PSYC 2000 FINAL EXAM
anxiety
A panic disorder is a type of ________ disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.
is a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
A psychological disorder is a ________.
gestalt theory
A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.
problem focused
Brizan has just lost his job. He is proactive in trying to resolve this source of stress: He immediately uses the Internet to look up other jobs in his field and plans to eliminate non-essentials from his budget to make his savings last longer. Which type of coping approach is Brizan using?
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.
hypothalamus
Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?
rehearsal conscious repetition of info to be remembered
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.
stage 2
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?
blindness
Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.
circadian
Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.
wernicke's area
Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?
daily hassles
Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________.
structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.
diathesis-stress
The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.
sympathetic
The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
parasympathetic
The ________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.
meditation
The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.
genotype; Bb
Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.
rods
Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?
genes and biology
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
environment and culture
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
the simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a patient
What is comorbidity?
how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
What is described by the concept of perception?
type of implicit memory that store info about how to do things
What is procedural memory?
sensory
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
Bottom-up perceptions are built on sensory input
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."
operant conditioning
I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.
stimulus discrimination
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
slow down in rate of respiration and heart beat
What occurs during stage 1 sleep?
The word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the pattern is different from the sum of its parts."
The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.
the word "transitional" should be changed to "sensory"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.
the word "fight or flight" should be changed to "alarm"
What should be changed to make the following statement true? In the general adaptation syndrome, the fight-or-flight reaction describes the body's immediate reaction upon facing a threatening situation or emergency.
afterimage
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
explicit memory
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
Zimbardo did not use a control group
What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment?
retrograde; anterograde
When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting.
When it comes to social psychology, a script is a ________.
Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
it ignores non-genetic factors in determining human behavior
Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?
the immune system is weakened
Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?
Movement, such as kicking, punching, arm flailing or jumping from bed, in response to action-filled or violent dreams, such as being chased or defending yourself from an attack. Noises, such as talking, laughing, shouting, emotional outcries or even cursing
Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?
schemata
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
cognitive
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
dissociative
________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.
hypothesis
which aspect of the scientific theory occurs first?
Jill thinks her daughter is not a very good reader and doesn't spend much time reading to her. As a result her daughter falls behind in reading at school.
which of the following is the best example of fulfilling prophecy?
Antidepressants
Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________.
it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new ones
People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.
terotogen
A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.
CT
A ________ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain.
stressor
A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.
if one anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence
A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________.
low frequency and low amplitude brain wave
A theta wave is a type of ________.
attitude
A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.
Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference
According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?
having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.
identity vs confusion
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
social support
Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________.
night terrors
After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?
integrity vs despair
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
depressant
Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.
consciousness
Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.
manic episodes
Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except ________.
clinical psychology
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?
left; right
At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain
conditioning involving an unpleasant or harmful unconditioned stimulus or reinforcer
Aversive conditioning is a ________.
Having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task.
Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups?
studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.
the internal motivation for action
Behaviorists all focus on ________.
semantic
Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.
formal operational
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
stimulant
Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.
higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.
episodic
Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?
posttraumatic stress
Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.
negative reinforcement
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
physiological
Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.
cognitive dissonance
Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.
humanistic therapy is to help people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves. In contrastto psychoanalysis, humanistic therapists focus on conscious rather than unconscious thoughts. They also emphasize the patient's present and future, as opposed to exploring the patient's past
Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?
psychoanalytic theory
Dr. Bogdarian noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Bogdarian applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother
sensorimotor
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.
personality
Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________.
severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.
chunking organizing info into manageable chunks or bits
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.
psychodynamic psychotherapy
Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
stereotypes
Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.
fixed ratio
Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Introspection
Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.
variable interval
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
challenge; threat
Heather considers taking a new job. She focuses on the increased opportunities for promotion and the higher salary rather than her increased responsibilities; therefore, she views the new position as a ________ rather than a ________.
Stress weakens the immune system, so people with high stress levels should be more likely to get sick.
How can a study that involves exposing people to live viruses demonstrate a link between stress and impaired immune function?
in behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.
How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?
amygdala
If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?
increases
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).
neutral stimulus and unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
punishment
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
cognitive behavioral therapy
In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
their own conscious experience
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.
the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother
Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________.
mania
Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.
overgeneralization
Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
in-group
Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.
fundamental attribution error
Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.
chronic
Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.
latent
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
observational
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.
encoding failure input of info into the memory system
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
lower; higher
Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.
developmental
Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology.
conditioned stimulus
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.
object permanence
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
body dismorphia
Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.
avoidant
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
acute
Marcy is in a car accident. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.
Hallucinogen
Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.
generalized anxiety disorder
Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.
REM
Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep
discrimination
Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________.
opioid
Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.
emotion focused
Oleksiy is an adjunct professor in the Department of Fine Arts. He applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork if he is not working a full-time job. He also reminds himself that some of his friends from grad school can't find work related to art in any way. Which type of coping approach is Oleksiy using?
the right visual field
People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.
obsessive-compulsive
People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.
cones
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?
borderline personality disorder
Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?
a person's unconscious
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences
Neurotransmitters
Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.
cognitive therapy
Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?
limbic system; emotional
Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.
your first day of school episodic memory: type of declarative memory having to do with events we have personally experienced
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.
attention
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.
Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?
social-cognitive
Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism
universal
Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________.
26%
Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.
the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population
Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.
diffusion of responsibility
Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.
social psychology
Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.
all-or-nothing-thinking
Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?
psychological dependence
Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?
tolerance
Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.
terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles
The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
cerebullum
The ________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.
alpha and theta
The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep
temporal lobe
The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?
billions
The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.
spinal cord
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.
ogical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget
The concept conservation refers to ________.
Synapse
The space between two neurons is called the ________.
peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS)
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________
discontinuous
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
Muller-Lyer Illusion
Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.
improving mood lower stress level maintaining a healthy weight
What are the benefits of getting adequate amounts of sleep?
semantic and episodic
What are the two components of declarative memory?
learning
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
They were all concerned with describing and understanding animal behavior. They were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience. They were all concerned with diagnosing and treating female psychosis.
What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
no studies have found one psychoterapeutic approach more effective than another
What does research suggest about the comparative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques?
melatonin
What hormone does the pineal gland release?
a type of long-term memory involving the capacity to recall words, concepts, or numbers, which is essential for the use and understanding of language.
What is semantic memory?
if you want to remember a piece of info, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other info and memories to make it more meaningful
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?
Top down influenced by knowledge, our expiriences, and our thoughts
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.
negative
What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?
change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding."
The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it.
recognition
When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?
behavior therapy
Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?
influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment
Which of the following best defines the Asch effect?
tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries
Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior?
lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds
Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?
just noticeable difference
Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?
gestalt
Which of the following does not influence perception?
smelling cookies in the oven
Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?
Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.
Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?
-introspection alters the conscious experience it intends on studying -mind is not capable of studying itself -meticulously trained observers will be biased
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?
Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.
Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?
taking your dog for a walk everyday at 4 pm
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path .During an alarm reaction, you are alerted to a stressor, and your body alarms you with a cascade of physiological reactions that provide you with the energy to manage the situation. A person who wakes up in the middle of the night to discover her house is on fire, for example, is experiencing an alarm reaction.
Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
Latricia has been lost in the woods for days. After such a long period of anxiety and fear, Latricia collapses by a tree.
Which of the following is an example of the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
Tyrique almost falls out of the tree, but he grabs a branch, and now that the danger of falling has passed, he focuses his energy and attention on getting down from the tree safely. During this stage, the initial shock of alarm reaction has worn off and the body has adapted to the stressor. Nevertheless, the body also remains on alert and is prepared to respond as it did during the alarm reaction, although with less intensity. For example, suppose a child who went missing is still missing 72 hours later. Although the parents would obviously remain extremely disturbed, the magnitude of physiological reactions wouldlikely have diminished over the 72 intervening hours due to some adaptation to this event.
Which of the following is an example of the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
getting your parents to agree to smoke 2 fewer cigarettes each day, then asking them to quit altogether
Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?
extinction
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
This disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.
Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is incorrect?
Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
Teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism.
Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism?
cerebellum
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
how you think determines how you feel
Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?
you cant be nervous and relaxed at the same time
Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?
Schizophrenia
Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?
evolutionary
Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?
People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations
Which statement about social psychology is most accurate?
shaping
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
coping
Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?
assimilation
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
primary appraisal
Which type of appraisal involves judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail?
foot-in-the-door
Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?
top-down
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?
Erik Erikson
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of " I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis
Who was Stanley Milgram?
variable interval
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
transduction
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.
phobia
Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.
anxiety
________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior
rural areas
________ have over 85% of the l,669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas.
attachment
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
dissociative
________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns. Researchers place electrodes at various locations on a person's head in order to record brainwaves.
Action Potential
________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.
eustress
________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.
perception; sensation
________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
high; low
________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds