PSY 212 Chapter 4: Ethics

What is the Principle of Beneficence?

an ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to promote participants' well-being. [page 92]

Which two principles are included in the APA Ethical Principles and not in the Belmont Report? 1. Integrity; Fidelity and Responsibility 2. Justice; Beneficence and Nonmaleficence 3. Justice; Respect for People's Rights and Dignity 4. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity; Beneficence and Nonmaleficence

1. Integrity; Fidelity and Responsibility Table 4.1 Comparison of the Belmont Report's Basic Principles and the APA's Five General Principles—While the names are slightly different, beneficence, justice and respect for persons are shared and integrity and fidelity and responsibility are only in the APA's Principles.

Which of the following is not one of the categories of ethical violations illustrated by the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? 1. There was a failure to obtain approval from the Institutional Review Board before beginning the study. 2. The participants were not treated respectfully. 3. A disadvantaged group was targeted. 4. The participants were harmed.

1. There was a failure to obtain approval from the Institutional Review Board before beginning the study. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: An Example of Three Major Ethics Violations—The study was started in 1932, long before Instructional Review Boards came into existence in 1974-1976.

Which of the following is not needed by a participant in order to give informed consent to participate in a research study? 1. knowledge of the participants in the study 2. knowledge of the research study 3. knowledge of the risks of the study 4. knowledge of the benefits of the study

1. knowledge of the participants in the study The Principle of Respect for Persons —Informed consent requires that participants agree to participate after being told about the study and its risks and benefits.

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. From schools near his university, two groups of low-income Hispanic children are assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Which of the Belmont Report Principles is violated by his choice of participants? 1. Principle of Respect for Persons 2. Principle of Justice 3. Principle of Beneficence 4. Principle of Integrity

2. Principle of Justice The Principle of Justice—Using low-income Hispanic children means this one group bears an undue burden of risk. All children stand to benefit from the results, not just this group.

If researchers suggest that participants who do not participate in a research study will suffer negative consequences, it is: 1. autonomy. 2. coercion. 3. failing to provide special protection. 4. a debriefing failure.

2. coercion The Principle of Respect for Persons—As part of treating a participant as an autonomous agent, a researcher may not use pressure to elicit participation.

In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug? 1. Informed Consent 2. Justice 3. Beneficence 4. Respect for Persons

3. Beneficence The Principle of Beneficence—To conform to the principle of beneficence, researchers must ensure participants' well-being and may not withhold treatments that are known to be beneficial to study participants.

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. From schools near his university, two groups of low-income Hispanic children are assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. To assure good participation, the participants are offered a chance to win a family trip to a major theme park. Which of the principles of the Belmont Report is violated by this incentive? 1. Beneficence 2. Fidelity and Responsibility 3. Respect for Persons 4. Justice

3. Respect for Persons The Principle of Respect for Persons—Children are entitled to special protection as they are unable to give autonomous consent and the incentive is so attractive it is coercive.

Which of the following is not one of the "three R's" provided by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals? 1. reduction 2. replacement 3. restoration 4. refinement

3. restoration Animal Research (Standard 8.09)—The "three R's" concern finding alternatives to animals in research (replacement), a minimization of animal distress (refinement), and finding a way to use the fewest animals possible (reduction).

Which of the following is not a layer of guidance for a researcher at a university? 1. federal laws 2. institutional policies 3. the Geneva Conventions 4. abstract ethical guidelines

3. the Geneva conventions The Belmont Report: Principles and Applications —The Geneva Conventions concern treatment of victims of wars, whereas the other choices apply to researchers at a university

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. From schools near his university, two groups of low-income Hispanic children are assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Some children have committed crimes after regularly playing violent video games. Which principle of the Belmont Report was violated when the researcher didn't consider this possible connection to crimes in planning the study? 1. Integrity 2. Justice 3. Respect for Persons 4. Beneficence

4. Beneficence The Principle of Beneficence—The principle of beneficence requires that the researcher consider risks and benefits before beginning a study. This study could pose a risk to the children based on previous studies.

Which principle from the Belmont Report and the APA's Ethical Principles do animal rights activists draw upon to argue against the use of animals in experiments? 1. Respect for Persons 2. Beneficence 3. Integrity 4. Justice

4. Justice Attitudes of Animal Rights Groups—The argument is that the principle of justice requires that the research participants be drawn from the population that will benefit from the research; using animals in research for the benefit of humans violates this principle.

In order to study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle from the Belmont Report? 1. Respect for Persons 2. Beneficence 3. Special Protection 4. Justice

4. Justice The Principle of Justice—The principle of justice requires a fair balance between people who participate in research and the people who benefit from it.

Which of the following is not a required member of any institutional review board (IRB)? 1. a scientist 2. a community member with no ties to the institution 3. someone with academic interests outside the sciences 4. faculty member of the department the research was conducted in

4. faculty member of the department the research was a part of I made it up.

Which of the following groups are not recognized in the Belmont Report as entitled to special protection? 1. children 2. people with intellectual or developmental disabilities 3. prisoners 4. paid participants

4. paid participants The Principle of Respect for Persons—While the Belmont Report does recognize that undue influence would occur if there was an incentive too attractive to refuse, it does not include paid participants as a special group.

Which of the following are two ethical issues raised by Milgram's studies of obedience? A. the pain of the electrical shocks experienced by the learners and the stress experienced by the teachers B. the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers C. the distress felt by the experimenter who had to order the teacher to shock the learner and the pain of the electric shocks experienced by the learners D. targeting of a disadvantaged group and the disrespectful treatment of participants

B. the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers The Milgram Studies: An Example of the Ethical Balance—The two big issues were that the participants showed signs of great stress and they may have suffered aftereffects that weren't addressed.