
cohort
People who were teenagers during the Great Depression are bound to differ from people who were teenagers in the 1990s; what could this fact produce in a research study?
cohort effects
If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it ______.
compares multiple cultures
The prenatal period is the time from ______.
conception to birth
Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize ______.
continuity in development... Reason: These theories argue that development does NOT occur in stages.
A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach.
cross-sectional
Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that ______.
development does not occur in a stage-like fashion
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence. Sharon is 4 years old and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the ______ ______ period of development.
early childhood
The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as ______ theoretical orientation.
eclectic
Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a/an ______ approach to life-span development.
eclectic theoretical orientation
According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.
ethologists
The_____ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
ethology
Dr. Kim is adding short review quizzes for his students to complete in class each day. He predicts that this will lead to increases in their exam grades. This prediction is a(n) ______.
hypothesis
During Erikson's psychosocial stage of ____versus ____, which usually corresponds with the elementary school years, children's energy should be directed toward acquiring knowledge and intellectual skills.
industry versus inferiority
As preschoolers encounter a wider social world with new challenges that require responsible, active, purposeful behavior, which of Erikson's stages occurs?
initiative versus guilt
Developmentalists believe that biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes ______.
interact as people develop
Vygotsky maintained that development ______. Multiple choice question.
is inseparable from social and cultural influences
A(n) ______ environment is a controlled setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent.
laboratory
What method do researchers use when they need to exert significant control over what happens in their study? Multiple choice question.
laboratory research
Which of the following are factors in which ethnicity is rooted? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. cultural heritage socioeconomic status language nationality
language cultural heritage nationality
The ______ period is the developmental period from about 6 to 11 years of age, approximately corresponding to the elementary school years.
middle and late childhood
Julie has mastered the basic skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and very motivated to do well in school. Julie is most likely in the developmental period of ______.
middle childhood
Observing behavior in a real-world situation is a research method called ___ observation
naturalistic
The observance of behavior in real-world settings, while making no effort to manipulate or control the situation, is known as _____ observation.
naturalistic
A method that involves systematically gathering data in a laboratory or natural setting by watching and recording interactions or behaviors is known as ______ research. Multiple choice question.
observational
In Dr. Crawford's research study, he and his colleagues spend time in a sixth-grade classroom watching teacher-student interactions. The type of research that Dr. Crawford's team is doing is most likely ______.
observational research
Freud's 5 psychosexual stages of development are: ______ , anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
oral
The period of development is the time from conception to birth. (Watch your spelling!)
prenatal
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, a child's cognition is ______ different in one stage compared with another.
qualitatively
The ____ method consists of the following steps: conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research data, analyze the data, and draw conclusions.
scientific
Piaget's ____ stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, is the stage in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating physical activities with experiences such as seeing and hearing.
sensorimotor
Piaget's ______ stage, which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, is the stage in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating physical activities with experiences such as seeing and hearing.
sensorimotor
Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of ______.
the unconscious
A _____ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions.
theory
Jessica has formed an interrelated set of ideas to explain the phenomenon of social anxiety. Jessica has formed a(n) ______.
theory
Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is the stage of ____ versus _____ . (Remember to type only one word in each blank.)
trust vs mistrust
