PSY-PC 1250 Exam 2
By what age (roughly) is social referencing well established?
10 to 12 months
Is attachment behavior consistent across different countries and cultures?
no
Was da and pa conclusive?
no
12-24 month old difficulties retrieving hidden toys
none
VOT
Voice onset time, time between onset of consonant and vocal cord vibration signaling a vowel
Co-construction
Vygotsky, children construct knowledge with the assistance of others.
Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky, the distance between actual development and potential development that can be reached with the help of an adult.
10 to 13 month transition
Walking and growing sense of self. Marked by walking and driving towards independence. Appear elated, begin to express pride-based emotions
Autism spectrum disorder
A group of developmental disorders that may be marked by deficits in social interaction, communication, and imagination as well as repetitive and restricted interests and behaviors. Dysfunction in processing social information.
Language acquisition device
A hypothetical (*internal*) brain mechanism proposed to explain human acquisition of the syntactic structure of language
Language activation device (LAD)
A hypothetical brain mechanism proposed to explain human acquisition of the syntactic structure of language.
Constructivism
A view that children construct knowledge through interaction with objects and others
Violation-of-expectation method
A visual preference research method that assesses infants' ability to distinguish between expected and unexpected events. Also measures looking times, more attention on the correct event = baby cognition.
Working memory
The part of the short-term memory system that holds information for a short time while you are working to encode it
emotional regulation
The process of adjusting internal feeling states in order to achieve goals.
Crawling reflex
When the infant is placed on her stomach, her legs and arms move in a crawling motion.
Visual sensory register size
1/20 second
Pre-reaching infant age
Around 4 months(?)
Where is complex syntax processed?
Broca's area
Soma
Cell body
All in this together
Cognitive, Social, and emotional capacities are intertwined
Information processing changes from 3 to 5 years of age
Encoding, storing, and retrieving processes more effective and efficient.
Implication for preschool classrooms
P. 319
Da and pa 4 questions
What are the authors studying?
Do languages share the same set of phonemes?
no
Sally-Anne Task Age Threshold
4 years old
Get it Right Early
Plasticity is maximal in early childhood
Encoding
Paying attention to sensory information then forming an internal representation of it
Hippocampus
Important for certain types of learning and memory.
Strange situation procedure
(1) Parent and infant are introduced to the experimental room. (2) Parent and infant are alone in the room. (3) A stranger joins them. (4) The parent leaves the infant alone with the stranger. (5) The parent returns and the stranger leaves (reunion). (6) The parent leaves, and the infant is completely alone. (7) The stranger returns. (8) The parent returns, and the stranger leaves (reunion). The researchers observing the procedure are interested in how the infant responds to these comings and goings.
Primary Intersubjectivity age
1-6 months
Rough age for toilet training
18 to 24 months start, end at age 3
Scanning in 2-week olds vs. 12 week olds
2 week olds become fixated on one point and look around it while 12 week olds can quickly look to edges of objects, find its shape. Even notice video camera.
Auditory sensory register size
2-3 seconds
Baillergeon's Floating Box results
3 month olds only interested in the magical variation, 3.5 month olds unstartled by magical variation because they see the finger-box complex as one solid object. 3.5 months olds able to generate an explanation.
Class inclusion task
A description of objects or terms in which a smaller set can be conceptually grouped within a larger set. For example, grouping a set of books into "fiction" and "nonfiction" and comparing two subgroups.
Around what age do children surpass the rule shift test?
4 years
Kuhl, 2011 phonemes v time in 10-12 months olds
5 hours of interacting with a native speaker. Groups got English speaker, Chinese speaker, TV recording of English speaker. Which groups will recover their ability to hear phonemes. VIEW SLIDES
Mean Kitty, Nice Kitty
Demonstrates basic moral reasoning in babies. A puppy tries to open a box and one kitty helps while one hinders. Babies prefer playing with the helping kitty puppet.
Secondary Intersubjectivity age
7-12 months
Card sorting test results
70% 3-4 year olds fail, 70% of 5 year olds succeed. Not related to vocabulary or impulsivity, linked to cognitive capacity.
Horizontal decalage
A Piagetian term that means to understand some aspects of conservation before others
Robert Fantz (1960ish)
Developed methods to explore infants' preferences
Code switching
A form of language alternation based on context
fMRI
A form of magnetic resonance imaging that registers blood flow, shows which areas of the brain are active (and using blood)
Strange Situation procedure
A laboratory procedure designed by Mary Ainsworth to capture individual differences in attachment; it involves separating infants and toddlers from their caregivers for brief periods and observing their responses when the caregivers return.
Mean Monkey Experiment
A mean monkey puppet doesn't care if a child is happy or sad. He is said to take the sticker that the child wants. The child has a chance to tell the monkey which sticker he wants and can either lie (fooling the monkey) or get the worse sticker
Attachment Q-sort (AQS)
A measure of attachment behavior that can be used in clinic or home settings; consists of a series of 75, 90, or 100 cards, each describing a specific behavioral characteristic of children between 12 and 48 months
Guided participation
A process by which children actively acquire new skills and problem-solving capabilities through their participation in meaningful activities alongside more experienced individuals
Fast mapping
A process by which children learn a new word rapidly by forming a quick guess about its meaning. Main strategy for expanding vocabulary.
Fast mapping
A process by which children rapidly expand their vocabulary by forming quick, reasonable guesses about a word's meaning. They rule out possibilities and factor in context to aid these guesses. Influenced by social context
Digit recall test
A researcher might say five numbers to a child and ask the child to repeat them after a short delay. The number of digits corresponds to the number of items in working memory.
Anterior cingulate cortex
A separate structure that wraps around the corpus callosum, intergasates motor cognitive and emotional processes and helps balance thought and impulse
Visual cliff + maternal facial expressions
Babies acted based on mother's emotions
Infant-directed speech
A special way of speaking that caretakers use towards infants. Careful pronunciation, clow pacing, exaggerated intonation, short sentences, and repetition
child-directed speech
A style of speech typically used with infants, characterized by a higher-than-normal pitch, exaggerated intonation and rhythm, and simplified structure; also called motherese or parentese.
neo-Piagetian
A term given to develop- mental psychologists who elaborate on Piaget's theory by giving attention to additional aspects of cognition-like memory
Theory of Mind
A theory about how mental states (beliefs, desires, intentions, etc.) guide behavior. We can use information from others' points of view to predict or understand their actions and reactions.
discrete emotions theory
A theory holding that people are born with a group of core emotions whose expression and recognition is fundamentally the same for all individuals in all cultures. These emotions are distinct from one another from a very young age, and each has its own neural, physiological, behavioral, and expressive features.
dynamic systems theory
A theory that describes motor development as a complex system of mutually interacting components in continuous interaction with each other
Mean Monkey Experiment Age Threshold
About 4-5 years old
Information processing theory
Add figure 9.5 to the study sheet. You know the model, in this textbook executive functioning is on top. Page 324
Clear-cut attachment phase and age range
Babies become solidly attached to their caregivers, and separation anxiety emerges. They also exhibit stranger anxiety in the presence of unfamiliar people. They can now crawl and walk, so they are able to actively seek proximity to chosen caregivers. They use caregivers as a secure base from which to explore their environment. 6-8 months to 18-24 months.
Phoneme detection and plasticity
Babies gain and lose recognition of phonemes as the brain matures
Erickson stage 2
Ages 1 to 3, involves a struggle between autonomy and shame/doubt. Need independence to play/explore on their own
Three (important) principles of attachment
Alarm of some kind stemming from an internal source (such as pain) or an external source (such as a loss of contact with a caregiver), activates the "attachment behavioral system"; once the system is activated the infant is motivated to seek out soothing physical contact with the "attachment figure"; if the infant's attempt succeeds the system deactivates, infant is soothed, and play exploration can resume big if no attachment figure is found the infant experiences extreme arousal and anxiety
Kuhl 2011 Chinese language experiment
All in this together message - children only able to learn Chinese phonemes from an in-person instructor.
Object exploration approach
An approach in which researchers observe infant's exploration and manipulation of objects to assess learning development. For example: researchers wanted to see if babies could move mobile with their feet, revealed as low as 8 weeks old to understand kicking/mobile movement.
Wernicke's Area
An area in the brain thought to be partially responsible for language processing
Broca's Area
An area in the front of the left hemisphere of the brain thought to be partially responsible for speech production
Empathy
An effective state that stems from the apprehension or comprehension of another's emotional state or condition
Motor development
An integrated system involving many aspects of development. Development = differentiation
What does a secure base look like?
Baby plays by self but periodically checks in on mother by making eye contact
Suck v sound
Baby suck harder when exposed to a particular sound. Auditory version of face, sucking reflexes
Baillergeon's violation of expectation experiments
Baillergeon puts on magic shows for babies
Discrediting Piaget's pre-reaching infant beliefs
Baillergeon used relatable figures to demonstrate that pre-reaching infants, especially 3.5 month olds, have basic object concepts.
Skinner v Chmosky
Behaviorist v Nativist
William James (1890) on infant cognition
Believed infants' perception was disorganized, passive, and a jumbled mess
What aspects of mind do 2.5-3 year olds understand?
Explicitly understand desire (want, need) before belief (other's emotional or mental states). For example, if Jane wants a kitten and finds a puppy will she keep searching? Children say yes. If Sam wants a guinea pig and is given a bunny will he be happy or sad?
Baillergeon's Disappearing Doll (minnie mouse) results
At 3 months, babies startled when minnie mouse moves discontinuously. At 3.5 months infants understand that there are two dolls and are not surprised. Slightly older babies surprised when explicitly showed only one doll (and not two) in teh set
Long term effects of early attachment
Attachment patterns continue into adulthood. Specifically linked to relationship satisfaction (secure = higher). Insecure attachment can induce considerable distress and vulnerability to physical, emotional, social, and moral problems
Insecure-avoidant attachment
Attachment that characterizes children who appear to avoid their caregivers
Disorganized attachment
Attachment that characterizes children who display confused and disorganized reactions to caregivers
Insecure-resistant attachment
Attachment that characterizes children who seek closeness to their caregivers but simultaneously resists this closeness
secure attachment
Attachment that characterizes children who use caregivers as a secure base from which to explore
Substage 1
Birth to 1 month. Behavior is innate reflexes. Getting a hold of soon-to-be automatic tasks (for example reaching out for something) but not quite there yet.
Process of lateralization
Both hemispheres at 15 months, shifts to left hemisphere around 20 months. Children who understand more than one language demonstrate that the acquisition of language occurs everywhere in the brain, not just one hemisphere
Tolerable stress
Death of a parent, divorce, illness, etc. may affect brain structure but can recover
Criticisms of preoperational stage
Changing the way that conservation tasks are presented can help children grasp them at a younger age. Ex. accident vs on purpose - reasoning affects preoperational understanding.
Where is simple syntax processed?
Child = broca's area, adult = wernicke's area
Three mountains task
Child is shown a model display of three mountains on a table. A doll sits on the opposite side. Child is shown drawings and asked to choose the one that the doll is looking at, consistently choose their own personal experience
Self-ordered pointing task
Children are told that three tokens are hidden on the screen behind different color squares. Child touches squares one at a time to open them. Child must remember the color of the squares under which they find tokens (to avoid forgetting which of the __ color squares has a token underneath).
Sociocultural theory
Children construct knowledge with the help of adults, understanding of environment through interactions with their social and physical worlds
Vygostky and cultural intelligence
Children learn the cultural tools of their society through interactions with others. Ex. reading, writing, numbers, and more.
Continuous performance task (testing memory, executive functioning)
Children sit in front of a computer screen, objects (dog car etc.) pop up in random order. Children press the button only when the target object is on screen. Monotonous and repetitive,
Symbolic representation
Children use systems to understand the world around them(?)
Socialized speech
Children's ability to take the perspective of their listener into account when they talk.
Self-conscious emotions
Conscious emotional feelings resulting from activity in the limbic cortex
Primary Intersubjectivity
Coordination of movement and mood between infant and caregiver. Focuses on the parent-child interactions itself.
Substage 4
Coordination of secondary circular reactions (8 to 12 months). Infant displays what Piaget calls "first proper intelligence". Beginning of goal orientation (planning steps towards goal-directed behavior).
2 to 3 month transition
The awakening of sociability. Social smile, clear expressions of joy and sadness, enhanced wakefulness and greater capacity for eye-to-eye social contact
Wernicke's area
Difficulty with speech comprehension AND simple arrangements of words
Firm Foundations
Early Experiences Shape The Architecture of the baby's brain
What an object concept enables (4 things)
Effective action on objects, perception of object properties during action, prediction of future behavior, hypothetical reasoning
Animism
The belief that inanimate objects have life-like qualities such as thought, language, and control of action.
secondary emotions
Emotions that are not innate but that depend to some extent on cognitive development and self-awareness. They appear during the second year of life and include shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy, and pride.
primary, or basic, emotions
Emotions that can be seen from the beginning of infancy and that are assumed to be innate. They are often believed to include joy, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, interest, surprise, and excitement.
Language at 12, 18, and 48 months
First words learned through joint effort and attention at 12 months, vocabulary spurt and 2-word sentences at 18 months, 10000 words (9 per day) at 48 months
Visual acuity from newborn to 1 year old
From 20/400-20/800 to nearly adult level
Criticisms of Vygotsky's Theory
Generally accepted by developmental psychologists. Nature of how instruction advances development unclear, conflicting evidence as to how exactly adult presence alters academic functioning.
8-12 month old difficulties retrieving hidden toys
Infants are able to search individual locations for toy, but still make the A-not-B error
Fantz findings for visual development
Infants are organized, active, and selective in their looking. Prefer complex stimuli (high contrast, curves, motion. Prefer NOVEL stimuli.
Infants categorical speech perception
Habituation phase
5-7 month old difficulties retrieving hidden toys
Have basic object concepts. Basic understanding of how object look, feel, move but lose track and forget about them quickly
Hart and Risley, SES
Higher, more sophisticated language exposure = vocabulary growth
What changes for older children to pass false belief tasks (2 points)?
Humans have a specialized for understanding emotional states. The development of information processing capacities (cognitive flexibility, working memory, etc.) helps children with logical reasoning.
4 Rules babies look like (Haith)
If awake and light isn't too bright open eyes. Search for contrasting edges. If you find edges, star near them and cross back and forth over them, as the clustering of edges increases, scan the edges more and more narrowly. Following these rules → maximal stimulation of visual cortex.
A-not-B task
In the A-not-B task, a researcher hides a toy in one position (position A), and the baby retrieves it. After several repetitions, the researcher takes the toy from the baby and places it in a different position (position B) as the baby watches. But the baby once again searches for the toy in position A. This behavior is taken as evidence that the baby cannot predict what happens to an object when it disappears.
Serve and Return
In-born drive toward competence and consistent relationships with caring adults
Interactionist approach
Includes several theoretical perspectives, all of them assume that language structure emerges from language use in social settings. Includes, biological basis for learning, social/environmental to build language capabilities
Visual preference procedures
Indirect research methods that use visual attention as a way of assessing the thought processes of babies and very young children. Measures visual attention (colorful objects, animated shapes, etc.), records time infant looks at item.
Habituation techniques
Indirect research techniques based on the tendency of babies to habituate. Also measures looking times.
Earned secure attachment type
Individuals transitioned from insecure to secure attachment
How William James was wrong
Infant perception is organized, active, and sensible (seeking information).
Attachment-in-the-making phase and age range
Infants begin to focus on preferred caretakers, typically their mothers. They begin to react differently and more quickly to primary caregivers than to strangers. They are building up trust that these caregivers will meet their needs. However, they are still not distressed at being separated from particular caregivers. 6 weeks to 6-8 months.
Preattachment phase and age range
Infants' behaviors, such as crying, sucking, rooting, and eye-gaze, are beautifully designed to promote proximity and contact with a protective, caregiving adult. However, babies are not yet attached to
A perspective that attempts to explain the mechanisms by which the human mind acquires, processes, retains, and comprehends information.
Information processing model Encoding → Storage → Retrieval
Cognitive functional linguistics
Interactionist approach
Inner speech
Internal speech used to guide behavior (children)
Cingulate Gyrus
Involved in coordination of sensory input with emotions, emotional responses to pain, and regulation of aggressive behavior.
Hypothalamus
Involved in functions including emotion, thirst, hunger, and control of the autonomic nervous system.
Orbitofrontal Gyrus
Involved in reward evaluation, social reasoning, and "reading" other people's emotions.
Subjective self
Involves attention, intention, and emotion between caregiver and child
Limbic system
The brain system that governs emotion
Unexpected Content false-belief test
Jacob thinks a juice box has ropes in it. Then the researcher pulls ribbons ("ropes") out. Jacob says that he and a fictional friend who has never seen the juice box before will predict that ropes are in it.
attachment
Lasting psychological connectedness between human beings
Behaviorist vs. Nativist
Learned vs. inherited
Where does information go if it is encoded properly?
Long-term memory storage
Piaget and object concept
M<ore modern views suggest infants as young as 5 months or less develop object concepts, though his observations of older infants continues to guide research and understanding
18 to 24 month transition
The transition into early childhood. Momentous psychosocial changes, growing self-awareness, developing language, and awareness of expectations. This unlocks secondary emotions.
Event-related potentials (ERP)
Measurements from an EEG that shows electrical activity in the brain
Substage 6
Mental Representation (18 to 24 months). Children develop symbolic thought
General false belief tasks age threshold
Most 4 year olds, all five year olds
US vs. other countries for maternity leave
Mothers generally take 24 weeks of unpaid leave
Core knowledge theory
Nativist perspective, contrasts with systems theory. Emphasizes ability that are basically hardwired into the brain. This is called "core knowledge". Infants come into the world with innate organization, structure their interactions with environment around that core.
mirror neurons
Neurons that fire when an individual performs an action, or when an individual observes someone else performing that action.
Can effects of early neglect or abuse be reversed?
New studies are suggesting yes, shoutout to plasticity for being awesome
Do babies prefer novel stimuli in social objects/faces?
No, they prefer familiarity
A not B test (and substage it comes up in)
Object repeatedly hidden in one location then visibly moved to another, 5.
Impact of older siblings on false belief tasks
Older siblings correlate to younger successes
schemas
Organized patterns of thought that are continually being modified through assimilation and accommodation
schemas
Organized patterns of thought that are continually being modified through assimilation and accommodation.
Secondary Intersubjectivity
Parent-child communication about te world, includes social referencing. Foundation for sharing thoughts and feelings.
How do older siblings teach false belief concepts?
Parents explaining trickery, experience + explanation leads to earlier understanding
3 domains of autism
Physical, behavioral, mentalistic
Piaget vs. Baillargeon on the active role that infants play in development
Piaget = no active role, Baillergeon = they will actively try to explain events, especially when it violates their expectations (as seen in the floating box experiment.
Preoperational stage
Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, 3-7 years old, children begin to use symbols but are still not logical. Create their own view of the world through their own experiences.
Bowlby's Four phases of Attachment development
Preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, goal-corrected partnership phase
Reasons for language delays
Prenatal exposure to teratogen (cocaine), adequate exposure to language
Centration
Preoperational childrens' tendency to focus on one aspect of a task and exclude others. Ex. if a child is asked to sort shapes the child will choose to sort by color or shape, but not both (and certainly not both simultaneously).
Pragmatics
The use of appropriate rules of conversation? Includes behavior and social cues, not just language
Substage 2
Primary circular reactions (1 to 4 months), behaviors focused on own body (primary) and are repeated over and over again (circular). Begin to refine reflexus, combine them into more complex actions (that they may repeat)
Amygdala
Processes information about emotions, particularly fear, and is especially sensitive to facial expressions.
Executive functioning
Processes that regulate and coordinate goal-directed behavior, regulate thoughts and feelings
Toxic stress
Prolonged stress response, lifelong impacts. Actual physical brain damage - damaged neurons.
Nicaraguan Sign Language Study Summary
Signers were isolated, school for the deaf started in Nicaragua. Researchers saw the emergence of a sign language. Some children were older and some younger coming into schools. Kids had an entire separate communication system.
Bottom-up construction
Simple circuits and skills providing scaffolding
Figure 9.2
Refer to this for a few conservation tasks
Executive function and information processing model
Regulates the flow of information, forms link to processes such as attention, working memory, and long term memory
Thalamus
Relays sensory information. All of our senses, except smell, have pathways through the thalamus.
Infant da and pa experiment
Researchers press a button when infant is in a state of readiness. Record hits (head turn) and misses, correct rejection and false alarms. The "hit" factor is responding to a change in stimulus (da vs. pa)
Broca's area
Responsible for speech production AND processing the meaning of complex arrangements
Self-regulation in Sleep and toileting
Sleep: naps go down and night sleep goes up. Toilet: longer periods of dryness during the day, sufficient muscle tone to regulate sphincter and urinary muscles
pragmatics
The use of conventional conversation
Social referencing
The use of emotional cues from other people, such as facial expression and tone of voice, to construct their own interpretation of that situation
Guided Participation v Vygotsky
Rogoff Stresses the active role of children in their own cognitive development
Guided participation
Rogoff's term to describe the process by which children actively acquire new skills and problem-solving capability through their participation in meaningful activities alongside parent of other adults
At what age does an infant's perception of phonemes transition to adult ones?
Roughly 8 months
By what age does brain reach 90% growth?
SIX, not gonna be on test but that's crazy
Sally-Anne False Belief Task
Sally puts her ball in the basket and walks away. Anne moves the ball to her box. When Sally comes back, where will she look?
Substage 3
Secondary circular reactions (4 to 8 months), become more aware of and responsive to the outside world (secondary). Also begin to notice that their behaviors impact objects around them.
Reflective self-awareness
The ability to represent or reflect on themselves and independent, objective entities
General purpose of executive functioning
Self-regulation. An umbrella term that embodies many principles but they all revolve around self-regulation.
Egocentric speech
Self-talk that is said aloud. Can include thinking aloud or just saying words (ex. rhinoceros) out loud because it feels good.
Positive stress
Short-lived, caused by frustration, discomfort, etc.
syntax
The way that words are combined and position to make a sentence understandable (grammar rules)
Theory of Mind Module (ToMM)
Specialized system that allows us to understand that people may act on false beliefs
Primary emotions
Spontaneous expressions of emotion that are instinctive and therefore universal
5 to 6 month transition
Stranger anxiety, more tuned in to caregiver and other adult in their environment
Cognitive flexibility
The ability to shift sets (of rules, tasks, etc.). For example dimensional sort (sorting cards by on criteria then asking them to sort the existing piles under different criteria).
Verbal self
Words shared between self and other
At which substage is object permanence established?
Substage 3
Perceptual narrowing
Suppress other phonemes in jumble to focus on one of them
Three main aspects of language
Syntax, semantics, and pragmatics
Substage 5
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12 to 18 months). Show increasing flexibility and creativity. Experimentation with objects leads to new outcomes ("Tertiary" refers to this variability). Can use objects to have different effects.
APGAR score, what does it measure
Test to measure the fitness of a newborn. Measures heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex responsivity, color → overall physical condition
Piaget's view of pre-reaching infants' object concepts
That they had absolutely no object concepts
Moro reflex
The Moro reflex is often called a startle reflex because it usually occurs when a baby is startled by a loud sound or movement. In response, the baby arches his back, flings his arms outward, and stretches his legs outward; he then closes his arms back in toward his body.
Intersubjectivity
The Sharing of thoughts and feelings between individuals (for our purposes basically just parent-child).
self-regulation
The ability to alter our behavior so that we can adjust to social and situational demands
Decenter
The ability to focus on several aspects of an object or problem and relate them
Deferred imitation
The ability to imitate after a delay, used to assess an infant's memory and understanding. Infant must recall a past event and reproduce it.
Sensory register
The component of the IP model that holds information briefly.
Scaffolding
The guidance or support given to a child by a person who is more skilled and who can adjust the guidance offered according to the child's current level of performance
Rooting reflex
The head turns toward gentle stimulation of the skin at the corner of the mouth. The rooting reflex facilitates the newborn's search for the mother's breast.
Sense of self
The idea of "me" and "mine", the accumulation of knowledge about the self such as beliefs regarding personality traits, physical characteristics, ability, values, goals, and roles
Zone of proximal development
The maximum possible performance that a child can reach with the right support from adults
semantics
The meaning behind sentences or components of sentences
Semantics
The meaning of sentences or phrases within sentences
Working memory
The part of the short-term memory system where we keep information that we are currently working on. For example if we do multiplication without a calculator we keep and manipulate numbers in our head
Categorization (IP theory)
The process of forming groups of similar objects, enables infants to reduce the amount of information they must process, learn, and remember
emotional availability
The quality of emotional exchanges between two people (specifically parent and child), focusing on their accessibility to each other and their ability to read and respond appropriately to one another's communications.
Social competence
The skills necessary for interacting with others. Linked directly to secure attachment.
Infant directed speech
The tendency to talk to infants with exaggerated syllables, inflection, etc.
Where does encoding take place?
Working memory
Syntax
The way words are combined to form understandable phrases or sentences
Symbolic thought
Thinking about objects and events in terms of internal, mental concepts or symbols. Can experiment with objects in their minds, forming new predictions, acting on them, then adjusting behaviors. Make-believe play now possible.
Violation of expectations method
This process assesses infants' ability to distinguish between expected and unexpected events. If the infant focuses more attention on the "correct" event, this demonstrates cognitive development.
Hand grasp
This reflex can be elicited by placing the thumb on the baby's palm. The baby's fingers flex around the thumb or finger in a grasp-like movement.
Goal-corrected partnership phase and age
Toddlers can now see their caregivers as independent persons. They modify and align their personal goals with the goals of the attachment figures. Child and caregiver develop a "partnership" of mutual appreciation and influence. 24 months onward.
Systematic process of scanning faces
Trace outline, look at interior, look away. Treat face stimuli differently than other objects. Later, by 4 months, infants look at eyes while adults are talking (despite moving mouth).
Werker's head turning experiment
Trained babies to turn their head in response to changes in sound by rewarding behavior with a musical bunny. All babies turned their head at "ba" vs "da" but only 6-8 month old babies could differentiate between hindi phonemes
ASD and mental state tasks
Unable to understand communicative intentions, use mental state language altogether
Figure 6.3
Understand it, be able to use it.
Mental state tasks
Understanding other person's mental state
Object permanence
Understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched
Conservation
Understanding that quantities remain unchanged through physical transformations.
How universal are motor milestones?
Universal as long as there is no environmental inhibition
Sucking reflex
When a finger is placed in the infant's mouth with the pad toward the palate, the baby sucks rhythmically.
Disequilibrium (cognition)
When infants interact with the environment, encounter something new, and encounter a discrepancy between their existing way of thinking and ability to understand the novel experience. Forces assimilation or accomodation.
disequilibrium
When infants interact with the environment, encounter something new, and experience a discrepancy because of their existing way of thinking and their ability to understand this novel experience or situation. Motivates problem solving and learning
Stepping reflex
When the baby is held under the arms in a standing position on a flat surface, she is able to support her weight and take a few steps forward. Hence, this reflex is also called the walking reflex.
Babinski reflex
When the sole of the baby's foot is stroked from the toe toward the heel, the toes fan out and curl, and the foot twists inward.
Response inhibition
Withdrawing a motor or verbal response that is inappropriate in a situation
Is there an association between maternal employment and problem behaviors?
Yes actually surprising
Can you reliably detect perceptual sensitivity
Yes but depends on age and a variety of other factor
Can long daycare instead of maternal care increase cortisol?
Yes unfortunately
Are newborns specifically attracted to any part of the face?
Yes, the eyes
Do children with autism react differently to talking adults?
Yes, they do not study the eyes. This can persists throughout their life if social stimuli are too overwhelming.
Can babies show empathy?
Yes, toddlers help without being explicitly asked to do so
Nicaraguan Sign Language Study Results
Younger children contributed the most complexity to a new emerging Nicaraguan sign language. Wasn't a full sign language but was an automated lip reading
Vygotsky's cultural perspective
ZPD, scaffolding, interactions between child and environment/parents/etc, leads to cognitive development
Six states of newborns
deep sleep, light sleep, drowsiness, alertness, active alert, and crying.
Declarative memory
explicit
Procedural memory
implicit
Did American speaking adults hear the difference between "k" and "k" sounds?
no
Did Japanese speaking adults hear the difference between "r" and "l" sounds?
no
Are younger children more or less likely to use overt self-talk?
younger