PSY 100 Chapter 6

According to the philosopher ________, we learn to perceive the world. A) Locke B) Kant C) Gibson D) Walk

A) Locke

________ processing refers to how our knowledge and expectations influence perception. A) Top-down B) Bottom-up C) Parapsychological D) Human factors

A) Top-down

The Moon illusion occurs in part because distance cues at the horizon make the Moon seem: A) farther away and therefore larger. B) closer and therefore larger. C) farther away and therefore smaller. D) closer and therefore smaller.

A) farther away and therefore larger.

Studies of the visual cliff have provided evidence that much of depth perception is: A) innate. B) learned. C) innate in lower animals, learned in humans. D) innate in humans, learned in lower animals.

A) innate.

The phenomenon that refers to the ways in which an individual's expectations influence perception is called: A) perceptual set. B) retinal disparity. C) convergence. D) visual capture.

A) perceptual set.

________ processing refers to how the physical characteristics of stimuli influence their interpretation. A) Top-down B) Bottom-up C) Parapsychological D) Human factors

B) Bottom-up

The tendency to organize stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns is called: A) closure. B) continuity. C) similarity. D) proximity.

B) continuity.

The phenomenon of size constancy is based upon the close connection between an object's perceived ________ and its perceived ________. A) size; shape B) size; distance C) size; brightness D) shape; distance

B) size; distance

Adults who are born blind but later have their vision restored: A) are almost immediately able to recognize familiar objects. B) typically fail to recognize familiar objects. C) are unable to follow moving objects with their eyes. D) have excellent eye-hand coordination.

B) typically fail to recognize familiar objects.

Which of the following statements best describes the effects of sensory restriction? A) It produces functional blindness when experienced for any length of time at any age. B) It has greater effects on humans than on animals. C) It has more damaging effects when experienced during infancy. D) It has greater effects on adults than on children.

C) It has more damaging effects when experienced during infancy.

Which of the following statements concerning ESP is true? A) Most ESP researchers are quacks. B) There have been a large number of reliable demonstrations of ESP. C) Most research psychologists are skeptical of the claims of defenders of ESP. D) There have been reliable laboratory demonstrations of ESP, but the results are no different from those that would occur by chance.

C) Most research psychologists are skeptical of the claims of defenders of ESP.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the Gestalt theory of perception? A) Perception develops largely through learning. B) Perception is the product of heredity. C) The mind organizes sensations into meaningful perceptions. D) Perception results directly from sensation.

C) The mind organizes sensations into meaningful perceptions.

Experiments with distorted visual environments demonstrate that: A) adaptation rarely takes place. B) animals adapt readily, but humans do not. C) humans adapt readily, while lower animals typically do not. D) adaptation is possible during a critical period in infancy but not thereafter.

C) humans adapt readily, while lower animals typically do not.

The historical movement associated with the statement "The whole may exceed the sum of its parts" is: A) parapsychology. B) behavioral psychology. C) functional psychology. D) Gestalt psychology.

D) Gestalt psychology.

Which of the following influences perception? A) biological maturation B) the context in which stimuli are perceived C) expectations D) all of the above

D) all of the above

All of the following are laws of perceptual organization except: A) proximity. B) closure. C) continuity. D) convergence.

D) convergence.

The study of perception is primarily concerned with how we: A) detect sights, sounds, and other stimuli. B) sense environmental stimuli. C) develop sensitivity to illusions. D) interpret sensory stimuli.

D) interpret sensory stimuli.

Researchers who investigated telepathy found that: A) when external distractions are reduced, both the "sender" and the "receiver" become much more accurate in demonstrating ESP. B) only "senders" become much more accurate. C) only "receivers" become much more accurate. D) over many studies, none of the above occur.

D) over many studies, none of the above occur.

The depth cue that occurs when we watch stable objects at different distances as we are moving is: A) convergence. B) interposition. C) relative clarity. D) relative motion.

D) relative motion.

A person claiming to be able to read another's mind is claiming to have the ESP ability of: A) psychokinesis. B) precognition. C) clairvoyance. D) telepathy.

D) telepathy.

The term gestalt means: A) grouping. B) sensation. C) perception. D) whole.

D) whole.

Frequency is to pitch as ____ is to ____. a.wavelength; loudness b.amplitude; loudness c.wavelength; intensity d.amplitude; intensity

b.amplitude; loudness

Which philosopher maintained that knowledge comes from inborn ways of organizing our sensory experiences? a. Locke b. Walk c. Kant d. Neisser e. Gibson

c. Kant

If you can just notice the difference between 10-and 11-pound weights, which of the following weights could you differentiate from a 100-poundweight? a.101-pound weight b.105-pound weight c.110-pound weight d.There is no basis for prediction.

c.110-pound weight

Which of the following is the most accurate description of how we process color? a.Throughout the visual system, color processing is divided into separate red, green, and blue systems. b.Red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white opponent processes operate throughout the visal system. c.Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) a three-color system in the retina and (2) opponent-process cells en route to the visual cortex. d.Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) anopponent-process system in the retina and (2)a three-color system en route to the visual cortex.

c.Color processing occurs in two stages: (1) a three-color system in the retina and (2) opponent-process cells en route to the visual cortex.

Of the four distinct skin senses, the only one that has definable receptors is: a.warmth. c.pressure. b.cold. d.pain.

c.pressure.

color vision

cones

Which of the following is not one of the basic tastes? a.sweet c.umami b.salty d.bland

d.bland

Which of the following explains why a rose appears equally red in bright and dim light? a.the Young-Helmholtz theory b.the opponent-process theory c.feature detection d.color constancy

d.color constancy

Which of the following is the correct order of the structures through which light passes after entering the eye? a.lens, pupil, cornea, retina b.pupil, cornea, lens, retina c.pupil, lens, cornea, retina d.cornea, pupil, lens, retina

d.cornea, pupil, lens, retina

Hubel and Wiesel discovered feature detectors in the visual: a.fovea. c.iris. b.optic nerve. d.cortex.

d.cortex.

The size of the pupil is controlled by the: a.lens. c.cornea. b.retina. d.iris.

d.iris.

According to the gate-control theory, a way to alleviate chronic pain would be to stimulate the _____ nerve fibers that _____ the spinal gate. a.small; open c.large; open b.small; close d.large; close

d.large; close

tranduction of sound

inner ear

perception

interpreting information sensed

controls pupil

iris

closes pain gate

large nerve fiber

As we move, viewed objects cast changing shapes on our retinas, although we do not perceive the objects as changing. This is part of the phenomenon of

perceptual constancy

admits light

pupil

retinal disparity

retinal difference; view of the world of each eye is different

When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing a depth cue known as

retinal disparity

vision in dim light

rods

vestibular sense

semicircular canals

kinesthesis

sensors in joints

opens pain gate

small nerve fiber

The figure-ground relationship has demonstrated that

the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception

. Kittens and monkey reared seeing only diffuse, unpatterned light: A) later had difficulty distinguishing color and brightness. B) later had difficulty perceiving color and brightness, but eventually regained normal sensitivity. C) later had difficulty perceiving the shape of objects. D) showed no impairment in perception, indicating that neural feature detectors develop even in the absence of normal sensory experiences.

C) later had difficulty perceiving the shape of objects.

Psychologists who study ESP are called: A) clairvoyants. B) telepaths. C) parapsychologists. D) levitators.

C) parapsychologists.

Each time you see your car, it projects a different image on the retinas of your eyes, yet you do not perceive it as changing. This is because of: A) perceptual set. B) retinal disparity. C) perceptual constancy. D) convergence.

C) perceptual constancy.

Jack claims that he often has dreams that predict future events. He claims to have the power of: A) telepathy. B) clairvoyance. C) precognition. D) psychokinesis.

C) precognition.

Which of the following is not a monocular depth cue? A) texture gradient B) relative height C) retinal disparity D) interposition

C) retinal disparity

Wavelength is to _____ as _______ is to brightness. a. hue;intensity b.intensity; hue c.frequency; amplitude d.brightness; hue

a. hue;intensity

The process by which the lens changes its curvature is: a.accommodation. c.feature detection. b.sensory adaptation. d.transduction.

a.accommodation.

Which of the following is an example of sensory adaptation? a.finding the cold water of a swimming pool warmer after you have been in it for a while b.developing an increased sensitivity to salt the more you use it in foods c.becoming very irritated at the continuing sound of a dripping faucet d.All of the above are examples.

a.finding the cold water of a swimming pool warmer after you have been in it for a while

Most color-deficient people will probably: a.lack functioning red or green-sensitive cones. b.see the world in only black and white. c.also suffer from poor vision. d.have above-average vision to compensate forthe deficit.

a.lack functioning red or green-sensitive cones.

In the opponent-process theory, the three pairs of processes are: a.red-green, blue-yellow, black-white. b.red-blue, green-yellow, black-white. c.red-yellow, blue-green, black-white. d.dependent upon the individual's experience.

a.red-green, blue-yellow, black-white.

The receptors for taste are located in the: a.taste buds. c.fovea. b.cochlea. d.cortex.

a.taste buds.

The Young-Helmholtz theory proposes that: a.there are three different types of color-sensitive cones. b.retinal cells are excited by one color and inhib-ited by its complementary color. c.there are four different types of cones. d.rod, not cone, vision accounts for our abilityto detect fine visual detail.

a.there are three different types of color-sensitive cones.

One light may appear reddish and another greenish if they differ in: a.wavelength. c.opponent processes. b.amplitude. d.brightness.

a.wavelength.

Which of the following is true? a.The absolute threshold for any stimulus is a constant. b.The absolute threshold for any stimulus varies somewhat. c.The absolute threshold is defined as the mini-mum amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected 75 percent of the time. d.The absolute threshold is defined as the mini-mum amount of stimulation necessary for a stimulus to be detected 60 percent of the time.

b.The absolute threshold for any stimulus varies somewhat.

Kinesthesis involves: a.the bones of the middle ear. b.information from the muscles, tendons, and joints. c.membranes within the cochlea. d.the body's sense of balance.

b.information from the muscles, tendons, and joints.

The brain breaks vision into separate dimensions such as color, depth, movement, and form, and works on each aspect simultaneously. This is called: a.feature detection. b.parallel processing. c.accommodation. d.opponent processing.

b.parallel processing.

What enables you to feel yourself wiggling your toes even with your eyes closed? a.vestibular sense b.sense of kinesthesis c.the skin senses d.sensory interaction

b.sense of kinesthesis

Given normal sensory ability, a person standing atop a mountain on a dark, clear night can see acandle flame atop a mountain 30 miles away. Thisis a description of vision's: a.difference threshold. c.absolute threshold. b. jnd d.signal detection

c.absolute threshold.

The inner ear contains receptors for: a.audition and kinesthesis. b.kinesthesis and the vestibular sense. c.audition and the vestibular sense. d.audition, kinesthesis, and the vestibular sense.

c.audition and the vestibular sense.

According to the opponent-process theory: a.there are three types of color-sensitive cones. b.the process of color vision begins in the cortex. c.neurons involved in color vision are stimulated by one color's wavelength and inhibited byanother's. d.all of the above are true.

c.neurons involved in color vision are stimulated by one color's wavelength and inhibited byanother's.

Our experience of pain when we are injureddepends on: a.our biological make-up and the type of injurywe have sustained. b.how well medical personnel deal with ourinjury. c.our physiology, experiences and attention,and our surrounding culture. d.what our cultural allows us to express interms of feelings of pain.

c.our physiology, experiences and attention,and our surrounding culture.

A decrease in sensory responsiveness accompanying an unchanging stimulus is called: a.sensory fatigue. b.accommodation. c.sensory adaptation. d.sensory interaction.

c.sensory adaptation.

Figures tend to be perceived as whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, thus demonstrating the principle of

closure

Concerning the evidence for subliminal stimulation, which of the following is the best answer? a.The brain processes some information withoutour awareness. b.Stimuli too weak to cross our thresholds forawareness may trigger a response in our sensereceptors. c.Because the "absolute" threshold is a statisti-cal average, we are able to detect weaker stim-uli some of the time. d.All of the above are true. .

d.All of the above are true.

If we stare at an object without blinking, the object does not vanish from sight because a. the light waves reach us in one steady stream b. the eye's lens accomodates c. our retina takes this lack of movement into account d. our eyes are always moving

d. our eyes are always moving

One reason that your ability to detect fine visual details is greatest when scenes are focused on thefovea of your retina is that: a.there are more feature detectors in the foveathan in the peripheral regions of the retina. b.cones in the fovea are nearer to the optic nervethan those in peripheral regions of the retina. c.many rods, which are clustered in the fovea,have individual bipolar cells to relay theirinformation to the cortex. d.many cones, which are clustered in the fovea, have individual bipolar cells to relay their in-formation to the cortex.

d.many cones, which are clustered in the fovea, have individual bipolar cells to relay their in-formation to the cortex.

The receptor of the eye that functions best in dimlight is the: a.fovea. c.bipolar cell. b.cone d.rod.

d.rod.

The principle that one sense may influence another is: a.transduction. c.Weber's law. b.sensory adaptation. d.sensory interaction.

d.sensory interaction.

Weber's law states that: a.the absolute threshold for any stimulus is aconstant. b.the jnd for any stimulus is a constant. c.the absolute threshold for any stimulus is aconstant proportion. d.the jnd for any stimulus is a constant propor-tion.

d.the jnd for any stimulus is a constant propor-tion.

accomodation

lens

amplifies sound

middle ear

feature detectors

neurons that are hooked up to respond particular features in the environment; the firing of the cells distorts images (from physiological reasons)

sensation

registering information from the environment (detecting the sensory system)