PSY EXAM 2
Based on research from cognitive neuroscience, which scenario is true?
A researcher can tell that Julie is looking at a telephone based on cortical activation patterns.
The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____.
Albert Bandura; observational learning
Monkeys who were reared apart from their mothers and exposed to high levels of aggression showed greater aggression as adults. This is evidence for the _____ transmission of aggression.
Enviornmental
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ and are believed to be the neural basis for observational learning
Frontal Lobe
In Laurie's psychology laboratory she and her lab partner conditioned a rat to press a lever for food when a red light was on, but discovered that the rat would also press the lever when a white light was on. Laurie and her partner reported that the rat had exhibited.
Generalization
The idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by _____.
Keller and Marian Breland
Sally was asked the question: "Did Uncle Al touch your private parts?" This later became a false memory and Uncle Al was wrongly prosecuted. The problem with the question was that it was _____.
Leading
Your friend was in a car accident in which his heart stopped briefly and he had to be resuscitated. He informs you that he had a near-death experience. How likely are you to believe him?
Likely because approximately to 15% of people who experience cardiac arrest recall near-death experiences.
Which of the following drugs are powerfully addictive chemicals that stimulate the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes and that, over time, appear to reduce baseline dopamine levels?
amphetamines
Michael remembers a dream in which a car was parked in front of his house and a woman with a basketball kept getting in and out of the car. According to Sigmund Freud's theory, the specific dream details that Michael remembers are the _____ content.
Manifest
According to B. F. Skinner, which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the best method for reducing an undesirable behavior?
Mark is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for disrupting class.
When light dims, it increases the human body's production of _____, the hormone associated with sleep
Melatonin
Which of the following is an UNTRUE statement about college students and drug use?
Membership in fraternities or sororities does not influence consumption of alcohol.
Cocaine is powerful stimulant that can produce increased levels of aggressive behavior. A research team interested in studying this effect hypothesizes that participants who are given cocaine will show higher levels of aggression than participants who are not given cocaine. In the experiment, which of the following findings would support their hypothesis?
Men who were given cocaine were MORE likely to punish a pseudo-participant.
When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as the _____ effect.
Misinformation
Yancy was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than a young adult. Yancy's experience best illustrates the _____ effect.
Misinformation
Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her dog. Mia was _____ her mother's behavior that she acquired through observational learning.
Modeling
Emotions produce opposing emotions, which tend to linger after the original emotion disappears. With that in mind, which of the following patterns can explain both tolerance and withdrawal?
More of the drug is needed for the desired effect, which causes a worsening of aftereffects in the absence of the drug.
One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how psychology could be based on _____ methods.
Objective
Whenever Mark tries to recall his new cell phone number, he keeps getting it mixed up with his old cell phone number. Mark's failure to remember his new phone number is probably caused by _____ interference.
Proactive
_____ occurs when something you learned previously interferes with your recall of something you learn later.
Proactive interference
Studying for her final exams, Natividad is forced to do a great deal of memorization. Unfortunately, her next-door neighbor has a dog that barks at night. The dog's barking coincides almost precisely with Natividad's REM sleep cycle, interrupting her ability to dream. Natividad does poorly on her exams. According to the information-processing theory of dreams, an explanation for her poor performance is that the barking interfered with her REM sleep, which interfered with her ability to _____ memories.
Process
_____ can inadvertently be created when hypnosis is used to aid recall.
Pseudomemori
When Maria goes into the bedroom to check on the child she is babysitting, she observes that his eyes are rapidly moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. The baby is also lying very still. It is likely that he is experiencing _____.
REM Sleep
To ensure she gets the most she can out of her cruise vacation, Natasha stays up late every night while on the cruise. She tries to sleep during the day, but her cabin is too noisy, and she suffers from REM sleep deprivation. Natasha can expect to experience REM _____ during her first several nights back home.
Rebound
Which statement about the effectiveness of hypnosis is false?
Research supports the claim that hypnosis cannot reduce the experience of pain.
In a 1972 classical conditioning study, _____ showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event.
Robert Rescorla
Roger went to see his doctor with complaints of erectile dysfunction (ED). His doctor has him participate in a sleep disorder study to determine the cause of his ED. The cause of his ED was determined to be psychological. How?
Roger became fully aroused during REM sleep.
The fact that drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone illustrates the impact of _____.
Selective Attention
Change blindness is an example of _____.
Selective attention
Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of _____ encoding.
Semantic
Marge just discovered that she needs to go on morphine after a car accident left her in pain. How nervous should she be at the possibility of becoming addicted?
She should be somewhat nervous as about 10% of people have difficulty stopping taking any psychoactive drug.
To lose weight, a woman goes to a therapist who practices hypnosis. At her first appointment, she is successfully hypnotized and is very excited at the prospect of achieving her weight-loss goals. The day after she is hypnotized, her husband tells her that she is just being gullible. At her second appointment, she is unable to be hypnotized. According to social-influence theory, which of the following BEST explains this change?
She was reacting to her husband's negative comment concerning hypnosis.
A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for more than three hours! Though generally not claustrophobic, after two hours she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is most likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?
Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even as the next hand will be his winning one. This is a(n) _____-ratio schedule
Variable
Which of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory?
You remember exactly what you were doing when you heard about the attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001.
Of the following teenage girls, which do you think might be most at risk for drug abuse?
a 15-year-old girl who has a history of physical abuse and depression
Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.
association; imitation
We _____ process information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, we encode the place on a page where certain material appears.
automatically
During commencement, a parent sat waiting for his child's name to be called. He failed to realize that the person initially reading off the graduate names left and that a new person was now reading. This scenario illustrates:
change deafness.
When asked to memorize the 15 letters C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganized them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic called:
chunking
Lightning is associated with thunder and regularly precedes it. Thus, when we see lightning, we often anticipate that we will hear thunder soon afterward. This is an example of _____ conditioning.
classical
Montell was rushed to the emergency room because he had convulsions and went into cardiac arrest after trying:
cocaine.
Our memory of facts and experiences that we consciously know and can easily recite is known as:
explicit memory
Mr. Nydam suffers amnesia and is unable to remember playing golf on a particular course. However, the longer he plays the course, the more his game improves. His experience illustrates the difference in:
explicit memory and implicit memory
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the conditioned response (CR).
fear of the white rat
During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.
fixed-interval
Shaping is a method used by Skinner to:
guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.
John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of _____ behavior.
habitual
A researcher is interested in studying hypnosis, but she only wants to include people with high hypnotic ability. She should choose study participants who:
have rich fantasy lives.
All of the following are ways a person could experience a mystical experience EXCEPT:
having a parietal lobe seizure.
Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:
helps us to understand how memory works.
Lara is trying to remember events from her life at 18 months of age. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely caused by the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.
hippocampus
Having read a story once, certain amnesia victims will read it faster the second time even though they can't recall having seen the story before. They have most likely suffered damage to the:
hippocampus.
Shortly after going to bed, some people claim to have been abducted by space aliens. These people commonly recall floating off their beds. It is most likely that they have incorporated _____ into their memories.
hypnagogic sensations
Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis would suggest that:
hypnotized subjects are people caught up in playing the role of hypnotic subject for the hypnotist.
Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This _____ provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image that lasts only a few tenths of a second.
iconic memory
This occurs partly because visualizing something and actually perceiving it activate similar brain areas.
imagination inflation
Juan easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop for the reward of food, but could not get his cat to fetch a ball and return the ball to him. The cat would chase the ball but use his paws to roll the ball so he could chase the ball again. The reason the cat had difficulties with fetching the ball was because of:
instinctive drift.
Latent learning is:
learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.
Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?
lemonade with the immune-enhancing drug
John has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. While he is quite forgetful, he is still able to recall events from his teenage and young adult years. His _____ is still intact.
long-term memory
Dawn has a friend with numerous personal problems. He knows she is studying psychology, and he asks her opinion on hypnosis. Dawn tells him that treatment with hypnosis is MOST likely to help him:
lose weight.
Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as:
mood-congruent memory.
When people get depressed, they are often flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. This experience best illustrates:
mood-congruent memory.
Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience best illustrates:
mood-congruent memory.
Aaron went to school one day with his zipper down. He considers it his most embarrassing moment ever and would rather forget that the event ever occurred. Aaron is exhibiting:
motivated forgetting.
The cognitive processes in _____ involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement.
operant conditioning
At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "a" or "b" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates:
operant conditioning.
The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be _____.
retrieval cues
When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. The bits of information connected with the target information are known as:
retrieval cues
Whenever Tamika tries to talk on the telephone, her 10-year-old son Jamal repeatedly interrupts her. If Tamika wanted to use operant conditioning principles to successfully alleviate the behavior, the most efficient response would be to:
reward Jamal for not interrupting her during a phone call.
In an experiment, hypnotized subjects are told to scratch their ears every time they hear the word "psychology." The results indicate that they do this only when they think the experiment is still under way. These findings most clearly support the theory that hypnosis involves:
role playing.
Although _____ is rich and detailed, we lose the information in it quickly unless we use certain strategies that transfer it into other memory systems.
sensory memory
When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses.
serotonin
Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates:
source amnesia.
Walid has been working 70-hour work weeks and has been getting his days and nights mixed up as well as having trouble separating his dreams from reality. Just yesterday, he thought a project had been completed, but in reality it was only a dream. This problem is known as:
source amnesia.
According to Darwin's principle of natural selection and Garcia's later work, taste aversions increase the likelihood of _____ in humans and other animals.
survival
Patients who have experienced _____ seizures have reported profound mystical experiences, sometimes similar to those of near-death experiences.
temporal lobe
As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called "911" to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeated this story several times, until her brother really imagines dialing the phone. This is an example of:
imagination inflation.
The violence-viewing effect, with respect to television viewing, seems to stem from at least two factors: _____ and _____.
imitation; desensitization
Our unconscious capacity for learning how to do something is known as:
implicit memory.
Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two years old, yet the rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail. Her inability to remember this event is known as:
infantile amnesia.
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the function of mirror neurons?
Our brain's mirror neurons underlie our intensely social nature.
Many people who are hypnotized can:
overcome pain.
According to the World Health Organization, approximately how many people suffer from addiction?
90 million
Which of the following is NOT a way to improve memory?
minimize retrieval cues
Studies show that a significant number of children who are victims of child abuse become child abusers themselves. This unfortunate tendency is learned through observational learning and the area of the brain that models this behavior involves the _____.
mirror neurons
In a study conducted by Singer et al. (2004) that utilized an fMRI, the pain imagined by an empathic romantic partner triggered some of the same brain activity experienced by the loved one actually having the pain. This study demonstrated that empathy is a function of:
mirror neurons.
In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll.
much more likely
Michael is busy with the work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of:
negative reinforcement.
Which sleep disorder is most likely to be accompanied by sleepwalking and sleep talking?
night terrors
If Jamal wanted to train his dog to sit and lay down when he commanded the behavior, which of the following types of conditioning should he utilize to train his dog?
operant conditioning
Our ability to recognize material can make us feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.
overconfident
Which of the following will you most likely store as an implicit memory?
your conditioned fear of guns
One reason our memories fail is because of problems with information:
encoding
David, a Las Vegas magician, recruits volunteers from the audience for his new hypnosis trick. According to research on susceptibility to hypnosis, what percentage of the audience will be excellent candidates for hypnosis?
20 percent
Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize _____ percent of the slides they had seen before.
90
Jake just started first grade and is very disruptive. He constantly interrupts others and usually blurts out an answer to the teacher's question before it is completely asked. His _____ traits make it more likely he will abuse later.
Biological
Collin stays up very late most Saturday nights. He finds Monday mornings difficult because he often sleeps until noon on Sunday and has trouble going to sleep at a reasonable time on Sunday night. What advice would you give him to help him with his Monday morning problem?
Collin should try to maintain the same bedtime throughout the week.
Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n) _____.
Conditioned Response
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the classical conditioning principle called the _____.
Conditioned response
Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is the _____.
Crying
______ has been used as an explanation for hypnotic pain relief.
Dissociation
Tyler has just been released from a drug rehabilitation center where he was treated for heroin addiction. His therapist recommended that he stay away from old drug-related associates and places where he used the drug. Studies show this is a wise recommendation. Why?
He will experience the craving for drugs when in these situations due to classical conditioning.
While at a comedy club, Rebekah sees a hypnotized man follow a hypnotic suggestion to stand still on one leg (like a flamingo) for five minutes. What does Rebekah know about that man when he's NOT hypnotized?
He would be able to perform the same feat.
Jake just started first grade and is very disruptive. He constantly interrupts others and usually blurts out an answer to the teacher's question before it is completely asked. Why is he at risk for drug dependency as a teenager?
His genetic traits make it more likely he will abuse later.
_____ is considered by some people to be no more than a social interaction, during which one person suggests to another person that various feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will occur spontaneously.
Hypnotism
Jim and Laurie hosted some friends over for a cook-out. One of the visiting couples had a 3-year old daughter, Bethany, who was playing with Jim and Laurie's 3-year-old-daughter, Kirsten. While the food was being set out Bethany noticed some cookies were being placed on the table and requested a cookie. Bethany's parents refused, which caused Bethany to throw a tantrum. Bethany's parents gave her a cookie so she would stop the tantrum. All of this took place while Kirsten was watching. The next day Jim and Laurie were preparing dinner and Kirsten requested a cookie and she was told she could have a cookie, but not until after dinner. Kirsten then proceeded to throw a tantrum, which she had never done before. Kirsten's behavior is an example of _____ learning.
Observational
Lana is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Lana as a "patient." Lana and her class are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of _____.
Observational learning
_____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant; respondent
Without fail, when you are talking to your best friend about something important, she continues to check her smart phone and watch for people she knows. Her behavior is evidence of _____.
Parallel processing
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning
Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.
Reggie has asthma. He wants to find a way to control his asthma without always relying on his rescue inhaler. He visits a hypnotherapist and within a month is less reliant on his inhaler because of the _____ suggestions.
Post hypnotic
Which of the following best describes the typical forgetting curve?
a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter
If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:
biological predispositions.
Psychologist John Garcia found that rats did not learn to associate a taste with flashing lights and noise. However, rats do learn to associate a taste with getting ill. Which of the following concepts best accounts for this observation?
biological preparedness
Dr. Brooks has a client who suffers from substance abuse. In therapy, she suggests that his abusive home environment, limited sense of life purpose, and deficient dopamine reward circuits might account for his abuse. Dr. Brooks is most clearly using a(n) _____ approach to understanding addictive behaviors.
biopsychosocial
Hilgard's dissociation theory of hypnosis:
contends that hypnosis is a special state of consciousness.
It has been demonstrated that professional psychologists who specialize in interviewing children :
could not tell real memories from fake, nor could the children.
Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by:
decreasing the amount time spent in REM sleep.
Nicotine triggers a(n) _____ in anxiety and an increase in mental alertness.
decrese
At a loud party, Maggie met so many new people that when she ran into one of her new acquaintances on campus the next day, she was unable to remember her name. The most likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquaintance is called _____.
interference
Echoic sensory memory:
lasts longer than visual sensory memory.
Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called:
latent learning.
Jane has asthma. She wants to find a way to control her asthma without always relying on her rescue inhaler. She visits a hypnotherapist and within a month is less reliant on her inhaler because of the _____ suggestions.
posthypnotic
Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test their:
recall
In a series of experiments conducted by Elliot and Niesta (2008) in which subjects were shown photographs of women that controlled for other factors (such as the brightness of the image), men (but not women) found women more attractive and sexually desirable when framed in the color:
red
Hermann Ebbinghaus found that the more times he practiced the nonsense syllables on Day 1, the fewer repetitions he needed to relearn the information on Day 2 because he had increased his:
rehearsal time
One way to test memory is to check the speed of _____ for things that we once learned but have since forgotten.
relearning
According to Ader and Cohen (1985) classical conditioning even works on the body's disease-fighting immune system. According to this research which of the following would be the most likely to produce this response?
repeated pairing of coffee with the immune enhancing drug
Mrs. McBride cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates _____.
repression
Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?
the bee sting
You are at a large party with lots of music and conversations going on simultaneously. While talking to a friend of yours about their latest romantic break-up, you hear your name spoken from the other side of the room. You immediately look in the direction of the voice to see the person who spoke your name while conversing with another person. Your ability to detect your name being spoken in this situation is an example of:
the cocktail party effect.
Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider:
the context in which learning occurred.
One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how
the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
Four-year-old Katie observed Maggie, two years younger, begin to cry when she fell down. Katie immediately ran over to Maggie and patted her on the back and told her everything would be alright. She even began to cry herself. Katie's ability to infer Maggie's mental and emotional state is an example of:
theory of mind.
B.F. Skinner believed that external influences, not _____, shape animal and human behavior.
thoughts
In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
unconditioned response (UR)
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The chemotherapy is the:
unconditioned stimulus.
