psyc ch1 test
behavior/mental processes
like other scientists, psychology seeks to explain and control _______________ and ______________ and test their ideas through research methods.
B.F. skinner
____________ is the psychologist responsible for the concept of "reinforcement" on behavior
health
____________ psychologists often work with many different health care professionals - physicians, nurses, dentists, and dietitians
forensic
____________ psychologists work within the criminal justice system
William James
____________ taught the first psychology class at Harvard University.
Sigmund Freud
_____________ founded the school of thought called psychoanalysis. He is considered to be the "Father of psychoanalysis" not the father of psychology.
educational
_____________ psychologists are concerned with issues that relate to measurements of abilities, learning, & child and adolescence development
educational
_____________ psychologists are intresting in helping students, however they focus on course planning, and instrumental methods for an entire school system rather than designing a program of an individual student
experimental
_____________ psychologists engage in basic research
psychologists
_____________ seek to observe, describe, explain, predict, and modify behavior and mental processes
john b. watson
______________ defined psychology as a scientific study of observable behavior.
school
______________ psychologists identify and help students who have problems that interfere with learning
cross-cultural
______________ psychologists study behavior and mental processes under different cultural conditions
rehabilitation
______________ psychologists work with patients who are dealing with the effects of a stroke, brain disease, amputation, vision impairment, etc.
personality
_______________ psychologists look for many different traits people have and study the traits development
community
_______________ psychologists study and help create social systems that promote and foster individual well-being
counseling
_______________ psychologists would work with someone who is having a difficult time making decisions, careers, and friends.
research
all psychologists believe in the value of scientific _____________
standardized tests
educational psychologists help prepare ___________________
attorneys
forensic psychologists are often called upon by _____________ when they need an expert witness to testify whether a person accused of a crime is or is not competent to stand trial
Plato
more than 2,000 years ago, ____________, a student of Socrates in ancient Greece, recorded his teacher's advice "know thyself". This phrase has remained a motto of psychological study ever since
adjustment
the main difference between a clinical and counseling psychologist is that a counseling psychologists treat people who have ______________ problems rather than serious psychological disorders
Freud
According to _____________, we are influenced by things we are not aware of. We are also influenced by our experiences in early childhood.
dreams
Freud also believed that ___________ are expressions of the unconscious' urges and desires
case studies
Freud took extensive notes that he called ___________ - which is an analysis of the thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences, behaviors, or problems of an individual.
free association
Freud used a technique called ______________ - a patient said everything that came to mind - no matter how absurd or irrelevant it seemed - without filtering their thoughts
Hippocrates
_______________ was a greek physician who was an exception in his time. He did not believe that the gods were punishing humans but rather suggested that such problems were caused by abnormalities in the brain.
structuralists
________________ are concerned with the basic elements of consciousness.
counseling
________________ psychologists are often employed at businesses, college universities & counseling centers
industrial organization
________________ psychologists focus on people and work
school
a ________________ psychologist works closely with parents, teachers, and students to ensure the student's ability to reach their full potential.
principle
a basic truth or law such as the assumption that you will get better grades if you study more
psychodynamic thinking
according to Freud and the theory of ________________, human behavior is aimed at satisfying desires, even though some of them may be socially unacceptable or inappropriate. the unconscious part of the mind contains hidden impulses and urges that our conscious self has to filter.
interviews/tests
clinical and counseling psychologists are trained to evaluate people through _________________ & _______________
behavior
clinical psychologists help clients to understand & resolve their problems by changing _____________.
heredity
developmental psychologists also attempt to sort out the relative influences of ____________ and the environment on development
cognitive activities
mental process that include dreams, perceptions, thoughts and memories
possessed
people believed during the middle ages that you would become _______________ as a punishment for sins or because they made deals with the devil.
gender roles
personality psychologists are interested in studying _______________ and how the behavior patterns expected of men and women in a culture affect personality development
M.D
psychiatrists college degree
ancient greeks
the ________________ generally believed that the gods punished people for wrongdoing by causing them confusion and madness
psychology
the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes
gestalt
the word __________ means "shape" or "form" in german
dream analysis
to learn more about dreams, Freud used _______________ in which he applied the same technique as free association to a patient's dreams.
introspection
using the method of ______________, Wundt and his students carefully examined and reported their experiences.
clinical psychology
what is the largest group of psychologists?
experiments
a method used to examine human and natural behavior
evaluate
a psychologists job is to listen, ___________ the person, and help their client come up with healthy ways to help themselves.
associationism
Aristotle outlines the law of ______________ - a learned connection between two ideas or events.
human behavior
Aristotle's approach was scientific. He argued that _______________ is subject to certain rules and laws. He believed that people are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
adolescence/adulthood
In Freud's view problems appear in _______________ or _________________ can be traced to things that happened in the first five or six years of life.
hidden impulses
Freud concluded that people are driven by _________________, things that you dream about or accidentally say (Freudian slips), represents unconscious wishes
Peri Psyches
One of Aristotle's works is called _____________, which means "about the mind"
Aristotle
One of Plato's students, greek philosopher ___________, raised many questions about human behavior that are still discussed.
office
Sigmund Freud was unlike the other psychologists because he did not conduct research in a laboratory; he conducted consultations with patients in an ____________.
structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded a field of experimental psychology that came to be known as ________________
functionalism
William james was one of the founders of the school of _________________
social
__________ psychologists study an array of issues: - the ways in which men and women behave in a given setting - physical and psychological factors attract people to one another - the reasons people conform to group standards and expectations - how people's behaviors change in a group - the reason people are prudence and discriminate against others
community
___________ psychologists create social systems including: mental health centers, hospital programs, and school based systems
clinical
___________ psychologists divide their time between practice, teaching, and research.
health
___________ psychologists examine ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to physical health
psychoanalysis
____________ is the school of thought that focuses on the unconscious mind and its influence in determining human behavior.
industrial organization
____________ psychologists are employed by corporations to improve working conditions and increase worker output
human factors
____________ psychologists attempt to find the best ways to design products for people to use. these products are used in schools, the workplace, and in homes.
clinical
____________ psychologists work in hospitals, prisons, university clinics, & private practices
socrates/introspection
____________ suggested that we can learn much about ourselves by carefully examining our thoughts and feelings. psychologists call this method of learning ____________, which means "looking within"
consumer
_____________ psychologists are similar to human factor psychologists in that they study and predict the behavior of shoppers. They also assist others in applying the findings of their studies.
functionalists
______________ are concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment
social science
______________ deals with the structure of human society and the nature and interactions of the individuals who make up society.
social
______________ psychologists generally focus on external influences and are concerned with people's behavior in social situations
clinical
______________ psychologists help people with psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, and disorders.
counseling
________________ psychologists help clients clarify their goals, overcome their adjustment problems and meet challenges
objective feelings
_________________ are objective sensations, such as sight and taste, were assumed to accurately reflect the outside world.
developmental
__________________ psychologists study the changes that occur throughout a person's life span
subjective feelings
___________________ were thought to include emotional responses and mental images.
psychiatrist
a clinical psychologist is not the same as a _______________.
surveys
a method of collecting data that involves asking questions
behavior
any action that people can observe or measure. this includes activities such as walking, talking, pressing a switch, turning right or left, sleeping, and eating
depression/anxiety
cross cultural psychologists examine issues such as ______________ and ______________ to gauge whether these concepts are perceived differently in different cultures.
demons
during the middle ages, most europeans believed that problems such as agitation and confusion were signs of possession by ______________
balanced diet/exercising
health psychologists help people adopt healthful behaviors such as a _____________ & ______________
stress
health psychologists study the effects of ____________ on health problems such as headaches and heart disease. they may also focus on prevention and reducing the risk of disease
revise
if a theory does not prove to be useful then psychologists will ___________ it and try again.
wilhelm wundt
in 1879 _________________ started the first laboratory in Germany for studying humans.
placement
in public education, student ________________ is a major responsibility of the school psychologist
new mexico, louisiana, idaho, iowa, and illinois
in which five states can clinical psychologists prescribe meds?
water-float test
individuals who were suspected of being possessed were thrown into deep water - if they managed to keep their head above water they were assumed to be impure and in league with the devil - those who sank to the bottom were considered pure - unfortunately most of these people drowned to death.
tests
industrial organization psychologists may assist in hiring, training, and promoting employees and may also devise psychological _____________ for job applicants
- assist in the selection of the police officers - help police officers cope with job stress - train police officers in handling of dangerous situations such as suicide threats, hostage crises, and family violence
police departments employ forensic psychologists to do the following:
theories
psychological ___________ discuss principles that govern behavior and mental processes
evidence
psychologists also share their beliefs that theories about behavior and mental processes should be supported by _____________
predict/mechanisms
psychologists can __________ that a person will be able to handle their anxiety when they learn coping _____________
Ph.D
psychologists college degree
theories
psychologists organize their research about behavior and mental processes into ____________
social
psychology is science but it is also considered a "_____________ science"
strategies/disability
rehabilitation psychologists help their patients develop ___________ to compensate for the ___________ and live meaningful lives
satisfaction/problems
the goal of a industrial organization psychologists is to help people achieve job ____________ and help employees who have ____________ on the job
psychological constructs
theoretical entries, or concepts that enable one to discuss something that cannot be seen
confusion
throughout human history, many people have attributed disorders and psychological problems such as ____________, and bizarre behavior to supernatural forces.
school
typical problems that a ___________ psychologists would help with include: peer group and family problems, & learning disorders
- promoting change in the social environment rather than just the individual - helping powerless social groups, such as children and the elderly - helping the mentally impaired people (NAMI)
what 3 things to community psychologists focus on?
surveys and experiments
what are the two ways psychologists test their ideas though various research methods?
water-float test
what famous test would be used to determine whether a person was possessed in the middle ages?
feeling/triggers
when a person opens up and explains how they're _____________ and what possibly ____________ their anxiety, it will help others help them
psychiatrist
who is a medical doctor who specializes in the treatment of psychological problems who can prescribe meds.
Aristotle
who showed how experiences often remind us of similar experiences in the past: for example - the face of a loved one makes us feel secure, and how thought leads to ideas as we dream and day dream.
william james
who wrote the very first psychology textbook called "The Principle of Psychology". It took him 12 years to write this - it was published in 1890.
anxious
without proper evidence or the whole story, a psychologist may have a difficult time trying to explain why a person who looks "okay" on the outside says they feel ___________
