PSY 1010 EXAM 4

31 A lie detector is used to monitor a personʼs:

Respiration

33 Fighting bacterial infections is to _____ as attacking viruses is to _____.

B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes

Cultural differences in emotion

Cultures differ in how much emotion they express and whether specific emotions are valued. Language also has a big part in expressing emotion

Ingroup bias

Favoring of our own group

31 In a crisis, the sympathetic nervous system of your ANS is highly adaptive because it prepares you for:

Fight or Flight

National Institute of Mental Health

Our mission is to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery, and cure."

Fundamental attribution error

Overestimating the influence of personal traits and underestimating the influence of the situation when explaining the behavior of others

Stereotypes

Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people

Example #1: Foot-in-the-door

People who first agree to a small request will find it easier to agree to a larger one applies to both positive and negative behavior

Ingroup

People with whom we share a common identity

what is agression

Physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically, emotionally, or socially

Cannon-Bard Theory

Physiological arousal and conscious awareness of an emotion happen simultaneously

36 ____________ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.

Prejudice

Pessimistic expectations

Problematic coping strategy and failed outcome

What is stress?

Processes by which we appraise and respond to stressors

Health Psychology

Psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

General Adaptation Syndrome (Phase 2)

RESISTANCE -designed to help body cope with stressor -temperature, blood pressure, & respiration rates are high -outpouring of stress hormones

Vivid examples

Remembering vivid examples that support an ingroup bias

What are self-conscious emotions?

- Appear during early childhood and are tied to one's sense of self - Shame, guilt, embarrassment, pride, envy

why do we have emotions?

- By motivating us to avoid or confront threats to our well-being and approach objects or activities that meet our needs. - By communicating our thoughts and needs to others.

What are basic emotions

- Present within the first year of life - Positive: happiness/joy - Negative: anger, disgust, sadness, fear - Neutral: interest and surprise

Non-verbal Emotional Expression

- body reactions - betrayal of emotion by the body

james lange theory

- physiological arousal comes before the experience of an emotion - Each emotion has a unique physiological response - Conscious experience of emotion comes from identifying our physiological response stimulus

three pillars of positive psychology

-positive well-being -positive character -communities -culture

31 Amelia has an ongoing disagreement with her husband about their 7-week-old infant. Amelia is certain that the baby can experience a wide variety of emotions. Her husband says young infants do not have that ability. Amelia is right, because according to Carroll Izard, people experience ________ basic emotions, most of which are present at infancy.

10

what diseases are pessimists more likely to develop?

2x as likely as optimists to develop heart disease

individualistic culture

A culture in which people believe that their primary responsibility is to themselves.

Optimistic expectations

A more effective response to stress and successful outcomes

What is an emotion?

A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience.

why are stress and physical health associated?

The immune system requires energy to track down and fight infections. tress creates a competing energy need.

Discrimination

Treating members of that group in an unjustified way

Prejudicial attitudes

Unjustified negative emotions toward members of that group

Behavioral Medicine

Using behavioral techniques to treat physical and mental health conditions.

Media

Violence in TV, movies, video games, and even song lyrics provide social scripts that people can learn to follow

Cognitive dissonance theory

W e experience discomfort (dissonance) when we become aware that our attitudes (cognitions) don't align with our actions

31 Who suggested that very similar physiological reactions are associated with a variety of different emotions?

Walter Cannon

Example #2: Conformity

Willfully adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Reason for conforming - To avoid rejection or to gain approval (normative social influence) - To be accurate (informational social influence)

32 Makayla is working on a project for her psychology class that involves reading people's emotional cues. She needs a partner on the project, and she thinks her best choice would be a female. Which research finding supports this choice?

Women surpass men at reading people's emotional cues.

35 The relationship between attitudes and actions can BEST be described as:

a two-way street: actions influence attitudes and attitudes affect actions.

General Adaptation Syndrome (Phase 1)

alarm reaction immobilize

36 Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that:

animals can be bred for aggressiveness.

Behavior feedback hypothesis

assumes that if we move our body as we would when experiencing some emotion we are likely to feel that emotion to some degree. ex) clenched fists, tense and rigid body will make you feel angry.

35 The ______________ indicates that, although we often cannot directly control all of our feelings, we can influence our feelings by changing our actions.

attitudes-follow-behavior principle

35 The mental process of inferring the causes of people's behavior is called _____.

attribution

example of non-verbal signals

body posture, gate, gestures, eye contact

35 This occurs MOST often when people are naturally analytical or involved in an issue.

central route persuasion

35 Computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop positive opinions about the products. This advertising strategy best illustrates:

central route persuasion.

What are Type A personalities?

characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility, are more susceptible to heart disease

35 In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the teacher was _____ the experimenter and _____ the learner.

close to; far from

35 Professor Thomas wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student, despite his doubts about her competence. After writing the letter, he began to develop a more favorable attitude toward the student's abilities. Which theory best explains why?

cognitive dissonance theory

35 Festinger is to Zimbardo as _____ is to _____.

cognitive dissonance; role playing

Explicit prejudice

conscious and expressed overtly

collectivist cultures

cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one's group is prized above individual goals and wishes

36 The fact that support for interracial dating has dramatically increased represents a(n) _____ in _____ prejudice

decrease; explicit

35 Your sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a joke to tell. The moment she walks into your house you start smiling, even before she says something funny. Your attitude is a result of all of the following EXCEPT:

deindividuation

36 People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrates the subtle nature of:

discrimination.

31 According to Carroll Izard, there are 10 basic emotions that humans experience and most of these are present during infancy. Which of the following is one of these basic emotions?

disgust

35 James usually does very well on tests, but he was up all night before his psychology midterm cleaning his flooded basement, and he therefore failed his exam. He tried to explain his situation to his teacher, but she thought that James' performance was caused by a tendency to avoid studying and she did not want to hear his excuse. The teacher incorrectly made a(n) _____ attribution about James' test performance.

dispositional

35 When behavior is ascribed to a person's relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particular way, this is a(n) _____attribution.

dispositional

what is the problems with emotions

emotions do not have unique biological signatures

Example #2: Social loafing

endency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal

36 Which of the following is NOT a biological influence for aggression?

environmental influences

35 According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that:

even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.

General Adaptation Syndrome (Phase 3)

exhaustion -resources have been depleted, body is especially vulnerable to illness and infection

schacter-singer theory

experience requires a conscious interpretation of arousal (Two factor theory)

interpersonal relationships

experiences within close relationships have a profound influence on the emotions we feel, express, and interpret...for better and for worse.

32 Researchers have found that people experience cartoons as more amusing while holding a pen with their teeth than while holding it with their lips. This best illustrates the:

facial feedback effect.

36 Studies have revealed diminished activity in the _____ in the brains of violent criminals.

frontal lobes

what diseases are type A personalities prone to?

heart disease due to high blood pressure

32 People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to:

how they interpret hand gestures, for example, the "A-OK" sign.

33 Macrophages are cells that:

identify, pursue, and attack harmful invaders in the body.

36 Prejudice is often:

implicit and automatic.

31 Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system _____ salivation and _____ blood pressure.

increases; decreases

35 in _____ cultures, people are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error, while in _____ cultures, they are less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error.

individualist; East Asian

Catastrophes

large-scale events that cause widespread damage to emotional and physical health

31 People with positive personalities are most likely to have greater activity in their:

left frontal lobe

31 Exuberant infants and alert, enthusiastic, and energetic adults are especially likely to show high levels of brain activity in the:

left frontal lobe.

36 Parents who discipline their children physically are often teaching aggression through the process of:

modeling

is all stress bad?

no, Moderately levels of stress can enhance immune system functioning

35 Conformity based on a desire for approval is called _____ social influence. Conformity based on the desire to be accurate is called _____ social influence.

normative; informational

32 A feigned smile:

often continues for more than 4 or 5 seconds.

35 In Asch's conformity experiments, researchers find that conformity to the group increases when all of the following occur EXCEPT:

one is made to feel insecure.

when encountering a challenge ... optimism

optimists feel capable of success

when encountering a challenge .... pessimism

pessimists expect things to go badly

36 The correlation between temperature and the likelihood that Major League Baseball batters will be hit by pitched balls is:

positive.

35 Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very unfriendly way for the purposes of the experiment concluded that her behavior:

reflected her personal disposition.

Learning

reinforcement and social modeling

What are Type B personalities?

relaxed, noncompetitive, and more tolerant of others

35 Mood linkage refers to:

sharing the moods of those around us.

35 Social facilitation is MOST likely to occur in the performance of _____ tasks.

simple, well-practiced

Implication

successes and misfortunes are thought to be deserved

35 In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when:

the "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders.

35 In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about:

the amount of shock the victim actually received.

32 When Lucy acts happy, she experiences increased feelings of cheerfulness. This best illustrates:

the behavior feedback effect.

35 Just hearing someone reading a neutral text in a sad voice creates "mood contagion" in listeners. This best illustrates:

the chameleon effect.

31 Although Gloria was almost hit by a bus, she is okay, and her parasympathetic system is responding accordingly. It is:

slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion.

36 Thomas enjoys watching violent pornography. When he goes out with a woman, he expects her to be submissive to his sexual demands; when he is turned down he becomes violent. Research done by social psychologists suggests that his beliefs are caused by _____, which are mental files for how to act.

social scripts

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next - Culture-of-honor" tradition

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Our mission is to create a world where every person has the opportunity to live a healthy, productive life."

Example #4: Group polarization

The enhancement of an individuals' prevailing inclinations through discussion with other people of a group who have similar beliefs

neural influences

Aggression more likely to occur after frontal lobe damage

The spill over effect

Arousal from one event can spill over and influence an emotional response to another situation

problem-focused coping

Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. (requires perceived sense of control)

emotion-focused coping

Attempting to reduce stress by attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction. occurs when stress seems uncontrollable

persuasion strategies: Peripheral Route

Based on attention-grabbing emotional cues and leads to temporary challenges

persuasion strategies: Central Route

Based on evidence and systematic arguments and leads to enduring challenges

Belief in a just world

Belief that good is rewarded and evil is punished

Scapegoating

Blaming members of a minority group for a problem - Helps people feel secure by supporting a just world belief - Provides a target for feelings of fear and anger

31 Evidence that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity with which people experience certain emotions most directly refutes the:

Cannon-Bard Theory

Genes

Certain genes predict aggressive behavior but weakly

36 Kaden, age 19, is a Black, female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Kaden is most likely to perceive most:

Chinese people as looking pretty much alike.

The Stanford Prison Experiment

College students were randomly assigned to be "prisoners" or "guards" for a research study. Over the course of the study, students assumed the behavior of their roles.

31 The assistant chief of police has decided to use a variation of a polygraph test on a suspect and will assess the suspect's physiological responses to a series of very specific crime-scene details, known only to the police and the perpetrator of the crime. This is known as the:

Concealed Information Test.

what is considered a stressor?

Daily hassles and social stress

Zajonc and LeDoux Theory

Dual-processing theory: basic emotional responses can be processed... - Consciously via the cortex ("high road") - Unconsciously via the amygdala ("low road")

31 Cannon-Bard

Emotion-arousing stimuli trigger our bodily responses and simultaneous subjective experience.

31 James Lange

Emotions arise from our awareness of our specific bodily responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

What is a stressor?

Events that are perceived as threatening or challenge

Group biases

Evolution prepares people to identify with a group

how are stress and physical health associated?

Experiencing chronically high levels of stress is associated with poor physical health outcomes

adaptation level phenomenon

Happiness is relative to our expectations, which are based on our prior experiences

31 Marshall was involved in a traumatic head injury that damaged the right frontal lobe of his brain. Based on the textbook's discussion, Marshall may experience which emotional change?

He may be less irritable and more affectionate.

how do you determine a stress response?

How people appraise the stressor, rather than the stressor itself, is what determines the stress response

what does chronic stress trigger?

Inflammation, in turn, increases risk of heart disease and depression

Unconscious patronization

Inflated praise and insufficient criticism when evaluating performance of members of a different group. based on lower expectations for members of that group

facial feedback hypothesis

Inspired by the James-Lange theory of emotion, Facial expressions trigger emotional feelings by signaling our body to respond accordingly

32 Some people are better at detecting other people's emotions. For example, shown a 2-second scene of an upset woman, people who are _____________ are better able to detect her emotion.

Introverted

31 As Theresa was riding her bicycle down a hill, she hit a large rock and started to lose her balance. She managed to come to a stop without falling, but noticed her heart was racing and she was shaking. After that, she realized she was frightened. Which theory of emotion best explains this sequence of events?

James-Lange theory

Aversive events

Leads to frustration, which leads to anger, which can lead to aggression (frustration-aggression principle)

35 Which of the following researchers proposed cognitive dissonance theory?

Leon Festinger

Example #5: Groupthink

Occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

31 Who says that we actually have many emotional reactions apart from, or even before, our interpretation of a situation

Robert Zajonc

Example #1: Social contagion

Tendency to automatically mimic the behavior (chameleon effect) and emotions (mood linkage). Helps us to understand and empathize with others

Biochemical influences

Testosterone influences the neural systems involved with aggression

role

a set of expectations defining how a person in the position ought to behave.

Example #3: Deindividuation

The loss of self-restraint occurring in situations that produce arousal and anonymity

Psychoneuro-immunology

The study of how psychological and neural processes affect the immune system

31 In response to various stressors, ________ increase(s) your heart rate and respiration.

The sympathetic nervous system

31 Nikolas is suspected of a crime and is asked to take a polygraph test. Although he is innocent, what are the chances that he will be falsely accused?

These tests err about one-third of the time.

35 Which of the following does NOT occur when people act as part of a group?

They underestimate their own contributions.

Outgroup

Those perceived as different or apart from our group

32 Which statement is TRUE of feigned smiles?

Those smiles are often switched on and off abruptly.

31 Emotion researchers have disagreed about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of cognitive processing. How would you characterize the approach of each of the following researchers: Zajonc, LeDoux, Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer?

Zajonc and LeDoux suggested that we experience some emotions without any conscious, cognitive appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer emphasized importance of appraisal and cognitive labeling in our experience of emotion

36 Discrimination is a negative ___________.

behavior

36 Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with anti-gay attitudes?

being female

relative deprivation principle

happiness is relative to others around us

Example #2: Roles

initially, our behavior in a new role often feels inauthentic. Over time, these behaviors become part of our identity.

types of perceived control

internal locus of control and external locus of control

31 Carroll Izard says that love:

is a mixture of joy and interest-excitement.

31 We sometimes interpret our arousal before experiencing a complex emotional reaction such as hatred. Such complex emotional reactions follow a neural pathway from:

the thalamus to the cerebral cortex to the amygdala.

35 Researchers asked homeowners for permission to install a large, poorly lettered sign in their front yards. Only 17 percent of the homeowners consented. Researchers then approached different homeowners and asked if they could post a small, neatly lettered sign. Nearly all agreed. Then, when asked two weeks later if they could post the large, ugly sign, 76 percent of this second group consented. The results of this experiment support:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

36 When temperatures go up in summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is best explained in terms of:

the frustration-aggression principle.

35 Natasha thinks her professor's strict class attendance policy is an indication of her overly controlling personality, not a necessity given that the class meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates:

the fundamental attribution error.

32 The facial expressions associated with some emotions are generally:

the same throughout the world.

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

31 Ava looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. She immediately feels her heart start to pound. She is confused by this response until she remembers her last experience on a Ferris wheel. During that experience, the wind started to blow, the seats began to rock, and she thought she was going to die. Ava realizes her heart is pounding because she is afraid. Which theory BEST explains this sequence of events?

the two-factor theory

Significant life changes

transitions in one's personal life

Implicit prejudice

unconscious, automatic, expressed subtly

learned helplessness

uncontrollable stressful events, perceived lack of control, and generalized helpless behavior

36 Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pyreneans were arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by Pyreneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of:

vivid cases.

36 Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) is sometimes called the ________ gene.

warrior