PSY-101 Ch. 5
binocular cues
depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change
psychokinesis
"mind over matter" ie levitating a table or influencing the roll of a die
red-green color blindness
A category of common, sex-linked human disorders involving several genes on the X chromosome; characterized by a malfunction of light-sensitive cells in the eyes; affects mostly males but also homozygous females.
linear perspective
A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.
hair cells
After a rap concert, as Jamie walks out into the fresh air, she notices her ears are ringing. This ringing indicates possible damage to: ___________of the basilar membrane
perceptual adaptation
After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This BEST illustrates:
binocular
Amber is participating in a local psychology experiment in which the research assistant asks Amber to hold two pencils in front of her and touch the tips together. She then asks Amber to do this with one eye closed. Amber finds this terribly difficult, which demonstrates the importance of ___________ cues to depth perception.
rod
Any of the long rod-shaped photosensitive receptors in the retina responsive to faint light.
Red; green
Damon, who is among the 8 percent of males with colorblindness, suffers from the most common form of color blindness. Which statement BEST illustrates Damon's experience of color? _________seems to be the same color as __________.
pitch
Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much briefer, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the ________ of these sounds.
fovea
James is threading a needle under a bright light bulb. During this task, James' vision is driven mainly by the cones in his:
a rod or cone cell.
Light makes its first contact with the nervous system at:
dilating
Mia is attracted to a man she is chatting with in a nightclub. What is probably happening to her eyes? Her pupils are __________.
telepathy
Mind-to-mind communication is known as
not recognize
Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery, he could: ____________objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch.
nose
Morrie has had a cold for five days, and his nose is so stuffy that he cannot smell anything. When he goes to drink your coffee, he finds that it is tasteless. What is the MOST likely reason for this? To savor a taste, we need to breathe the aroma through our ____________..
sensory systems
Our _________ adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus, so that we detect potentially important changes in what's going on.
linear perspective
Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as
kinesthetic receptors
Receptors in the muscles, joints, and skin that provide information about movement, posture, and orientation.
synesthesia
Seeing the numeral 3, for instance, may evoke a particular taste sensation in a condition called
bottom-up; top-down
Tania was running outside and she felt a sensation on her leg and stopped to look. She saw a large red bump that she deduced was caused by getting stung by an insect. This deduction seemed only to increase her anxiety and pain. The influence of the sting itself on Tania's pain is a(n) ____________influence. The influence of her deduction is a(n) _____influence.
optic nerve
The axons of the ganglion cells form the:
psychokinesis
The cliché of the individual with extrasensory perceptual abilities bending a spoon with their mind illustrates the more specific phenomenon of:
perceptual constancy
The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form, regardless of how the viewing angle changes, illustrates:
faces
The human brain is especially sensitive to:
perceptual set
The phenomenon of _______________ underscores the contribution of top-down processes to perception.
cochlea > basilar membrane > hair cells
The sequence of the structures of the inner ear from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific.
hammer, anvil, and stirrup
The three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the cochlea.
sensory interaction
Troy and Allan are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Troy wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on top of the stove. The difference in taste Troy prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of:
sensory adaption
When Thad arrived at the gym Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, he did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of:
60; 85
When two friends talk over lunch, the amplitude of their conversation is about ________ decibels. A whisper is 20 decibels. Anything over _______ decibels will cause hearing loss. 500 is a jet engine.
amplitude
Which property of light waves is responsible for what we see as brightness or intensity?
embodied cognition
You are looking for a new roommate. You invite a person you hope will agree to be your new roommate to meet you in your apartment. Your mother, who is a real estate agent, tells you to bake cookies and make hot tea just before your prospective roommate arrives. She explains that the hot drink and smell of the cookies will affect this person's judgment of you. This is an example of:
semicircular canals
You are playing "Ring Around the Rosie" with your little cousins and are spinning around and around. When you stop you still feel as though you are spinning because your ___________________________ and kinesthetic receptors haven't returned to their neutral state.
low-frequency
You are waiting for your friend to give you a ride on his new motorcycle. As your friend pulls up the driveway, the brakes squeal loudly. You get on, and then your friend steps on the engine. As the motorcycle accelerates, the engine roars loudly. The high-pitched squeal of the brakes was caused by high-frequency sound waves, and the equally loud but low-pitched roar of the engine was caused by __________________ sound waves.
ineffectual
You wake up early in the morning and your room is fairly dark. You look over and see your shirt hanging on a hook. You know it's your red shirt because you hung it up there before you went to bed, but in the dark you can't see its color. It looks dark gray to you. Why is that? In the dim light, the cones in your eyes are _____________.
unaffected
Your 8-year-old cat Minnie ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When your neighbor returned from her two-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to you. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision? Her vision will be _________ by this sensory deprivation.
sensory adaption
a decrease in sensitivity to a constant level of stimulation
tinnitus
a jingling; a ringing or buzzing in the ear
perceptual set
a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
basilar membrane
a structure in the inner ear that undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid
Tinnitus
an auditory phantom limb sensation.
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
Low frequency sound waves...
are low pitched sounds.
Synesthesia
describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")
Nociceptors
initiate the sensation of pain.
embodied cognition
in psychological science, the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments
perceptual adaptation
in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
Bottom-up
processing that starts at the very basic level of sensory receptors and works up to higher levels of processing.
Nociceptors
sensory receptors that enable the perception of pain in response to potentially harmful stimuli
hair cells in ear
specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane
Fovea
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
sensory interaction
the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
top-down processing
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
semicircular canals
three canals within the inner ear that contain specialized receptor cells that generate nerve impulses with body movement
higher-wavelength
Snakes can detect infrared waves radiated by the bodies of their prey. As compared with humans, snakes can see _______________ waves.
cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses