psyc exam 3 quiz notes for exam

who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________.

Fundamental attribution error

___________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgement, language, and memory.

cognition

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

someone with an IQ above 130 would be described as __________

gifted

a(an) _________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept

prototype

what is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

what is the Flynn Effect?

the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood? a.) younger average age for marriage b.) changes in the workforce c.) taking longer to complete a college degree d.) changing cultural expectations

younger average age for marriage

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ___________ effect

Asch

according to attachment theory, which of the following is NOT needed for healthy attachment?

Caregiver must be responsive to child's food preferences

which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

Getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogehter.

the word________ is both a morpheme and phoneme

I

what is the main point of the Quizmaster study?

People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.

which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

The behavior of soldiers who abused prisoners at the Abu Ghraib facility during the Iraq war was predicted by the Stanford Prison Experiment that was overseen by social psychologist ________.

Zimbardo

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

accommodation

which of the following statements about algorithms is false?

algorithms involve a step-by-step problem-solving formula

the analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ___________

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

a/an ___________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative

attitude

Illnesses such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or stomach cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

availability heuristic

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

avoidant

___________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

cognitive

Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________.

cognitive dissonance

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ___________

diffusion of responsibility

theorists who view development as __________ believe that development takes place in unique stages

discontinuous

Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________.

discrimination

Raymond cattell was a psychologist who_____________-

divided intelligence into two components: crystallized and fluid

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

fluid

Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot-in-the-door

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operational

which of the following strategies may effectively reduce prejudice between groups?

having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on task

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

In Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences theory, _________ intelligence and _________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence

interpersonal; intrapersonal

the __________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve

just-world

the concept conservation refers to _____________-

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another.

language

a ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning

morpheme

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

when it comes to social psychology, a script is a _____________________

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

a (an) _________ is a basic sound unit of a given language

phenome

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representative bias

_________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information

schemata

Erikah has just arrived at the funeral of her friend's father. Even though Erikah is usually very outspoken and jovial, she keeps her voice down, expresses her sympathy to the family members, and sits quietly and respectfully during the religious service. Erikah is following the ________ of how to behave in this particular situation.

script

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies

sensorimotor

Who was Stanley Milgram?

social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis

Fatima generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Fatima may be applying ________: negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group.

stereotypes

a __________ is any environment agent-biological, chemical, or physical- that causes damage.

teratogen

Janeka does poorly on her psychology exam, so she makes fun of her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ____________________.

the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive towards her mother

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Fluid intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it."

the word "fluid" should be changed to the word "crystallized"

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.

the word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. Mistrust

which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior?

tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.