Psy 101: Final

Why do people fear old age?

Because old age entails loss.

"If Mary has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, which of the following are likely to be true?"

Both of the answer choices are correct.

The scientist who is known for observing the similarities between attachment behaviors in young humans and the attachment behaviors Harlow saw with his monkeys was:

Bowlby

What is one difference between how boys and girls view sex?

Boys often say they are eager to have sex for the sheer pleasure of it, while girls more often equate sex with love or say they would have intercourse only with someone they would marry.

What was Darwin's original insight that led to his theory of evolution?

Breeding in nature is selective and can produce changes in plants and animals over generations.

How might a gene influence singing ability?

By promoting the development of a brain system that analyzes sound or by promoting certain physical aspects of the vocal cords

The males of some animal species (such as birds) are heavily involved in the care of their offspring, while the males of other animal species (such as cats) have very little involvement. According to Trivers's theory of parental investment, which of the following is most likely?

Cats are more likely to be polygynous than birds.

What are polygenic characteristics?

Characteristics that are due to the influence of many genes.

Which statement does NOT illustrate how research on children's social fantasy play supports Vygotsky's view?

Children show greater advances in moral reasoning when discussing social dilemmas with their peers rather than with their parents.

Which statement regarding human emotional expressions as an example of species-typical behavior is FALSE?

Children who are both blind and deaf do not manifest their emotions in the same ways as sighted or just blind children do.

Initially unfearful monkeys were shown a videotape of other monkeys reacting fearfully to a toy rabbit, a flower, and a toy snake. When later placed in the presence of these objects, what was the subject monkeys' response?

Consistent with biological predisposition, the subject monkeys subsequently showed a fear response only to the toy snake.

When a gene is said to be "shut off," it means that it is not producing its specific protein. The mechanism responsible for shutting off this gene is:

DNA methylation.

Which of the following does NOT accurately describe a difference between depression and generalized anxiety?

Depression is more likely than anxiety to be accompanied by hypervigilance.

How does drug tolerance relate to an "overdose"?

Drug tolerance builds up in conditioned settings, so if a drug user changed setting, the unconditioned setting wouldn't compensate the drug tolerance, causing an overdose.

Dr. Williams is a behaviorist, but unlike John B. Watson, does not consider the stimulus-response reflex to be the fundamental unit of all behavior. Instead, Dr. Williams is interested in nonreflexive behavior. You would recommend that he read up on _____ who provided _____ a model of how nonreflexive behaviors could be altered through learning.

Edward Thorndike; B.F. Skinner.

The front and back doors in John's house have locks consisting only of deadbolts that have to be unlocked with a key, even from the inside of the house. One day John lost his keys, and therefore, was locked inside of his house. After several minutes of panic, John accidentally broke a window and he was able to escape, which produced a satisfying effect. In the future John will likely break a window to get out if the same situation happens again. According to _____, John demonstrated _____.

Edward Thorndike; the Law of Effect.

Joe participated in a study on classical conditioning that used words as conditioned stimuli. Based on what you know about _____ study, what can you predict will happen?

Gregory Razran's; More generalization will occur for words with similar meanings rather than similar features.

"_____ is when the majority of like-minded members in a group discussion end up with a more extreme view than their initial, shared view." chp. 13

Group polarization

Brady is a 2-year-old boy who lives in Dallas, Texas. He sleeps in his parent's room every night. Although most of Brady's parent's friends question this practice in fear of him being smothered, Brady's mother read a study from _____ that acknowledged the emphasis of the _____ that comes about through this practice, thus allowing her to discount their concerns.

Guatemala; comforting value of physical closeness

Martin is an adolescent that engages in many delinquent behaviors such as vandalism and stealing cars. _____ would suggest that his behavior is due primarily to acceptance by his peers.

Harris

Which statement accurately describes evidence that imprinting in prosocial birds-such as chickens and geese-is due to learning guided by biological predisposition?

Hatchlings learn during the critical period to follow the first moving object they see, but given a choice of objects, will follow the one that most resembles an adult female of their species.

"Trevor is a businessman always looking to profit. If he repeatedly played the prisoner's dilemma game, which of the following would be his best strategy?" chp. 13

He should try to promote as much cooperation as possible.

Which statement is NOT a central aspect of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Higher stages of moral development involve a greater concern for personal relationships than do lower stages.

How is eye color an example of a phenotype?

Eye color is an observable property of the body.

"Joseph has just been diagnosed with ADHD. He has been having difficulties in school. He seems to have one type of ADHD. He has a lack of attention to instructions, failure to concentrate on schoolwork and other tasks. According to the book he has what type of ADHD?"

Predominantly inattentive type

_____ discovered classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov.

Jane and Roland are a married couple who both hold away-from-home jobs in addition to managing their household duties. If they are typical of other such couples, research results suggest that:

Jane is happier with her away-from-home work, while Roland is happier with his at-home work.

Jill and Greg are a married couple and one of them has developed a mental disorder. Which of the following could be true based on your reading of the textbook?

Jill is abused by Greg and developed depression.

According to the text, who said, "In a system of psychology completely worked out, given the response the stimuli can be predicted, and given the stimuli the response can be predicted"?

John B. Watson.

_____ conducted the classic study that demonstrated fear could be conditioned in humans.

John B. Watson.

What is the name of the researcher who found that food-avoidance learning violates certain principles of conditioning?

John Garcia.

Who paired noise (US) with a white rabbit (CS) and made a child fear white rabbits?

John. B. Watson.

On a wildlife tour of Africa's Sahara, the tour guide describes the animals' characteristics as being modifiable based on their own behavior within their lifetime. Clearly the guide favors:

Lamarck

Which of the following BEST represents a functionalist explanation for why humans have the ability to learn language?

Language helped humans to survive and reproduce in their changing environment.

Which statement about teenage delinquency is TRUE?

Males show much more pronounced recklessness than females.

" _____ episodes are characterized by expansive, euphoric feelings, high energy, and abnormally high self-esteem."

Manic

According to the text, who would be MOST likely to suffer from histrionic personality disorder?

Marguerite, who is constantly seeking attention and often wears provocative clothing to attract attention.

_____ selection is the process by which a species survives or succumbs to obstacles in its environment.

Natural

"_____ involve a lack of, or reduction in, expected behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and drives."

Negative symptoms

Which statement concerning gene-environment interactions is true?

Neither a person's genes nor environment are solely responsible for producing their individualistic qualities.

Alisha is trying to train her cat to salivate to a bell by presenting the bell after the food. Will this work?

No, because the bell has to signal the availability of the food.

Which statement about dominant and recessive genes is TRUE?

Not all pairs of alleles manifest dominance or recessiveness.

Maria has done a study for an advanced psychology class. She identified people who were either currently depressed or not depressed and asked them to look back over the past three months and report how many stressful experiences they had. The depressed people reported significantly more stressful events, which Maria interprets to mean that stressful events cause depression. Why should you be skeptical about this claim of a cause-effect relationship between stress and depression?

People who are predisposed for depression may also be predisposed to behave in ways that bring on stressful life events.

Dalton (age 4) and his parents go to a restaurant and Dalton flings food at the waiter. Dalton's parents see the disruptive incident and apologize to the waiter, but do not punish him. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles are Dalton's parents utilizing?

Permissive

"_____ is an overwhelming, and oftentimes unpredictable, feeling of helpless terror which is unprovoked by any specific threat in the environment. "

Panic

What research finding accurately portraits the relationship between sensitive care and secure attachment?

Parental training with temperamental babies increased secure attachment vs no parental training

_____ males and _____ females fight for their mates.

Polygynous; polyandrous

What is the effect of partial reinforcement on the target behavior?

Partial reinforcement produces greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement.

The S-S theory of classical conditioning can be best backed by which theorist?

Pavlov

According to the socioemotional selectivity theory, what happens as people grow older?

People grow less concerned with the future and are more focused on the present.

What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?

Positive punishment entails the arrival of an unpleasant stimulus and negative punishment entails the removal of a pleasant stimulus.

Which statement regarding adolescent sexual behavior and teenage pregnancy rates in the United States is TRUE?

Sex education and parents' greater willingness to discuss sex openly with their children have contributed to a drop in the teenage pregnancy rate from a peak reached in 1990.

Shonda recently went back to college to become a high school teacher and quit her assembly line job. According to Kohn and Slomczynski, this change from a job low in self-direction to one high in self-direction will have what effect on Shonda's parenting style?

She will become more concerned with her children's ability to make decisions and less concerned with obedience for its own sake.

men are more likely than women to live in poverty and experience discrimination.

The DSM-5 identifies 10 personality disorders, which are divided into three clusters.

By the age of six, Tyler has begun to clearly project himself as a male and identifies with other male members of his culture. What can you infer from this?

Tyler has acquired a gender identity.

In the normal human male, the sex chromosomes consist of a(n) _____ pair, and in the normal human female they consist of a(n) _____ pair.

XY; XX.

Suppose a researcher carries out a Mendelian study, beginning with two purebred strains of the same species of plant. One strain produces red flowers, the other yellow. The researcher crosses the strains and finds that all of the resulting plants have red flowers. What should this tell the researcher about the genes for red and yellow flowers?

Yellow is recessive

Although he was a behaviorist, _____ was interested in how nonreflexive behavior could be altered through learning.

B.F. Skinner.

A signal that reliably precedes food becomes a conditioned stimulus not just for salivation but for:

a set of responses that help prepare the body for food.

The myth of invulnerability is associated with _____ and has been proposed as a partial explanation for _____ during this period.

adolescence; recklessness.

Studies of adolescent rebellion in North America consistently show that:

adolescent rebellion is usually directed at immediate forms of parental control over them.

[ch13] In Milgram's original study on obedience, the majority of research participants stopped administering shocks:

after all shocks up to the maximum had been delivered.

Distal and proximate explanations of behavior:

answer different types of questions about behavior, one about its role in survival and the other about physiological mechanisms.

Harry is constantly worried that his romantic partner is being unfaithful. What kind of attachment style is this?

anxious

Reciprocity theory is used in the explanation of:

apparent acts of altruism that can arise among nonkin.

If you happen to look up at a clock and notice it is dinnertime and you start to feel hungry, you have demonstrated the _____ effect.

appetizer

Ryan goes out to eat at a restaurant that gives him complimentary chips before the main course. He notices that he tends to eat more of his main course if he eats chips beforehand. This is an example of the _____ effect.

appetizer

The _____ effect is demonstrated if you happen to smell food and suddenly feel hungry.

appetizer.

Julia lives on a farm and her mom rings a dinner bell when it is time to eat. Julia immediately becomes hungry upon hearing this bell. This phenomenon is known as the _____ effect, and the bell functions as a(n) _____.

appetizer; conditioned stimulus.

Darwin's study of hive building behaviors in honeybees used comparison by _____ to demonstratehow a complex behavior like hive building could come about through _____.

homology; natural selection

Automatic attention to potential threat is referred to as:

hypervigilance

"During periods of _____, Robert Schumann composed the majority of his musical works, where as during periods of ______ he experienced a loss of energy making it impossible for him to compose anything."

hypomania; depression

According to Erikson's life-span theory, adolescence is the stage of _____, the goal of which is to give up one's childhood identity and establish a new identity appropriate for entry into adulthood.

identity crisis

The strange-situation test developed by Mary Ainsworth is used to assess:

infant attachment.

Dr. Hume is running an experiment on social pressure. The results of her experiment are an example of a(n) ______ explanation of group polarization because people become more convinced of the soundness of their own logic and the truth of the facts when they heard the logic and facts repeated by another person. chp. 13

informational

[ch13] "I thought that because I wore glasses there was something wrong with my vision" is an example of conformity due to:

informational influence

According to cognitive theorists, S-S classical conditioning can best be understood as a stimulus-stimulus relationship mediated by:

learned expectancy

If the two genes that occupy corresponding locations on a pair of chromosomes are different, it is said that the individual carrying them is _____ at that location.

heterozygous.

Which statement describes the level of parental investment of polyandry?

high male and low female

"In the prisoner s dilemma game, the _____ goes to the player who defects while the other cooperates." chp. 13

highest individual payoff

Stephanie is a 22-year-old college graduate; she dresses up daily and likes to be loud and showy. When she is given criticism, she gets extremely upset and takes it personally; also, she does not have genuine relationships with others. With which personality disorder could Stephanie be diagnosed?

histrionic

Gender differences observed in young infants are BEST reflected by the fact that:

newborn girls are more responsive to caregivers' voices and faces than boys.

In operant conditioning, the process of extinction of a behavior involves a behavior that once occurred because it was reinforced but then the behavior did not result in reinforcement and now:

no longer occurs

Joey is a behaviorist and studies aggression in rats. After running his experiments and calculating the statistics he finds that his results are in a distribution where most scores fall near the middle of the range and the frequency tapers off toward the two extremes. Joey's results appear to fall into a(n):

normal distribution

[ch13] Sam notices a number of people wearing their belts off to one side and he decides to start doing the same because he thinks it looks cool. What type of social influence is demonstrated in the scenario?

normative influence.

[ch13] What is the term used to describe social influence that works through a person's desire to be part of a group or approved by others?

normative influence.

[ch13] In one of Asch's conformity experiments, participants arrived "late" and were asked to write their answers down privately after hearing the groups' answers. The participants in this experiment were found to conform less than those who announced their answers publicly. This reduction in conformity demonstrates that conformity in the basic version of the study was at least partly due to:

normative influences.

[ch13] Research on conformity suggests that the major contributing influence is:

normative when the task is easy and informational when the task is difficult or ambiguous.

[ch13] Research subsequent to Solomon Asch's primarily indicates that for easy tasks conformity stems from _____ influence, and for difficult tasks it stems primarily from _____ influence.

normative; informational

The transition period from childhood to adulthood is known as:

adolescence

[ch13] Which emotional signal is considered to be the MOST contagious?

laughter

[ch13] Which public service announcement would be the MOST effective, according to Robert Cialdini?

"Don't binge drink. Only 10% of all college students have more than two drinks at a party."

Which statement is TRUE regarding "dramatic" personality disorders?

"Dramatic" personality disorders are characterized by highly emotional, dramatic, or erratic behavior.

How does the foot-in-the-door technique work as a force of compliance? chp. 13

"The customer already feels a sense of commitment after agreeing to a small request and therefore, is much more likely to comply with a request for something larger."

Which is NOT one of the three clusters of personality disorders described in the text?

"isolated" personality disorders.

Purebred basenji hounds are fearful and timid toward humans, while purebred cocker spaniels are not. If fearfulness is controlled by a dominant gene, then approximately what percentage of F1 offspring of cockers and basenjis should show high fear?

100 percent.

Mark is doing a study on Mendelian trait heredity with roses. He cross-pollinates two strains of roses. The first strain is homozygous dominant and produces red roses, while the other is homozygous recessive and produces white flowers. According to the Mendelian pattern of heredity, what will be the phenotype of the offspring?

100% red and no white.

At what age do young children begin to regularly give objects to others?

12 months.

John Paul Scott and John Fuller bred pure-bred, fearful basenji hounds with pure-bred, confident cocker spaniels to test the dominance of the gene related to fearfulness. How many generations did they need to breed to see the odds of receiving a litter that was three-fourths fearful puppies?

2

If Nick is just starting to rely more on his friends by behaving and dressing like them, then what age period is he most likely in?

10-14 years old.

Alvin a 15 month baby, is experiencing egocentric empathy. He always tries to comfort himself before anyone else. Melvin on the other hand is a little bit older and he always tries to comfort other people when he feels empathy. Most likely Melvin is at least:D . 10 months old.

2 years old.

The normal human cell consists of _____ pairs of chromosomes.

23

Which statement is FALSE regarding peer relationships in adolescence?

Adolescents increasingly turn to peers for clues about how to behave, but they still derive emotional support primarily from parents

A man is most likely to be diagnosed with:

All of the answer choices are correct.

Because of _____, Maria has relapsed after successfully kicking her drug addiction in the treatment center.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Members of a social group tend to automatically mimic one another s: chp. 13

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following are components of the developmental model of schizophrenia?

All of the answer choices are correct.

Depression may have an evolutionary connection in that:

All of the answers are correct.

The textbook uses the example of the human belly button to illustrate which of the following ideas about evolution?

An adaptive change serving one purpose can result in another change that might itself serve no adaptive function.

Mandy often uses verbal reasoning to induce her children to think about the harmful consequences of their actions. Which parenting style is Mandy using to punish her children?

Authoritative

Katie is getting a new puppy from a litter that is the second generation of a purebred Chihuahua (TT) who tends to bark frequently when approached by a stranger, with a purebred Shiatsu (Tt) who tends to act quiet. What are the odds that Katie's new puppy will bark at strangers when they approach?

50%

What percentage of participants in Stanley Milgram s original obedience study continued to the very end of the series of shocks? chp.13

65 percent

What is the main difference between a 15 month old infant and a 2 year old child in their way of acting when feeling empathy towards others?

A 2 year old child will express a wanting to comfort other people.

_____ allows the group to be placed in a state of heightened vigilance thereby adding a measure of protection for the whole group. chp. 13

Fear

Which statement is NOT an evolutionary reason that monogamously mating females and males sometimes copulate with partners other than their mate?

Females spend more time taking care of children, which drives the males away and leads them to copulate with other partners.

_____ is when a child understands that they themselves are one gender or the other and always will be.

Gender identity.

Which statement regarding generalized anxiety disorder is FALSE?

Generalized anxiety disorder is a common version of phobia in which the affected individual has generalized from the original stimulus to similar stimuli.

Which of the following statements regarding genetic effects on behavior is TRUE?

Genes affect behavior only insofar as they control the development of the body that gives rise to behavior.

Why is it wrong to say that there is a gene for behavior?

Genes only affect behavior through their role in building and modifying the physical structures of the body.

[ch13] Which statement about the participants in Milgram's obedience experiment (and replications of it) is TRUE?

In all categories of people tested, a high rate of obedience has been found.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the relative influence of genes and the environment on behavior?

In no sense can either genes or environment be said to be a more basic influence than the other.

Which of the following is a main function of infants' attachments?

Infants need to have an attachment in order leave their mother's side.

_____explanations of group polarization focus on the pooling of arguments that occurs during group discussion. _____ explanations attribute group polarization to people s concerns about being approved of by other group members. chp. 13

Informational; normative

Which statement BEST expresses John Bowlby's application of Darwinian logic to an understanding of social development?

Instinctive predispositions to behaviors such as infant crying and adult responsiveness to it have become virtually universal because of their survival value.

Every time Jill lends David her homework, he compliments her on her intelligence. In contrast, he only compliments Nancy on her intelligence every few times she lends him her homework. Then, David stops complimenting both Jill and Nancy when they lend him their homework. Given what you know about schedules of reinforcement, who will continue lending David her homework for a longer period of time, assuming that the compliments were reinforcing?

Nancy will continue lending David her homework.

Which statement would BEST explain why older people generally report higher life satisfaction than younger people?

Older people concentrate mostly on positive events in life and try to ignore negative ones.

_____ responses operate on the world to produce some effect.

Operant

What is the difference between punishment and reinforcement?

Punishment decreases and reinforcement increases the likelihood that a response will recur.

Which statement does NOT support evidence that an organism's environment plays a role in how genes are expressed?

Rats of two different intelligence strains that are cross-fostered still perform at the same level as rats who share their specific strain.

6-year-old Sylvia prefers to play with boys. One of Sylvia's classmates, Rick, prefers to play with girls. Research suggests that:

Rick is more likely than Sylvia to be evaluated negatively for his preferences.

Who came up with the theory of parental investment?

Robert Trivers

If one says that a dog salivates to the sound of a bell because the bell elicits in the dog a mental representation of the food (bell=mental representation of food salivation), they are using a _____ theory of classical conditioning.

S-S

1-year-old Margaret and her father are participating in a strange-situation test. On the basis of Margaret's behavior during the test, researchers classify her as securely attached to her father. Which statement MOST likely describes Margaret's behavior during the test?

She's distressed when her father leaves the room and is comforted when he returns.

Which scenario is consistent with Thorndike's law of effect?

Since Dale's persistent nagging gets his wife to take out the trash, he always nags when the trash is full.

_____ refers to the faithful pairing of female and male for raising their young, while _____ refers to the fidelity in copulation between that female and male.

Social monogamy; sexual monogamy

[ch13] The term _____ is the entire set of psychological forces exerted on a person by others or by the person's beliefs about others.

Social pressure

If a mother has to decide whether or not she will send her own son to jail and reasons that since she has to obey the law she will send him, what stage of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning is she in?

Stage 4: law-and-order morality.

Suppose a drug addict usually takes his fix in an alley. One day the police are watching the alley, and the addict takes his fix in a bus depot men's room. He dies. Why would the same dose that he could tolerate in the alley kill him in the men's room?

Stimuli in the alley that had become conditioned, while stimuli for physiological responses that counteract the drug's effect were absent in the men's room.

_____ refers to an increase in the salience or attractiveness of the object that the observed individual is acting upon.

Stimulus enhancement.

The _____ and the _____ are often associated with an increased release of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

Stress; worry.

The _____ form the structure of every cell of the body, and _____ control the rate of every chemical reaction in every cell.

Structural proteins; enzymes.

Why have researchers proposed that marital happiness may depend even more on the husband's capacity to adjust than the wife's?

Success in a marriage may often depend on the husband's willingness and ability to acquire some of the intimacy skills that were practiced less in his childhood than in his wife's.

What is TRUE about the benefit of diseases such as sickle-cell anemia?

The benefit is in carrying the disease but not actually having it.

Drug addicts sometimes die of an overdose when taking their usual dosage in new surroundings. How can learning theory help to explain this?

The conditioned counteractive effect that occurs in their usual surroundings does not occur in the new surroundings.

Christina is a recovering heroin addict that has completed treatment in a rehabilitation facility. During her time at the facility, she stopped feeling any withdrawal symptoms or craving for the drug. However, once she returned to her neighborhood where she had been previously using heroin, she experienced withdrawal-like symptoms and a strong craving for the drug. Why does this commonly occur with recovering addicts who return to their same drug-using environments?

The conditioned cues of her neighborhood are eliciting a strongly felt need for the drug.

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the period of adolescence?

The conflict between parents and teenagers is greater if puberty comes earlier than is typical.

[ch13] If a social dilemma game goes from 5 players to 50 players, what will happen to the overall cooperation?

The cooperation will decrease.

While some behavioral traits are heavily influenced by a single gene, why would it be a mistake to conclude all behavior is controlled by genes?

The environment is always a factor.

Which statement is MOST representative of current opinion on the relationship between human and chimpanzee smiles?

The human smiles of greeting and happiness may be homologous, respectively, to the chimpanzee's silent bared-teeth display and relaxed open-mouth display.

In the strange-situation test, an infant is placed in an unfamiliar room that contains toys. The mother comes and goes in a prearranged schedule. Which statement BEST exemplifies behavior patterns that are most prevalent in North America and are believed to reflect secure attachment?

The infant explores the room when the mother is present, seems uneasy and explores less after she leaves, and shows pleasure when she returns.

The kinds of precipitating experiences most strongly associated with depression are:

The kinds of precipitating experiences most strongly associated with depression are:

[ch13] Which fact presents a challenge to the view that Milgram's studies of obedience can shed light on such real life events as the atrocities committed by the Nazis?

The participants must have believed, on some level, they could not really be causing harm to someone, because no sane experimenter would let that happen.

Pavlov and his colleagues found that extinction of a conditioned reflex does not return the animal to its unconditioned state. Which phenomenon is evidenced this to?

The passage of time following extinction can partially renew the conditioned reflex, and a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus can fully renew it.

How does food-aversion learning differ from typical examples of classical conditioning?

The successive events of eating the food and getting sick do not need to occur close together in time.

Infants judged to be securely attached in the strange-situation test have been found to be on average more confident, better problem solvers, emotionally healthier, and more sociable later in childhood than those who were judged to be insecurely attached. This finding would be MOST accurately summarized by which statement?

There is a correlation between secure attachment in infancy and positive developmental outcomes later in childhood, but the direction of the correlation is unclear.

Which statement is true about negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

They can be harmful to the health of the individual.

[ch13] When opponents in a social dilemma game see themselves as members of a common group rather than as individuals, what typically happens to their style of play?

They cooperate more than when opponents are not so identified.

Young monkeys watch videotapes of other monkeys reacting fearfully to snakes and flowers and are then shown the same snakes and flowers themselves. How do the young monkeys react and what explains this response?

They do not fear flowers, but they do fear snakes due to observational learning and because they have an innate fear of snakes.

How have twins and adoptees been helpful in discovering information about mental disorders?

They provide insight to whether or not some disorders are influenced by genes.

B. F. Skinner's laboratory procedures were most closely related to:

Thorndike's puzzle boxes.

The _____ is/are an inherited characteristic of anatomy or behavior that is no longer useful to the species but was presumably useful at an earlier time in evolution.

Vestigial characteristics.

When a human sperm and egg unite, the resulting zygote contains:

When a human sperm and egg unite, the resulting zygote contains:

In what sense can it be said that a particular behavior is the product of evolution by natural selection?

When the ability and tendency to respond to stimuli in a particular way result in reproductive advantage, the genes responsible are more likely to be passed on from generation to generation.

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with Trivers's theory of parental investment?

Whichever sex makes the greater parental investment is the one more likely to have multiple mates.

Which observation about white-crowned sparrows illustrates the point that species-typical behavior may depend on learning?

White-crowned sparrows develop the ability to sing their species-typical song only if they hear the song during the first summer after hatching.

Why would it be a mistake to conclude that fear, as tested by Scott and Fuller, in cocker spaniels and basenjis is due to a single gene or several genes rather than environment?

Why would it be a mistake to conclude that fear, as tested by Scott and Fuller, in cocker spaniels and basenjis is due to a single gene or several genes rather than environment?

Aba, a young male, acts more aggressively if he is insulted in front of his friends than if he is insulted when they are not around. This act BEST supports:

Wilson and Daly's "young-male syndrome."

The shape of a normal distribution displaying polygenic characteristics can be described as looking like:

a bell

In U.S. elementary schools, children have been found to maintain gender segregation by ridiculing those who cross gender lines. The degree of ridicule is largest when:

a boy prefers to play with girls

Males in certain bird species engage in mating dances that announce their location and availability for mating. It might be argued that male birds with a distinctive dance are more likely to attract a mate, and thus are more likely to leave offspring than a male bird that does not exhibit the dance. This argument is most likely to be considered:

a distal explanation.

Tom has been going out to drink regularly for the past several weeks. He noticed that now he has to drink about twice as much as before in order to get the same intoxicating effect. This is because he has acquired:

a drug tolerance.

[ch13] Which group is LEAST likely to cooperate when playing a public-goods game?

a large group of random individuals

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement refers to:

a partial reinforcement schedule involving reinforcement after a variable number of responses.

An intense, irrational fear that is clearly related to a particular category of object or event is called:

a phobia.

Fathea refuses go to public places because she is afraid of judgment from other people. She is especially afraid of talking to others for fear of saying the wrong thing and being overwhelmed with embarrassment. She will only visit friends and relatives in their homes. Fathea is MOST likely suffering from:

a phobia.

[ch13] What is the best example of social facilitation?

a professional musician performing his best while playing for a large audience

[ch13] Experimental evidence supports the theory that stereotype threat, like other causes of choking on tests, involves:

a reduction in available working memory.

[ch13] A situation in which a particular course of action or inaction will benefit the individual but harm others in a group and will cause more harm than good to everyone in the group if everyone takes that particular course is the definition of:

a social dilemma.

[ch13] John drives to work every morning even though he could take public transportation or ride his bicycle. John reasons that the pollution that he personally adds by driving his car is inconsequential in comparison to the millions of other cars that are driven on any given day. Therefore, he thinks that by continuing to commute by car he enjoys a benefit at minimal harm to the environment. John's thinking is a good illustration of:

a social dilemma.

Natural selection is the process by which:

a species survives or succumbs to obstacles in its environment.

"Dr. Stoddard was running an experiment which focused on resolving conflict between groups. He knew that in the Robber's Cave study, the second strategy the researchers used to resolve conflict involved a goal that required teamwork between and within groups in order to fix a staged breakdown in the camp s water supply. What kind of goal is involved in this strategy?" chp. 13

a superordinate goal

Van Hooff believed that the human smile of greeting is homologous to a facial display that in chimpanzees is shown:

about equally by the more submissive and the more dominant of two chimpanzees upon meeting.

[ch13] In Stanley Milgram's famous study of obedience, most participants:

administered progressively more severe shocks as ordered but seemed deeply upset about doing so.

Survey research on the nature of adolescent rebellion seems to show that adolescents typically _____ and that _____.

admire and accept many of their parents' values; rebellion is usually aimed at parental control over their behavior.

Kaylee's parents are exerting increasing amounts of control on her life in an effort to protect her from potentially detrimental experiences. What developmental stage is Kaylee likely in?

adolescence

In Burlington, Vermont, there are no dangerous snakes; yet the most common specific phobia among the citizens of Burlington is snake phobia. This observation was presented in the textbook as evidence:

against the behaviorists' theory that phobias come from classical conditioning.

Some social scientists have proposed that boys' and girls' peer groups are so different as to constitute separate subcultures, a "world of boys" and a "world of girls." This view may be exaggerated, however, because most work supporting it has been done in _____ settings.

age-segregated.

"Most people diagnosed with panic disorder also suffer from a condition called _____, a fear of public places."

agoraphobia

An individual who is terrified of being in public places would MOST likely suffer from:

agoraphobia

Researchers have shown that sexual arousal can be classically conditioned in:

all mammals

Two genes that occupy corresponding locations on a pair of chromosomes are called:

alleles

It has been found that in age-graded school settings, children play _____. However, in neighborhood settings, or cultures that don't have age-graded schools, children often play _____.

almost entirely with others who are about the same age as themselves; in groups with age spans of several years.

Helping another animal while decreasing one's own survival or reproductive chances is called:

altruism

Different sequences of the roughly 20 different _____ create an essentially infinite variety of protein molecules.

amino acids

"According to the broken windows theory of crime, physical evidence of chaos in public areas results in:" chp. 13

an increase in the amount of crime in that area.

Joe plays golf on the same golf course every weekend. His favorite hole is the par-four sixth hole. Sometimes he shoots par, sometimes it takes him five or even six shots, but sometimes he gets a birdie. Assuming that getting the golf ball in the hole, no matter how many strokes it takes, is reinforcing, Joe is experiencing all of the following types of reinforcement EXCEPT:

an interval schedule.

A variable-ratio schedule would require:

an unpredictable number of responses before reinforcement.

According to Robert Triver's theory of parental investment, the fact that men pay a lesser cost than women in terms of bearing and rearing children explains why men:

are more aggressive in seeking copulation with multiple partners.

[ch13] A juror named Marrakesh does not believe that the defendant on trial has been shown to be "guilty beyond a reasonable doubt" although most of Marrakesh's fellow jurors are firmly convinced of the man's guilt. The foreperson is now orally polling the jury for the first time and Marrakesh happens to be going last. Asch's studies on conformity suggest that Marrakesh is more likely to resist the majority view if:

at least one other juror disagrees with the majority view.

The emotional bond between infants and parents is called:

attachment

John Bowlby's evolutionary explanation for human infant attachment is supported by evidence that:

attachment behaviors become strongest when the infant first becomes mobile.

Which parenting style is associated with high warmth (warm, responsive) and high control (demanding, restrictive)?

authoritative

Diana Baumrind's study of nursery school children supported Hoffman's theory of discipline in that the children of _____ parents were found to be friendlier, more cooperative, and less disruptive than children of _____ parents.

authoritative; permissive or authoritarian.

Kira shows little intimacy and doesn't want any kind of commitment in her relationship. Which attachment style could this be classed as?

avoidant

Operant conditioning can occur with or without:

awareness

Discrimination training can be used to assess an animal's sensory capabilities because an animal can:

be trained to respond to one stimulus and not to another.

Adult mice and rats that have not given birth will _____ take care of newborns placed in their cages, which illustrates that experience _____ activate genes.

begin only after several hours to; can.

Which of the following would NOT be characterized as a chronic mental disorder derived from irreversible brain damage?

bipolar disorder.

Selena is a 24-year-old female who has decided to seek treatment at the request of her family for frequent mood swings. She reports that she has been engaging in reckless behaviors, such as unsafe sex and substance abuse. She has also recently been arrested for reckless driving. Selena often loses her temper when things do not turn out in her favor, at which she will then engage in self-injurious behavior by cutting herself in order to relieve her frustrations. She also admits increasing suicidal ideologies. Selena would MOST likely be diagnosed with:

borderline personality disorder.

Harry Harlow separated infant monkeys from their mothers and provided each with two surrogate mothers, one of wire and one of cloth. For half the monkeys, a nipple that provided milk was attached to the wire mother, and for the other half the nipple was attached to the cloth mother. Harlow found that:

both groups became attached to the cloth mother, regardless of which surrogate had the nipple.

Based on research findings, Maria, a parent and teacher, is much more likely to encourage and instruct _____, which may help to explain their greater numbers in that career field later in life.

boys than girls in physical sciences

The _____ is necessarily involved in all mental disorders.

brain

Name a culture-bound syndrome.

bulimia nervosa.

Studies of human newborns have reported that:

by the time infants are born, they prefer their own mother's voice to another woman's voice.

Watson and Rayner's experiment on little Albert demonstrated that human emotional responses _____ conditioned.

can be classically.

Hilda suffers from a form of schizophrenia in which she spends most of her day sitting in her bedroom chair without speaking or moving. Her symptoms are characteristic of _____ schizophrenia.

catatonic

Mitosis is the process of:

cell division of cells, not including egg and sperm cells.

[ch13] When the prisoner's dilemma game is played repeatedly (iteratively) for a series of trials rather than just once, the logic _____, with cooperation _____, even if the goal is to maximize one's own profits.

changes; becoming the best choice

Findings from cross-cultural studies indicate that indulgent parenting, including sleeping with infants and offering immediate comfort whenever they cry, is related to:

children exploring more and seeking their mothers less in a novel environment.

The normal human cell consists of 23 pairs of:

chromosomes

Pavlov used what type of conditioning?

classical

A young child is seated for the first time in a dentist's chair. The first time the drill is turned on the child shows no particular response. Then the drill is applied to the tooth, causing sharp pain and a reflexive tensing of all muscles. From then on, every time the drill is turned on, the child's muscles become tense. This is best described as:

classical conditioning, with the sound of the drill as the conditioned stimulus.

A dog will withdraw its leg in a flexion response if its paw is shocked. If a tone is repeatedly paired with the shock, the dog will eventually withdraw its leg in response to the tone. This is an example of:

classical conditioning.

A person will automatically blink in response to a puff of air in the eye. If the word pickle is spoken just before the eye puff on a number of occasions, the person will eventually blink in response to hearing the word pickle. This is an example of:

classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov earned the Nobel Prize for his research on digestion before discovering the learning process known as:

classical conditioning.

Jay never laughs except when tickled, so his dad begins tickling Jay every time he sees him. Pretty soon Jay begins to laugh every time he sees his dad, even before his dad tickles him. Jay has learned to associate his dad with tickling through the process of:

classical conditioning.

Many advertisers routinely use _____ to increase the effectiveness of their ads.

classical conditioning.

Randy likes car racing events. Thus, when he sees a billboard with his favorite driver holding a product, he is more likely to purchase the product. This illustrates the use of _____ in advertising.

classical conditioning.

Ryan just broke up with his girlfriend. A song that frequently comes on the radio used to be "their song." Since this song was paired so frequently with his ex-girlfriend, Ryan thinks of her whenever he hears it on the radio. This learning process is called _____, and was discovered by _____.

classical conditioning; Ivan Pavlov.

[ch13] Harry is walking down a crowded sidewalk in Phoenix at high noon. He and twelve other people watch a man open the door of a Porsche with a long metal bar, get into the car, reach under the dash to start it, and drive off. None of them try to stop the man from stealing the car. They do not call the police. The factor below that explains this inaction is:

conformity

Tom and Jennifer have been living together for a couple of years, but recently they have had some troubles at home. Because the house has been paired so often with emotional outbursts and fighting between the couple, both Tom and Jennifer find that the house now elicits bad emotions. From the standpoint of _____, the emotional responses to the house are known as _____.

classical conditioning; conditioned responses.

Jeff is an Iraq War veteran who suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder. Because highway overpasses were commonly paired with ambushes, overpasses in the United States trigger the same anxiety for Jeff as an ambush. In terms of _____ this occurs because _____.

classical conditioning; the overpass signals the availability of an ambush.

The sequence stimulus - interpretation - response best characterizes the _____ perspective on learning.

cognitive

[ch13] Senida is approached by a sales person to buy some perfume. The sales person uses the foot-in-the-door technique of gaining compliance to make Senida feel a need to buy the perfume. The sales person is taking advantage of the principle of ___ to persuade Senida to buy the perfume.

cognitive dissonance

Classical conditioning occurs best when the conditioned stimulus comes slightly before the unconditioned stimulus, and it typically does not occur at all if the conditioned stimulus comes slightly after the unconditioned stimulus. This observation supports which theory of classical conditioning?

cognitive theory.

The significance of social dilemmas for human survival was dramatically illustrated by the ecologist Garrett Hardin with an allegory that he called the tragedy of the commons. Hardin compared our whole planet with: chp.13

common grazing land that used to lie at the center of New England towns.

A repetitive action, usually performed in response to a disturbing thought that repeatedly intrudes on a person's consciousness is called a(n):

compulsion

Mac always drives the same way to his best friend's house, and on the way he always passes the golden arches of the local burger joint. Although Mac is not always hungry as he passes these arches, he seems to always develop a craving to eat one of their burgers when he sees the arches. Mac is displaying a phenomenon known as:

conditioned hunger

Mac always drives the same way to his best friend's house, and on the way he always passes the golden arches of the local burger joint. Although Mac is not always hungry as he passes these arches, he seems to always develop a craving to eat one of their burgers when he sees the arches. Mac is displaying a phenomenon known as:

conditioned hunger.

In Ivan Pavlov's study, the dogs' salivation in response to the bell is known as a(n):

conditioned response.

Sally is a veteran. She has many great memories thinking back to her days with her friends in the armed services. Now, when she sees people in a uniform, she feels happy. Since the uniform was paired with enjoyable people who made her feel happy, feeling happy in response to a uniform would be called a(n) _____ by Ivan Pavlov.

conditioned response.

An infant becomes quite excited to see his mother when she comes through the door after work each day. Gradually, the child starts to become excited as soon as he hears a key turning in the door lock. In the classical conditioning model, the noise of the key would be a(n):

conditioned stimulus.

Tom is a high school student who has had trouble with a bully in the past. Based on his prior experiences, the mere sight of the bully elicits an aversive reaction in Tom. In classical conditioning terms, the sight of the bully, aside from the bully's behavior, is a(n):

conditioned stimulus.

Doctors have discovered that by pairing a particular harmless injection with a drug that boosts the body's immune system, the injection itself can come to boost the immune system as well. In classical conditioning terms, the injection is known as a(n) _____ that elicits a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus; conditioned response.

In one of Pavlov's experiments, a dog learned to salivate at the sound of a bell. In this case, the bell was a(n) _____ and the salivation it elicited was a(n) _____ response.

conditioned stimulus; conditioned.

Studies of conditioned sexual arousal in animals have found that the _____ increases fertility in males. This is because _____.

conditioned stimulus; more sperm were available at the time of copulation.

"To study conformity, Solomon Asch used one participant at a time with a group of _____ situated around a table." chp. 13

confederates

Co-sleeping has been shown to be positively associated with _____ and _____ development.

emotional; social

ch13] The first time Jerrod goes out with a new group of friends, the other guys whistle at girls walking by. Based on their behavior, Jerrod feels pressure to do the same. By going along with the behavior of the group, Jerrod has demonstrated _____. If he went along with the group because of a need to be accepted by its members, his behavior would be the result of _____.

conformity; normative influence.

Judas and Julia are playing at recess. Vygotsky would argue that Judas and Julia's social play promotes:

conscious attention to rules of behavior.

The inheritance of acquired characteristics is:

considered impossible in light of current knowledge of genetics.

According to the hopelessness theory, depression is the result of:

consistent attribution of negative experiences to conditions that are pervasive and unlikely to change.

In initial training for the acquisition of a response, the most efficient schedule of reinforcement is _____ reinforcement.

continuous

When interpreting studies showing correlations between parental disciplinary styles and children's behavior, it is important to acknowledge that the correlations:

could reflect the influence of the child's behavioral style on the parent's disciplinary style.

[ch13] Suppose a resident adviser in a dormitory is concerned about the fact that students on his floor have formed two rival factions. The best strategy to reduce intergroup hostility would be to:

create a situation in which the two groups must cooperate to solve a mutual problem.

Children's play can help _____ and ______ culture as well as reflect it.

create; advance.

[ch13] In his experiments with groups of boys at a camp, Sherif found that intergroup hostility could be reduced through:

creating a problem that affected all equally and required cooperation between groups to solve.

The broken windows theory of crime states that: chp. 13

crime is encouraged by physical evidence of chaos and lack of care.

[ch13] Cases in which people, in response to others' orders, carry out unethical or illegal actions have been referred to as:

crimes of obedience.

[ch13] In analyzing the judgment of U.S. presidential advisory groups involved in political fiascoes, Irving Janis coined the term groupthinkfor:

decision-making in the interest of group cohesiveness and pleasing their leader.

[ch13] In a single play of the prisoner's dilemma game, the highest possible individual payoff goes to a player who:

defects while the other player cooperates.

Most measurable anatomical and behavioral differences among individuals are a matter of:

degree.

James had been at war in Iraq. When he came home he went to see a psychologist who diagnosed him with posttraumatic stress disorder. Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder?

delusions

Alan writes in his journal that he feels like he is nothing, that he cannot imagine why his friends would want to be his friends, and that nothing seems to be worth the trouble it takes to get it. Alan is apparently suffering from:

depression

Serotonin and norepinephrine are the two neurotransmitters in the brain that are affected by prescription drugs used to treat:

depression

Mary believes that she has no control over her behavior, as it was predetermined by her genes and remains unaffected by the environment. This belief is known as the _____ fallacy.

deterministic

The assumption that genetic influences on one's behavior take the form of genetic control of one'sbehavior, which one can do nothing about, refers to:

deterministic fallacy.

The technique of shaping is used to:

develop an operant response that might not otherwise occur.

"Although your female friends are more likely to _____, your male friends are more likely to _____."

develop depression; develop a substance abuse disorder.

The differences between various cells such as brain cells and muscle cells arise from:

differential activation of genes.

Pavlov's theory that is learned in classical conditioning:

differs from Watson's in that Pavlov believed a connection between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli is learned, whereas Watson believed a new stimulus-response connection is learned.

Pavlov's initial discovery of classical conditioning emerged from his earlier studies of _____ in dogs.

digestive reflexes.

John is attending a graduation party for one of his friends. During the party he has several drinks and starts to feel intoxicated. After a while, he stops drinking and begins to sober up. At first John felt the _____ of drugs followed by _____.

direct effects; compensatory reactions

Many drugs produce two effects: a(n) _____ effect followed by a(n) _____ reaction.

direct; compensatory.

Genes contribute to behavior by:

directing the manufacture of protein molecules that build and modify the body.

Genes never produce or control behavior _____:

directly

[ch13] The president's advisers are to help in reaching a decision. The president's own views are withheld, and outsiders are invited to present their views. All arguments are to be challenged. The president is trying to:

discourage groupthink.

If generalization occurs and is unwanted, _____ can be used to reduce it.

discrimination training.

Betty notices that some of her daughter's responses do not occur under a variety of stimuli. Rather, each response tends to occur in relation to its own unique stimulus. The process that produced this effect is called _____, which is the opposite of _____.

discrimination training; generalization.

A dog wags his tail whenever he hears his owner's car pull into the driveway, but not when he hears other cars arrive. This is an example of:

discrimination.

A boy gets his family's mail out of the mailbox, but he only goes out to get it if the flag is up, signaling there's mail in the box. What is the flag in the situation?

discriminative stimulus.

A cue signaling the availability of a reinforcer is known as a(n):

discriminative stimulus.

Elliot has a key card for entry into his building. When he swipes the card, two outcomes are possible. Either the card will be accepted and a light will signal that the door is now unlocked, or the card will not be accepted and the light will not be illuminated. Elliot can only open the door when the door is unlocked. The light is serving as a(n):

discriminative stimulus.

If Scott reinforces a response in the presence of a particular stimulus and does not reinforce the response in the absence of that stimulus, the stimulus is serving as a:

discriminative stimulus.

Egocentric empathy is when a(n):

distressed person or infant looks to comfort itself rather than comforting the other distressed person or infant.

Because they originate from two zygotes, fraternal twins are also known as _____ twins.

dizygotic

[ch13] Julie, a blonde, watches a movie about another blonde who cheats on an important math test because she cannot do the math herself. Stereotype threat would say that, if Julie was to take a math test herself, she would:

do worse on the test.

Little Timmy likes candy. When he is in the grocery store with his mom, he cries at the checkout line until she buys him chocolate. But Timmy's older sister thinks crying is not a desirable behavior and that candy is bad for his health. She decides to put Timmy's crying behavior under extinction. When the sister takes Timmy to the grocery store and he cries, she:

does not give him candy

One of the first demonstrations of single gene control of a behavioral trait occurred over 50 years ago in what animal?

dogs

A gene that produces its observable effects in either the homozygous or the heterozygous condition is:

dominant

The presence of others facilitates performance on: chp. 13

dominant actions

"Jim has been playing basketball for his entire life. He is now eighteen and on the varsity team in his high school. Jim feels a lot of pressure to do well, but since this task is a _____ one, there is less of a chance that he will _____ under the pressure." chp. 13

dominant; choke

interfering with the brain's ability to produce the psychological sense of closure or safety that normally occurs when a protective action is completed.

double depression.

Which is an example of a unipolar disorder?

dysthymia

[ch13] Miguel is sitting on a park bench reading a comic novel. He begins to laugh uncontrollably. Soon the woman eating her lunch on the next bench is laughing, and so are the two priests walking past, and so is the family having a picnic nearby. The spread of laughter in this situation is most clearly an example of:

emotional contagion.

Alain and Andre are infants. They are playing together when Andre begins to cry. Alain gets up and retrieves Andre's stuffed pig and hands it to him. This is an example of:

empathic comforting.

By about 15 months of age infants began to develop what important social function?

empathy

The most common difference in the brains of those with schizophrenia compared to other people is:

enlarged cerebral ventricles.

The way a human brain learns to react to stress through the production and processing of the hormone cortisol could be explained by:

epigenetics

Which statement describes the level of parental investment of monogamy?

equal for males and females

Which statement is NOT a limitation of functionalism?

every trait serves a useful function.

Jane's cat gives her a lot of attention when she opens the refrigerator because opening it is a stimulus that has been reliably paired with cat food. It is almost as if the cat can predict that the food would come soon, which is explained by the _____ theory of classical conditioning.

expectancy.

Jenny and Alisha have been best friends for the past 20 years and still spend the majority of their time together. They have gotten to know each other so well that they can predict what the other will do based on their behavior. This is most relevant to the _____ theory of _____.

expectancy; classical conditioning.

A mother gives her son two dollars for every day that his room is clean. After several weeks, she decides that her son has learned the value of cleaning up and withdraws the daily reward. He stops cleaning his room. To which of the following is this cessation of cleaning probably attributable?

extinction

In operant conditioning, the phenomenon in which the absence of reinforcement of a response results in the response ceasing to occur is referred to as:

extinction

When Jamie first started working at a deli, she would eat the dill pickles that made her mouth water. She did this so often that her mouth would water just at the sight of the pickle jar. Eventually, her boss put an end to her pickle eating and her mouth stopped watering at the sight of the pickle jar. Jamie's behavior underwent:

extinction

When an operant response stops occurring because it is no longer being strengthened, what process has taken place?

extinction

Mary is doing a project for her animal psychology lab. Using classical conditioning, she successfully conditions a freezing response to a light in rats by pairing the light with a startling sound. She sets up her apparatus to automatically pair these stimuli and finds that the sound device broke down and the light was being presented continuously without it. Based on what you know about classical conditioning, _____ likely took place, but if she waits a day or two _____ will take place.

extinction; spontaneous recovery.

John B. Watson was the first psychologist to show that _____ can be conditioned in human beings.

fear

In anxiety disorders, when the problematic stimulus is very specific, the symptom is generally referred to as _____; when it is vague or not identifiable, the term _____ is generally used.

fear; anxiety.

Researchers asked clinical psychologists to diagnose, by DSM-III criteria, a fictitious case history resembling either antisocial personality disorder or histrionic personality disorder. No matter which case history they received, the psychologists tended to diagnose

female patients as histrionic personalities and male patients as antisocial personalities.

Every night at six o'clock, Rolf the dog is given his dinner of standard puppy chow. This routine has stayed the same his entire life. Rolf is on a _____ schedule.

fixed-interval.

Jamal has confessed to going a little overboard to try to control his eating. He has bought a gadget that will dispense two cookies when he presses a button. But, as soon as the cookies have been dispensed, it will lock itself until 8 hours have passed, forcing Jamal to wait to get more cookies. The gadget is reinforcing Jamal's button press on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval.

A woodworker is paid for every dozen cabinet doors carved. This worker is operating under a _____ schedule.

fixed-ratio.

Peggy works as a seamstress for a women's clothing store. In order to receive each paycheck, she must finish 15 dresses. Peggy's performance is being reinforced on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-ratio.

[ch13] Diego really wanted someone to help him carry a huge stack of folders from the office to his car. He decided to first ask a coworker if she could help him put the folders into boxes. When she agreed, he then asked her to help him carry the boxes to his car. Diego's strategy is an example of the _____ technique.

foot-in-the-door

[ch13] Which two solicitation techniques are both believed to work because of the principle of cognitive dissonance?

foot-in-the-door and the low-ball techniques

[ch13] Jasmine asks her friend for a small favor of watering her plants while she is gone for the weekend. After her friend agrees to this request, Jasmine asks the friend if she would feed and walk her dog while she is away. Jasmine is using:

foot-in-the-door technique.

Ruth and Randy are twins that do not share the same genotype or phenotype while Bobby and Brandon are twins that share the same genotype. Ruth and Randy are _____ twins while Bobby and Brandon are _____ twins.

fraternal; identical

A male redwing black bird will sing to keep to other males of the other species away. The male redwing black bird singing is an example of _____, while a human's craving for sugar is a _____ characteristic.

functionalism; vestigial

A dog is classically conditioned to salivate to a tone of a particular pitch. It is later shown that the dog responds to higher and lower tones that have not been presented previously. This is an illustration of:

generalization

A toddler cries at the sight of a red plastic toy sword for weeks after his brother strikes him with it. He also cries at the sight of a red umbrella and a red broom, but not in response to a red beach ball or a black umbrella. This example illustrates:

generalization

The main advantage of sexual reproduction is that it allows _____ to occur within the population.

genetic diversity

The set of genes that an individual inherits is known in genetics as a:

genotype

[ch13] Experiments have demonstrated that when cheating occurs during a social-dilemma game involving several players, people will

give up some of their own earnings in order to punish the cheater

"In an experiment demonstrating _____, researchers divided people into groups on the basis of their initial views on a controversial issue and found that discussions held separately by each group widened the gaps between the groups." chp. 13

group polarization

[ch13] Which is NOT considered a possible explanation of the unresponsiveness of multiple bystanders?

group polarization

[ch13] After hearing a two-hour long debate on TV, Sally now has a more extreme political view. This is a case of:

group polarization.

[ch13] Larissa was opposed to animal cruelty and decided to attend an animal rights rally. After the rally, Larissa experienced intensification in her views. Specifically, she became a vegetarian and decided to stop using products tested on animals. Her shift in opinion could be explained by:

group polarization.

[ch13] Often when a cohesive group of people makes decisions, they defer too much to the views of leaders and work to maintain unity at the expense of considering alternative solutions. This type of flawed decision-making is termed:

groupthink

Terry is sitting in the back of a large lecture hall listening to his professor discuss the Spanish Civil War in a monotone. Eventually, Terry's attending responses decline in relation to his professor and he falls asleep. The noticeable decline in Terry's responses in relation to the constant voice stimulus is depictive of the learning process known as:

habituation

The form of learning in which an unconditioned reflexive response weakens with repeated exposure to the stimulus is called:

habituation

Jerome hears a door slam in his dorm room and jumps in reaction to the noise. Then, a few seconds later, it slams again and soon again. As Jerome continues to hear the door slam, he jumps less and less each time. Jerome's response illustrates the principle of:

habituation.

Jenny went to her best friend's graduation party and spent a lot of time in the hot tub. She noticed that the tub did not feel as hot after a few minutes of sitting in the water. The decline in this feeling in response to the constant heat stimulus is known as _____, which is a type of _____ sequence.

habituation; stimulus-response.

Janine reports hearing voices demanding that she carry out a mission for them. Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia is she describing?

hallucinations

Your friend John is very spontaneous. He doesn't ever think about long-term life plans and always lives in the present moment. According to the evolution chapter, your friend:

has no foresight

Bipolar I is different from bipolar II in that bipolar I:

has true manic episodes.

Children in nursery school usually enjoy playing games of make-believe and need no encouragement to do so. If their teacher rewards them for doing so, cognitive theory predicts the children will _____ when the reward is no longer given, which is consistent with _____.

have come to view the games as work and will play significantly less often; the overjustification effect.

[ch13] Devon often chokes on tests. Research shows that this problem occurs when students:

have distracting and disturbing thoughts that interfere with working memory.

[ch13] Group polarization is LEAST likely to occur when group members:

have to work together to solve a problem that effects all members.

"In situations where a person is confronted with the foot-in-the-door technique, it may work because compliance with the first request induces all of these EXCEPT:" chp. 13

having a shared history.

According to kin selection theory, animals that engage in altruistic acts, such as warning others of an approaching predator, are:

helping to ensure the survival of the genes they have in common with close relatives.

Altruism is best defined as any act that:

helps another while at the same time decreasing one's own chance of survival or reproduction.

Jamie is a swimming instructor. He works every week with different age groups. What people have noticed is that he changes his behavior in front of the different age groups. This is most in line with which term? chp. 13

impression management

[ch13] An individual wants his boss to view him in a professional manner. He also wants his friends to see him as casual. How would a social psychologist best describe this phenomenon?

impression management

[ch13] Bystanders who know one another well are more likely to take action in an emergency than those who are strangers. This suggests that the unresponsiveness of multiple bystanders found in many studies is at least partly due to:

impression management.

[ch13] When attending a friend's party, India notices that many of the guests are attempting to present themselves as spontaneous and carefree. Since India knows some of these people and knows that they are in fact neither spontaneous nor carefree, India attributes their party behavior to what social psychologists call:

impression management.

When a group of goslings hatch, a researcher and an adult female goose are both there to welcome them into the world. The goslings will respond by:

imprinting on the goose.

Which statement describes the types of species that would be MOST likely to have polyandry?

in egg-laying species, because female parental investment can be comparatively low

[ch13] Based on studies done on conformity and diffusion of responsibility, in which situation would an individual be least likely to come to the aid of a victim?

in the food court of the busy shopping mall

Where does a replica of the whole unique set of DNA molecules in an individual exist?

in the nucleus of each cell

[ch13] Social facilitation is MOST likely to occur when an individual is:

in the presence of others during dominant actions.

Because of drug tolerance, people who regularly take a drug have to _____ over time to achieve the same effects.

increase their doses.

Mary is entering old age. According to research, she will soon experience a(n):

increased focus on family and long-time friends.

The decline in the United States of teenage pregnancies apparently stems from:

increased sex education and parental involvement.

[ch13] When Sherif set up competitive games between groups of boys in the Robbers Cave experiment, all occurred EXCEPT:

increased within-group competition.

[ch13] According to Zajonc's theory, social facilitation is due to _____ arousal and social interference is due to _____ arousal.

increased; increased

Shelby is studying for her psychology exam on learning. She remembers that reinforcement and punishment are generally opposite processes but she cannot remember which is which. Her friend helps her out by saying, "Reinforcement _____ the future rate of behavior while punishment _____ the future rate of behavior.

increases; decreases.

Which of these is NOT an evolutionary explanation for increased aggression in male primates?

increasing the likelihood of cooperation within the group.

When 1-year-old Darlene's mother picks her up from the babysitter after work each night, Darlene does not seem happy to see her. Darlene ignores her mother when they are together at home in the evening. According to Ainsworth, Darlene's cold and distant relationship with her mother would be indicative of a(n). _____ attachment.

insecure-avoidant attachment.

When Jody's mother takes him to preschool, he clings to her and won't explore the toys. When she leaves for the day, he becomes extremely upset and remains upset even upon her return. According to Mary Ainsworth, Jody's behavior would be indicative of a(n). _____ attachment.

insecure-resistant attachment.

Genes can only affect behavior by:

interacting with the environment.

When Ali takes her fitness class every week she feels exhausted, but she keeps going because she knows her genes are affected by:

interaction with the environment.

One possible reason that people in developing countries are more likely to recover from schizophrenia is that family members in those countries place more value on:

interdependence

The children of the !Kung are raised with great indulgence, as they co-sleep with their parents and receive immediate comfort whenever they cry. The !Kung also live in large communal groups. Together, these two factors may account for the fact that !Kung children develop an especially strong sense of _____ as they grow up.

interdependence

Kendra suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder. No matter how many times she checks to make sure her front door is locked, she never feels a lasting assurance that it is truly locked and has an overwhelming need to check the door again. Kendra's experience is consistent with research suggesting that damage to certain areas of the brain may produce obsessive-compulsive behavior by:

interfering with the brain's ability to produce the psychological sense of closure or safety that normally occurs when a protective action is completed.

Sally tries to find reasons within her for things going wrong in her life compared to John who looks at his environment and tends to act out aggressively while Sally dwells mentally. This is because women tend to _______ while men tend to _______.

internalize; externalize.

Jaden is just beginning a new job in which he runs a psychology animal laboratory for a university professor. With the pigeons, the professor is running experiments with _____ schedules because only the first response after a period of time is reinforced. With the rats, Jaden knows the professor is looking at a _____ schedule because reinforcement depends on the number of responses.

interval; ratio.

[ch13] A useful metaphor for conceptualizing the notion of impression management is that of portraying humans as:

intuitive politicians

For women who hold out-of-home jobs in addition to maintaining at-home family responsibilities, the out-of-home job typically:

is associated with greater enjoyment than that provided by at-home work.

Jean Piaget argued that unsupervised play with peers:

is crucial to moral development.

What is spontaneous recovery?

is the return of a conditioned response that underwent extinction.

Suppose you read about an experiment in which participants watched a videotape of a man talking about his personal problems. You learn that they rated his level of personal adjustment and social attractiveness far more negatively if they believed that he was a mental patient than if they believed he was not. This experiment would be highlighting the dangers of:

labeling

The "world of boys" is BEST characterized by:

large, hierarchically organized groups in which individuals or coalitions attempt to prove superiority by competition and verbal confrontation.

Learning that is acquired but is not immediately demonstrated in the animal's behavior is called:

latent learning.

What is defined as any process through which experience at one time can alter an individual's behavior at a future time?

learning.

Research has shown that play between children of different ages, compared to play between children of the same age, is:

less competitive.

[ch13] In a study of conformity, Asch found that if a single confederate disagreed with the others, participants were:

less likely to conform than when the confederates were unanimous, even if the dissenting answer was wrong.

[ch13] In group polarization, group discussion tends to lead:

like-minded individuals to a more extreme view than they had held initially.

Indulgence is greatest for infants who live in large extended families or close-knit village groups, and least for those who:

live just with one or both parents.

A genetic component to the impact of parental care on attachment shows that infants with the _____ genotype were less impacted by maternal sensitivity than those with the _____ genotype, who increased their secure attachment when maternal sensitivity was high.

ll; ss/sl

[ch13] Tiana is having a garage sale and notices that someone seems interested in buying a lamp. Tiana approaches the person, suggests a price of $5, and the person quickly agrees. Tiana suddenly wonders if she could get more money for the lamp, so she tells the person that she should check with her husband before selling the lamp. Tiana goes into her house, waits a minute, then returns, saying that her husband will only sell the lamp for $15. Tiana is using a sales strategy known as the _____ technique.

low-ball

"If a customer agrees to buy a product at a low price, then after a delay, the salesperson discovers that they must raise the price of the product, they are using the:" chp.13

low-ball technique.

In a study of the causes of depression, researchers recruited over 1,000 women with twin sisters. Among those participants who had not recently experienced a highly stressful life event, the incidence of depression was found to be _____ regardless of the level of genetic predisposition. For those participants who had recently experienced a highly stressful life event, the incidence of depression was found to be _____ to genetic predisposition.

low; strongly related.

" In a prisoner's dilemma game, the _____ occurs if both players defect." chp. 13

lowest group payoff

According to Robert Trivers, in a species in which females make the greater parental investment, but not the males:

males will compete with one another for access to females.

Which symptom is NOT characteristic of schizophrenia?

mania

[ch13] According to the notion of stereotype threat, a group of female participants' scores on a test will be lower if the researcher refers to the test specifically as a _____, as opposed to using a more general term such as a problem-solving test.

math test

Jane takes a class where she learns about schizophrenia, and comes to the conclusion that she may suffer from the disorder. What is this phenomenon called?

medical students' disease.

When a cell divides twice, this is known as:

meiosis

Reproductive cells are produced by the process _____, while cells such as skin and muscle cells are produced by _____.

meiosis; mitosis.

[ch13] Research has shown that groups produce effective solutions to problems when:

members focus clearly on the problem to be solved.

According to your text, women may be diagnosed with anxiety and mood disorders more often than men for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

men are more likely than women to live in poverty and experience discrimination.

Which process results in the faithful duplication of genetic material?

mitosis

The relaxed open-mouth display in primates often occurs during _____ and is thought to be related to human _____.

mock-aggressive play; laughter and smiles of happiness.

"Members of the student government are trying to decide if racism is still a significant problem on their university campus. Fifty-percent of members believe that racism is still significant problem, and the other fifty-percent of members believe that it is not a significant problem. After the discussion members from each side are likely to have a more _____ view on the issue than they had when the discussion began." chp. 13

moderate

_____ females fight to prevent other females from leading their mates away.

monogamous

In most bird species, both the male and the female are involved about equally in taking care of the eggs and the chicks since one of the parents must protect the nest while the other parent obtains food. One would, therefore, expect most bird species to have what mating system?

monogamy.

Because they originate from one zygote, identical twins are also known as _____ twins.

monozygotic.

Identical twins are _____ and fraternal twins are _____.

monozygotic; dizygotic.

The class of disorders that refer to a prolonged emotional state that colors many aspects of a person's thought and behavior is _____ disorders.

mood

Adolescence is a period of rapid growth in the sophistication of _____ reasoning.

moral

[ch13] If Roger discusses an issue in a group of others who agree with him on the issue, research shows that Roger will develop _____ views in the _____ his initial inclination.

more extreme; same direction as

When Gregory Razran tested his college students for generalization, he found:

more generalization to words with similar meanings rather than similar features.

Douglas Fry studied children's play in two Mexican villages, the village of La Paz and the village of San Andrés. Fry found that the children from San Andrés engaged in:

more play fighting and serious fighting than the children of La Paz.

[ch13] Players in repeated prisoner's dilemma games are _____ likely than those in a one-trial game to cooperate because _____.

more; it establishes a reputation

Polygenic characteristics like aggressiveness in mice and conscientiousness in people typically approximate a normal distribution, meaning that:

most individuals fall near the middle of the range of scores for these characteristics and the frequency tapers off toward the two extremes.

The cultural historian Johan Huizinga wrote a book about play in 1944 in which he contended that:

most of what society calls "high culture"- including art, literature, philosophy, and law, arises from the spirit of play that has been extended from childhood into adulthood.

An addict's best hope for overcoming a long-term addiction may be to:

move permanently to an entirely new environment.

Michelle is a musician who goes to play for a class of blind children. If the children have been blind since birth, and her music is making them happy, which of the following would she expect to see?

movements in their facial muscles similar to those expected from sighted children.

Errors that occasionally and unpredictably occur during DNA replication, causing the "replica" to be not quite identical to the original are defined as:

mutations

In the 1800s many "mountain men" went into the high mountains in search of beaver whose hides were worth valuable money when sold. Even though they could make a lot of money, these mountains had very harsh weather conditions and large predators such as grizzly bears which affected the survival of these men. One could say that these men experienced something very similar to _______ which is the opposite of __________.

natural selection; artificial selection

Fourteen-year-old Mary loves her beaded bracelets. When Mary talks back to her mother, her mother takes away a bracelet for a week. Over the course of a few weeks, Mary stops talking back to her mother. What process has occurred?

negative punishment

Jason ate all of his sister's candy and did not clean his room. His parents took away his toys for a week. After that, Jason left his sister's candy alone and kept his room clean. The consequence of no toys for Jason's behavior resulted in the process called:

negative punishment.

For most people, pain medicine reduces the effects of a bad headache, which makes it more likely that persons will take pain medicine the next time they have a headache. This is an example of:

negative reinforcement.

If the removal of a stimulus following a response increases the likelihood that the response will reoccur, the stimulus is a:

negative reinforcer.

In Hefferline's experiment, people listened to music overlaid occasionally by static and were conditioned to produce a tiny thumb twitch to turn the static off. In that experiment the static turning off served as a(n) _____ for the thumb twitch.

negative reinforcer.

[ch13] A college is considering whether to put the English or the math department in a posh new building. A group of English professors joke about the math faculty, saying that they are all alike—unsociable, unable to participate in a discussion of the arts, and boring. The English professors see themselves as friendly, literate, and witty. Their tendency to see members of the math department as different from themselves and very similar to one another in having such undesirable traits is an illustration of:

negative stereotyping of the other group.

Denita has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She rarely shows any emotional expression, even when told a funny joke or shown a sad movie. She speaks slowly, eats very little, and doesn't appear to enjoy life. These characteristics are collectively referred to as:

negative symptoms.

Western parents and researchers generally emphasize _____ peer pressure among adolescents; adolescents themselves often report _____ peer pressure. Parents in China generally regard peer pressure as _____.

negative; positive; positive.

Whenever Bill was late to school, his teacher would take away his right to participate in the morning playtime activities. Bill is no longer late to school. Bill's late behavior has been:

negatively punished.

If an individual is exhibiting behavior that seems odd to other people but that does not cause real distress or impairment of functioning, that person would:

not be classified as having a mental disorder according to the standards set by the American Psychiatric Association.

A ratio schedule of reinforcement deals with _____ whereas an interval schedule deals with _____.

number of responses; time.

One of the main ideas associated with behaviorism is that:

observable actions are the only things that psychologists should study.

[ch13] In a crowd of witnesses to an emergency, the individual bystander tends to:

observe other bystanders for cues as to the seriousness of the emergency.

Marie constantly has disturbing thoughts about disease-producing germs and dirt. She has difficulty concentrating because her thoughts are consumed by worries about germs and dirt and the only way she can reduce her fear is by washing her hands every 30 minutes. Marie s repetitive and disturbing thoughts about the germs and dirt is an example of a(n):

obsession

Sally expresses to her psychologist that she does not experience a sense of task completion and therefore feels the need to repeatedly perform certain tasks. Sally would most likely be diagnosed with _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive.

A job that is complex, varied, and not closely supervised is said to be high in:

occupational self-direction.

Lisa and Lava are twins with identical genes, which means they originated from:

one sperm cell and one egg cell

The process during which people in a group try to out-do one another is called: chp. 13

one-upmanship

[ch13] Which is a normative explanation of group polarization effects?

one-upmanship hypothesis

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by:

only one pair of recessive genes.

Sally notices that whenever she wears a particular dress, she gets attention from her peers. In other words, wearing the dress has become a(n) _____ response.

operant

Orochi is attending flight school in order to become a commercial airline pilot. During training, he experiences the immediate consequences that his behavior has on the plane in flight. In other words, Orochi's flying has become a series of _____ responses, otherwise known as _____ responses.

operant; instrumental.

Ralph Hefferline had subjects listen to music with occasional bursts of static superimposed. The static could be turned off with a twitch of the subjects' left thumb. Hefferline discovered that these subjects could be _____ conditioned without _____.

operantly; their awareness.

If the environment stopped changing:

organisms would adapt as fully as possible and change little or not at all thereafter.

The replication of a previously learned behavior from a model, even when it is not the best solution to the problem, is:

overimitation

Cassidy was allowed to eat one cookie every day after school upon finishing all of his food at dinnertime. Soon, her parents decided to stop rewarding her with cookies, and Cassidy stopped finishing all of his food. Her decline in performance is known as the:

overjustification effect.

Raquan was allowed to eat one cookie every day after school upon finishing all of his food at dinnertime. Soon, his parents decided to stop rewarding him with cookies, and Raquan stopped finishing all of his food. His decline in performance is known as the:

overjustification effect.

The phenomenon in which a person who initially performs a task for no reward (except the enjoyment of the task) becomes less likely to perform that task for no reward after a period during which this person has been rewarded for performing it, is a result of:

overjustification effect.

____ is a feeling of helpless terror.

panic

Jessica finds herself avoiding going to the gas station until she absolutely has to. The last two months she s gone to get gas she had a panic attack while waiting for the gas pump to finish. Afterwards she worried constantly about when she was going to have another one. A psychologist would say that Jessica has:

panic disorder.

Marvin suffers from unpredictable feelings of terror, accompanied by a racing heart and shortness of breath. These feelings of distress are not associated with a specific event and occur unpredictably, lasting for several minutes. Which of the following would Marvin MOST likely be diagnosed with?

panic disorder.

Hank wants to reduce the amount of anxious behaviors he sees his daughter engage in when he drops her off and picks her up from daycare. He has read about the different categories of infants attachments to their parents and would like his daughter to have a more secure attachment. Which of the following might help Hank and his daughter?

parent training

The procedure in which only a portion of correct operant responses are reinforced is called:

partial reinforcement.

According to Kohlberg's stage theory of moral reasoning, reaching the higher stages requires the ability to:

pass through all of the lower stages and discover their limitations.

Adolescents look increasingly to _____ for emotional support.

peers

Preschool children will often:

perform a task even when their classmates avoid them.

John has been depressed for over a year. One reason his condition has not improved is that his problem provides some benefits, such as reduced expectations of him at work and home, increased attention, and sympathy from friends. These benefits could be considered:

perpetuating causes.

The consequences of a disorder that help keep it going once it begins are called:

perpetuating causes.

[ch13] When Hassam thinks of himself as an independent individual with self-interests distinct from those of other people, Hassam is thinking of himself in terms of _____ identity.

personal

Jeremiah used to have dark brown hair, but after spending a day in the sun, his hair became much lighter. Jeremiah's _____ was impacted by the sun.

phenotype

Some developmental researchers have argued that adult romantic love can be understood in terms of infant attachment in part because both involve:

physical affection and feelings of security in each other's presence.

"The broken windows theory of crime, developed by Kelling, states that crime is encouraged by _____ of chaos and lack of care. " chp. 13

physical science

[ch13] The underlying variable that appears to explain why the mere presence of observers sometimes facilitates or inhibits performance in individuals is:

physiological arousal.

Based on the knowledge that aspects of internal and external environments act on _____ systems to influence behavior, one might assume that behavior can in turn affect _____ activation?

physiological; gene

What are the three main methods designed for learning in nature?

play, observation, exploration.

If a trait varies in a continuous, graded manner among different individuals, then it is probably a(n) _____ trait.

polygenic

When the genetic influence on a given characteristic comes from the combined effect of many genes, that characteristic is:

polygenic.

Males are most likely to be much larger than females in a _____ species.

polygynous

For most people, receiving money after performing some behavior would make that behavior more likely to recur in the future. Thus, money is for them a:

positive reinforcer.

"This disorder is characterized by frightening, uncontrollable re-experiences of a traumatic event or events, in nightmares and in daytime thoughts or flashbacks. "

posttraumatic stress disorder

Jeff has been feeling very depressed, irritable, and has loss of sleep. He keeps having flashbacks and horrible nightmares. Jeff is BEST described as suffering from:

posttraumatic stress disorder brought on by his previous experience from being a soldier in the Vietnam War.

"Tad and Tom are identical twins who both served in the military. When they returned home, Tom went to see a psychologist to help him deal with his nightmares and flashbacks. The psychologist diagnosed Tom with _____ disorder. The likelihood of Tad experiencing the same symptoms and being diagnosed with the same disorder is _____ because they are identical twins. "

posttraumatic stress; high

Kelsey and Michael are playing in their backyard. Lev Vygotsky would argue that while these two children are at play they are:

practicing self-discipline.

A woman who has previously shown no evidence of a mental disorder develops clinical depression following the loss of her job. This event would be considered a ______ cause of her depression.

precipitating.

Willy was born with a genetic tendency toward depression. However, it wasn't until Willy's wife divorced him that he suffered symptoms that were diagnosed as major depression. Willy's divorce was a(n) _____ cause of his depression.

precipitating.

"A child with this type of ADHD is characterized by such behaviors as fidgeting, leaving one s seat without permission, talking excessively, interrupting others, and blurting out answers before the question is completed."

predominantly hyperactive impulsive type

A child with this type of ADHD would have difficulty concentrating on schoolwork and would show carelessness in completing academic assignments.

predominantly inattentive type

"Of the various ways in which the Milgram studies were conducted, which one resulted in the greatest percentage of participants obeying to the completion of the series of shocks?" chp. 13

presence of a disobedient companion

Lawrence Kohlberg's methodology for studying moral reasoning was to:

present a story involving a moral dilemma and ask subjects how the protagonist should respond and why.

Each of the following is a general category of causes that contribute to mental disorders EXCEPT _____ causes.

prolonging

Genes help construct the building blocks for one's physiology, which are known as:

proteins

Marcy is a scientist who describes animal behavior by looking at the mechanism of behavior and the immediate conditions, both inside and outside the animal, rather than the function of the behavior. Phillip is a scientist who describes a behavior by looking at the role a behavior plays in an animal's survival and reproduction across time. Marcy is offering a _____ explanation while Phillip is offering a _____ explanation.

proximate; distal

Daniel wants his pet cat to become self-sufficient and not have to rely on humans. Thus, Daniel builds a cage for his cat that is designed in a way that the cat can escape from the box by engaging in a specific behavior. The technical term for this cage is a(n):

puzzle box.

Susan is replicating a famous study in psychology by placing a cat inside of an apparatus. She will observe how the cat learns to escape, and if those behaviors become more prevalent in the future. Her apparatus is most likely a(n) _____ which was originally used by _____.

puzzle box; Edward Thorndike.

It makes sense that _____ schedules produce faster response rates than _____ schedules in terms of adaptiveness.

ratio; interval.

Juliet and her sisters all have the gene for a widow's peak. However, it is only expressed in Juliet. This means that the gene is _____ and Juliet's genes have a _____ condition.

recessive; homozygous.

Suppose it is discovered that 75 percent of an F2 generation of pea plants had round seeds, and 25 percent had wrinkled seeds. Wrinkled seeds are _____ and show this characteristic when _____.

recessive; homozygous.

Gender identity is defined as the:

recognition that one is a member of a particular gender and always will be.

[ch13] Laughter often puts a group of people into a shared mood of playfulness, which seems to:

reduce the chance that one person will be offended by the remarks or actions of another.

[ch13] When a participant in Asch's conformity study announced their answer publicly, they most often agreed with the confederates' wrong answer. However, when the participant wrote down their answer privately, the likelihood of agreement with the confederates' wrong answer was:

reduced

Usually when Jerry visits Ron's house, there is food cooking whose smell makes Jerry slightly nauseous. Eventually, Jerry feels the same way simply at the sight of Ron himself. This relatively simple, automatic, response is known as a _____. When the response occurs in response to Jerry, it is a component of __

reflex; classical conditioning.

Usually when Jerry visits Ron's house, there is food cooking whose smell makes Jerry slightly nauseous. Eventually, Jerry feels the same way simply at the sight of Ron himself. This relatively simple, automatic, response is known as a _____. When the response occurs in response to Jerry, it is a component of _____.

reflex; classical conditioning.

Any process that increases the likelihood that a particular operant response will occur again is called:

reinforcement

A phenomenon that is partially explained by conditioned compensatory reactions is that of _____ by addicts who have undergone periods of withdrawal.

relapse

Neva has reported that she worries about multiple issues, is irritable, and has difficulty sleeping. She has visited several diagnosticians who have all diagnosed her as suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. Therefore, Neva's diagnosis is considered to be:

reliable

What schedule is NOT one of the four basic types of partial-reinforcement?

response-ratio schedule.

The law of effect formulated by Thorndike states that:

responses leading to satisfying results become more likely to be repeated, and those leading to unpleasant results become less likely to be repeated.

Marcus believes it is okay to cheat on his wife because he is reproducing more children. He is mistakenly equating what is "natural" with what is:

right

"A number of studies have pointed to specific prenatal variables that can contribute to the likelihood of developing _____, one of which is malnutrition."

schizophrenia

The disorder that accounts for a higher percentage of the in-patient population of mental hospitals than any other diagnostic category is:

schizophrenia.

Angelina, a 1-year-old child, is placed in an unfamiliar room containing a variety of toys. She confidently explores the room when her mother is present, becomes upset and plays less when left alone, then eagerly goes to the mother upon her return. By this test Angelina's attachment to her mother would be classified as:

secure

Jamie wanted to develop a variety of cat for people who are allergic-a variety with very little dander or shedding. She proceeded to mate cats that were low in shedding and dander, then to mate the offspring that were lowest in shedding and dander, and so on, in a process known as:

selective breeding.

Robert Tryon's breeding of rats according to their maze abilities refers to:

selective breeding.

When two dogs are chosen based on preferred traits such as gentleness and intelligence, and made to reproduce to create an offspring with these characteristics, they are being put through a procedure known as:

selective breeding.

"When one is expected to perform poorly on a task and because of that s/he actually performs poorly, this is an example of what?" chp. 13

self-fulfilling prophecy

Judith Harris proposed that adolescents participate in risky activities because they want to:

set themselves apart from the adult world.

From a biological perspective, gender is not an arbitrary concept but is linked to _____, which is linked to reproduction.

sex

A pigeon is learning to peck a key for food. At first it receives food just for moving into the half of the cage nearest the key. Once it is spending all its time there, food is only given when it brushes against the key. Once that behavior is established, the pigeon must touch the key with its beak before food is delivered. What technique is being employed?

shaping

A trainer wants a chimp to sit still in a chair. She might therefore reward the chimp for staying within 5 feet of the chair, then only for staying in physical contact with it, then only for actually sitting in it. This strategy uses the technique called:

shaping

At first a coach praises a basketball player for behaviors that are only remotely like those that will sink a basket. Gradually, the coach restricts praise to behaviors that are closer and closer to the desired behavior. The coach is using a training strategy called:

shaping

Craig is training his tropical fish to swim through a hoop. He starts by feeding the fish a food pellet when it just approaches the hoop. Then he only gives the fish a pellet when the fish puts his nose inside the hoop. Then he gives it a pellet when it swims most of the way through the hoop; and finally, he gives the fish a pellet only when it swims completely through the hoop. What technique is Craig using?

shaping

The process by which successively closer approximations to the desired response are reinforced until the desired response finally occurs and can be reinforced is called:

shaping

Using an operant conditioning technique known as _____, Blake teaches his dog to roll over by first giving her a treat for sitting, later only giving her a treat for lying down, then giving her a treat only when she moves onto her side, and finally only giving her a treat when she rolls over.

shaping

Rewarding a squirrel in small steps until the squirrel is able to water ski is done by the use of:

shaping.

"In Stanley Milgram s experiment, participants were asked to:" chp. 13

shock another participant for wrong answers.

Carl and Jeanne are very relaxed and non-disciplinary with their daughter Tanya. It is likely that later in life Tanya will:

show low self-control.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is _____ a phobia in that it involves a specific irrational fear; it is _____ a phobia because the fear is of something that exists only as a thought and can be reduced only by performing some ritual.

similar to; different from.

People do this when they are genuinely happy and when they wish to show another person that they are favorably disposed toward that person.

smile

[ch13] Katie does not recycle, but feels that her few plastic bottles a week do not do much harm to the earth. However her entire neighborhood feels the same way and they also do not recycle. This is an example of:

social dilemma

[ch13] Jimmy, a professional basketball player, usually plays in small, empty stadiums. However, Jimmy played better at his last game that was held in a larger, crowded stadium. This would be referred to as:

social facilitation.

[ch13] Pablo usually fishes alone, but when his friend Jaime accompanied Pablo on his last fishing trip, Pablo wound his fishing reel faster than when he was fishing alone. This might best be explained by:

social facilitation.

The thought of oneself as a more or less interchangeable member of a larger entity is defined as what? chp. 13

social identity

[ch13] After playing the clarinet for only a few weeks, Shelly learns to play a simple song fairly well during practice. Unfortunately, she finds that she cannot play it in front of her family without making one mistake after another. It might help Shelly to feel better if she knew this was probably a function of:

social interference.

[ch13] The tendency for an individual to exert less effort in a team situation in which all team members receive the same outcome (for example, a grade or a bonus) is referred to as:

social loafing.

Suppose that Jamie, who has just learned to crawl, and his mother visit his aunt for the first time. Toward the end of the visit, Jamie explores the room but frequently looks toward his mother, apparently to observe her reactions. The attention Jamie directs toward his mother is called:

social referencing.

Jenny tells an interviewer that she likes to spend most of her time with her husband, visiting her daughter and grandchildren, playing bridge with the same friends she has played bridge with for 24 years, and working in her garden. This information fits BEST with the _____ theory of aging.

socioemotional selectivity.

[ch13] A group of college students is taking part in a study. For which tasks would the presence of others be more likely to result in social interference than social facilitation?

solving a nine-letter anagram (scrambled-word) problem

[ch13] According to research findings in the area of impression management, Jillian will be the most concerned with managing her impression when she is around:

someone she's talked to a few times while riding the subway to work.

Barking is a(n) _____ in dogs.

species-typical behavior

The collecting and storing of nuts is a(n) _____ of squirrels.

species-typical behavior

Pavlov and his colleagues found that extinction of a conditioned reflex does not return the animal to its unconditioned state. That is to say, if a conditioned stimulus is presented again after some time, the conditioned response will be produced again. Which process explains this discovery?

spontaneous recovery

Although in the days following a serious car accident, Christine's muscles tensed every time she got into her car, this reaction eventually disappeared and Christine no longer felt tense. Christine was quite surprised when, several months later, she got into the car and her muscles tensed. This renewal of the conditioned reflex with the passage of time is called:

spontaneous recovery.

Joe usually gets hungry around noon and his coworker Ryan is almost always with him when this occurs. As a result, the mere sight of Ryan at other times of the day makes Joe hungry. Usually, however, Joe can only eat at noon during his lunch break even though the sight of Ryan may make him feel hungry at other times. Because of this, his hunger response to Ryan will extinguish. If, however, Ryan goes on vacation for a week and comes back that next Monday, Joe's hunger response will likely return in the process known as:

spontaneous recovery.

The passage of time after extinction produces the phenomenon known as:

spontaneous recovery.

According to the hopelessness theory of depression, depression-prone individuals tend to attribute their negative experiences to causes that are:

stable and global.

[ch13] Cialdini and his colleagues investigated the effects of implicit norms on people's behavior by creating different signs aimed at decreasing the pilfering of petrified wood from Petrified Forest National Park. The sign that was effective in decreasing the amount of stealing to well below the base-line rate implied that:

stealing wood is rare and it is not okay to steal rare objects.

Sally is a psychologist who is not concerned with the brain or the mind. Thus, she likely favors _____ theory and is probably a(n) _____.

stimulus-response theory; behaviorist

A reflex is a relatively simple, automatic, _____ sequence.

stimulus-response.

Ryan is a psychologist who likes to explain stimulus-response relationships without using the brain or mind. This sounds very similar to _____ theory.

stimulus-response.

John B. Watson's theory of classical conditioning involved learning a _____ connection while Ivan Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning involved learning a _____ connection eliciting a mental representation of the unconditioned stimulus resulting in the response.

stimulus-response; stimulus-stimulus.

A reflex occurs when a particular well-defined event in the environment, a(n) _____, results in a particular well-defined bit of behavior, a(n) _____.

stimulus; response.

An infant is a participant in a(n). _____ test when it is put in a novel situation and studied for its response to the absence and arrival of its mother.

strange-situation.

There is strong evidence that _____ life events of many sorts can precipitate schizophrenia and exacerbate its symptoms.

stressful

Which class of proteins forms the structure of every cell in our bodies?

structural proteins

What is imprinting?

sudden and irreversible learning

[ch13] What goal refers to the solution of Sherif's Robbers Cave experiment, which deals with one group cooperating with other groups?

superordinate goal

Darwin's conclusions about the universality of human emotional expressions have recently been _____ studies.

supported by cross-cultural

Disorders in DSM-5 are defined principally in terms of:

symptoms

[ch13] Terence was recently hired as a salesperson for a local department store. According to research on conditions that promote compliance, which strategies should Terence adopt if he wants to make a lot of sales?

talk to shoppers about what he has in common with them

[ch13] Sixty-five percent of "teachers" in Milgram's study continued to shock the "learner" after the "learner" no longer responded. A strategy that would NOT decrease the likelihood of responding from the "teacher" is:

telling the "teacher" that other "teachers" completed the experiment.

One perpetuating cause of panic disorder may be a(n)?

tendency to interpret physiological arousal as catastrophic.

Our basic drives, emotions, and other behavioral tendencies came about in evolution because, on balance, they promoted survival and reproduction more often than they interfered with it. One important idea to remembering when considering this statement is:

that not every single instance of activation of such drives, emotions, or tendencies serve survival or reproductive ends.

Tiffany is working on her PhD in clinical psychology with a specialization in phobias. It would give her a historical appreciation of this area if she were familiar with _____ conducted by _____.

the Little Albert study; John B. Watson.

Lori is busily working at her desk. When Lori finally looks at the clock and realizes that it is already past the time that she normally eats dinner, she begins to feel much hungrier than she did before she knew the time. Feeling hungrier after checking the time is an example of _____ and can be explained in terms of classical conditioning.

the appetizer effect

"In Milgram s study, which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the participants obeying?" chp. 13

the attractiveness of the experimenter and the unattractiveness of the learner

[ch13] Social psychologists are interested in games based on the hypothetical conflict experienced by two prisoners who must each independently choose between confessing to a crime or remaining silent. This is because such games illustrate:

the basic elements of social dilemmas.

Which approach to learning seeks to characterize learning exclusively in terms of observable stimuli and responses, without referring to events inside the learner?

the behavioral perspective

The belief that one species is "more evolved" than another species is derived from:

the belief that species are evolving towards a predetermined end.

Maria is conducting an experiment in her lab that involves presenting a light to a rat and then presenting the rat with cheese. She then presents the light and a bell at the same time, and presents the rat with cheese. The rat seems to show a conditioned response to the light, but when the bell is presented without the original light stimulus, the rat does not show any signs of expecting any cheese. This phenomenon is referred to as:

the blocking effect.

The psychological perspective identified with an attempt to understand learning in terms of hypothetical mental entities, such as expectancies, that can be inferred from observable behavior is:

the cognitive perspective.

Suppose Samuel reads an article in which the author argues that human marriage will always fail because human genes suit us for polygamy as much as for monogamy. This argument fails because it rests on:

the deterministic fallacy.

Jimmy's father is over-weight and eats fast food, chips, cookies and leaves fatty, salty snacks lying around the house. Jimmy has lived with his father, and only his father, for his entire life. Jimmy has a good chance of becoming over-weight because of:

the environment that surrounds him on a day to day basis.

[ch13] What potential explanation of Milgram's obedience results has NOT been supported by research?

the fact that the experimenter's behavior evoked aggression in the subject.

In most relationships, who is burdened with most of the costs associated with sexual reproduction?

the female

[ch13] The strategy of getting a potential customer to grant an initial small request, which prepares the customer psychologically to grant a subsequent larger request, is known as:

the foot-in-the-door technique.

What does a distal explanation of behavior aim to explain?

the functions of a behavior with regard to survival and reproduction.

Some early scientists argued that if a beaver's tail became flatter and wider as a result of constantly using it to slap mud onto dams, then the beaver could pass its relatively flat, wide tail to its offspring. This argument is called _____, and it has since become _____.

the inheritance of acquired characteristics; discredited.

Every time Richard gets an 'A' on an exam, his parents take him out for an expensive dinner. Whether or not they know the technical term for it, they are hoping to take advantage of _____ to get Richard to continue bringing home those 'As'.

the law of effect

In an experiment conducted by Gregory Razran, lemon juice was squirted into the mouth to condition college students to salivate to printed words such as style, urn, freeze, and surf. The finding of this study demonstrated that:

the meaning of a stimulus, not just its physical characteristics, can provide a basis for generalization in classical conditioning.

The obstacles to reproduction in natural selection are imposed by:

the natural environment

The term phenotype refers to:

the observable properties of the body and behavioral traits that are caused by both the environment and genes.

A child who genuinely enjoys playing the piano is given lavish praise for this activity by her parents. The parents may unwittingly be reducing the likelihood that she will play and changing the meaning that playing the piano represents, through:

the overjustification effect.

In an experiment, children who were given praise and certificates for drawing spent more time drawing than children who were not rewarded. Later, when no external rewards were available, these same children spent less time drawing than did the unrewarded children. This effect is called _____ effect.

the overjustification.

Spontaneous recovery occurs when _____ following extinction renews the conditioned reflex.

the passage of time.

Shaping is:

the process by which successively closer approximations to the desired response are reinforced until the desired response finally occurs and can be reinforced.

Generalization is best identified with the experiment involving:

the salivating dogs of Pavlov

According to research described in the text, which of the following pairs of human behaviors are believed to have separate evolutionary origins?

the smile of greeting and the smile of happiness.

[ch13] "Choking" under pressure occurs especially when:

the task has strong demands on working memory.

What is parental investment?

the time, energy, and risk that are involved with raising offspring.

Support for the expectancy theory of classical conditioning comes from research showing that conditioning occurs only, or at least mainly, when the new stimulus provides information that truly helps the animal predict the arrival of:

the unconditioned stimulus.

Terrie Moffitt has suggested that the early onset of puberty and the delayed acceptance into legitimate adult society in modern culture may lead to:

the unwanted side effect of adolescent recklessness and delinquency.

A researcher has conditioned a group of rats to freeze in response to a sound by presenting the sound just prior to electric shock. The rats then undergo new conditioning trials in which they are presented with both the sound and a light just prior to electric shock. Consistent with the expectation and prediction view of classical conditioning, the rats in a later test will freeze:

to the sound but not to the light.

Vasudharini regularly takes a prescription painkiller. She recently had to increase the dose to get the same effects. Vasudharini is experiencing drug _____, a decline in physiological and/or behavioral effects that occurs with some drugs taken repeatedly.

tolerance

Analogies in behavior among different species provide useful clues for:

understanding the evolutionary function of a species-typical behavior.

Natural selection has shaped the brains of omnivores to:

use smell and taste to distinguish known harmful foods from known harmless foods.

[ch13] One major criticism of the Milgram study revolved around:

validity

Some researchers study whether people diagnosed with a particular mental disorder are suffering in similar ways from similar causes. These researchers are evaluating the:

validity of the diagnostic category.

Many gambling systems (such as slot machines) are on _____ reinforcement schedules and this makes the gambling behavior highly resistant to extinction.

variable

In a _____ schedule, the period of time that must elapse before a response will be reinforced varies unpredictably around some average.

variable-interval.

An example of one type of schedule of reinforcement is:

variable-ratio

A _____ schedule occurs with a slot machine because winning does not occur every time, but only after an unpredictable number of responses.

variable-ratio.

With respect to the way people psychologically approach death, research supports the:

view that there is no universal approach to death

Which type of human play has NOT been observed in every culture studied?

violent play.

Research can help to assess the validity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders by determining:

whether or not diagnoses are helpful in predicting the course of the disorder and in deciding which treatments are helpful.

Drug relapse typically occurs when undergoing periods of:

withdrawal

"When members of a group set aside their own differences to work collectively towards defeating another group, this phenomenon is known as:" chp. 13

within-group solidarity.

Frank participated in an experiment in which an imperceptibly small movement of the hand eliminated an aversive sound for a few seconds. However, at the end of the study he did not know that his actions caused a reduction in the aversive sound. This illustrates that operant conditioning can occur:

without awareness.