PSYC 255-Exam Two chapter five ULL

Children begin the transition from saying simple to more complex sentences

between 2 and 3 years of age.

Which of the following most strongly influences a child's eating behavior?

caregivers' behavior

focus on educating the whole child by focusing on his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional

child-centered kindergartens

4 year old

climbing low jungle gym

The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood.

cognitive

Along with the recommended amount of sleep, the World Health Organization also recommends which of the following sleep habits for 3- to 4-year-old children?

consistent sleep and wake times

Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate

contextual factors in learning.

In 2017, ______ was the most common cause of accidental death in young children.

drowning

Which three mental states do children begin to understand from 2 to 3 years of age?

emotions perceptions desires

Involves planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

executive attention

When thinking about thinking, a 3- to 5-year-old will often

fail to recognize that people's behavior may not reflect their thoughts.

The most obvious physical change in early childhood is growth in

height and weight.

3 years old

hopping and jumping

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years?

information processing theory Piaget's theory Vygotsky's theory

Which of the following factors influence the accuracy of a young child's memory?

interviewing techniques that produce substantial distortions individual differences in susceptibility age differences in susceptibility to suggestion

According to research, which of the following have been associated with the development of executive function in children?

parental education secure attachment fathers' autonomy support

In the English language, the letters "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the letters may not be combined in the order "rht." This is an example of

phonology

The sound system of a language, including the sounds used and how they may be combined.

phonology.

Preschool children tend to compare things in a haphazard way, whereas elementary school age children exhibit ______ by comparing two items systematically, one detail at a time.

planfulness

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of

pragmatics

he appropriate use of language in different contexts.

pragmatics

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the

preoperational stage.

guidelines assist parents in teaching proper eating habits to their children?

preparing a balanced meal with proper representation of the major food groups maintaining a breakfast, lunch, and dinner routine modeling healthy eating habits

Which age group is the most susceptible to suggestion?

preschoolers

Increases in which of the following are reasons that memory span changes with age?

processing speed rehearsal of information

Which of the following are examples of gross motor skills acquired in childhood?

running climbing jumping

5 years old

running races with friends

Preschool children are likely to pay attention to stimuli that stand out

salient features

Preschool children's control of attention is deficient. They are likely to pay attention to

salient features rather than relevant features.

The effectiveness of the zone of proximal development is increased by which of the following?

secure attachment compliance emotional regulation

a part of executive functioning?

self-control goal-directed behavior

Research using the memory-span task suggests that ______-term memory increases during early childhood.

short

term memory involves retaining information for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal.

short

A researcher who reads off a short list of numbers at a rapid pace and then asks a participant to repeat the numbers is most likely studying

short-term memory

Which of the following refers to a limited-capacity memory in which information is usually retained for up to 30 seconds if there is no rehearsal of the information?

short-term memory

The child's ability to pay attention improves ______ during the preschool years.

significantly

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a child who has developed executive function skills?

stimulus-driven

Also referred to as vigilance; involves focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.

sustained attention

What two aspects of attention develop in early childhood?

sustained attention executive attention

The ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

syntax

Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in

syntax

______ includes a number of higher cognitive processes that allow people to maintain self-control and engage in goal-directed behavior.

Executive function

The awareness that people can have false beliefs (beliefs that are not true) develops in a majority of children by which age?

4-5

At around approximately ______ years of age, children develop a deepening appreciation of the mind itself rather than just an understanding of mental states.

5-7

A government-funded program that is designed to provide children from low-income families the opportunity to acquire the skills and experiences important for school success.

Project Head Start

Why does memory span change as children age?

The efficiency with which children process information improves. The speed with which memory items can be identified increases. Older children are more likely to rehearse information.

Ian is able to complete the last few problems of his math homework only with a lot of guidance from his big sister, Briana. Currently, Ian is

at the upper limit of his zone of proximal development.

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called

attention

A young child who says, "Where Daddy is going?" or "What that girl is doing?" has yet to fully understand which of the following?

auxiliary-inversion rule

The recommended amount of sleep for 3- to 4-year-old children is ______ hours.

10 to 13

Which of the following statements best describe child-centered kindergartens?

Child-centered kindergartens see children as individuals with their own developmental patterns of growth. Child-centered kindergartens emphasize play. Child-centered kindergartens focus on the process of learning, not on what is learned.

Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development?

Children form stable concepts and begin to reason. Children are able to use words to describe their world. Children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs.

______ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their ______ attention.

Executive; sustained

theory of mind

Refers to the awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

A view of cognitive development that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and that knowledge is mutually built and constructed. Vygotsky's theory reflects this approach.

Social constructivist approach

What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood?

Young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations. Young children can adapt their speech based on their setting. Young children are able to present competent narratives

The main cause of death among young children is

accidents

With regard to young children who are learning English as their first language, all children will

learn the prepositions on and in before other prepositions.

The brain grows _______ in early childhood than in infancy.

less rapidly

Thus, the _____ ____ of the ZPD is the level of skill reached by the child working independently

lower limit

The ability of a young child to remember their name and address is an example of ______, the retention of information over time.

memory

After a half-century of educational programming, one of the criticisms regarding the Head Start programs is that

there are inconsistencies in the quality of the various Head Start programs.

Two controversies in early childhood education involve what the curriculum should be and whether preschool education should be

universal in the united states

The ______ _______ is the level of additional responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor

upper limit

Sustained attention is also known as

vigilance

Which of the following are among the current controversies regarding early childhood programs

whether preschool programs should be universal in the United States what the preschool curriculum should be

Vygotsky's term for tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be mastered with assistance.

zone of proximal development (ZPD)