Psyc human development

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Erickson's Stage 8: Integrity vs. despair

Integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of Erik Erikson'sstage theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death. At the integrity versus despair stage, the key conflict centers on questioning whether or not the individual has led a meaningful, satisfying life.

lifelong

Early adulthood is not the endpoint of development; no age period dominates development

multidirectional

Humans change in many directions. We may show gains in some areas of development, while showing losses in other areas. For example, physical stamina gradually decreases with age, but accumulated knowledge or "wisdom" tends to gradually increase

executive attention

In its role of managing information in short-term memory, executive attention is highly effective in blocking potentially distracting information from the focus of attention.

Amniocentesis

Sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal and metabolic disorders

An Apgar Scale score of 3 signals a newborn's condition

critical

While maintaining that children actively construct their knowledge, Vygotsky focused on _____ in explaining child cognitive development.

social interaction

selective attention

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

sustained attention

the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

Object Permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Erickson's Stage 5: Identity vs. confusion

the fifth stage of ego in psychologist Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during adolescence between the ages of approximately 12 and 18. During this stage, adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self.

Chromosomes

(threadlike) are in the nucleus (center) of the cell•Made up of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

How much time can newborn Caleb's parents expect him to sleep?

16-17 hours a day

Contextual Perspectives

A Broad Approach to Development. The contextual perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, and social worlds. It also examines socio-cultural and environmental influences on development.

Erickson's Stage 2: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to around age 2 or 3 years. According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control. It is at this point in development that young children begin to express a greater need for independence and control over themselves and the world around them.

contextualism

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

Freud's 5 stages of psychosexual development

Oral Anal Phallic Latent Genital

Organogenesis is____________ and occurs in the ___________ stage.

Organ formation; Embryonic

If you believe that development occurs in stages, and you focus on cognitive development, then you are mostly likely to believe the development theory of

Piaget

Animism

The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits

Erickson's Stage 4: Industry vs. inferiority

The stage occurs during childhood between the ages of approximately six and eleven.1 During the industry versus inferiority stage, children become capable of performing increasingly complex tasks. As a result, they strive to master new skills. Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their abilities.

Erickson's Stage 1: Trust and mistrust

The trust versus mistrust stage is the first stage of psychologist Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at birth and lasts until your child is around 18 months old. According to Erikson, it is the most important period of your child's life, as it shapes their view of the world as well as their overall personality.

Erickson's Stage 7: Generativity vs. stagnation

This stage takes place during middle adulthood, between the approximate ages of 40 and 65. During this stage, middle-aged adults strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by parenting children or fostering positive changes that benefit others. Contributing to society and doing things to promote future generations are important needs at the generativity versus stagnation stage of development.

Erickson's Stage 6: Intimacy vs. isolation

This stage takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 19 and 40. The major conflict at this stage of life centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success at this stage leads to fulfilling relationships. Struggling at this stage, on the other hand, can result in feelings of loneliness and isolation.

Chronic villus sampling

Tiny tissue sampling is removed from placenta and analyzed for genetic and chromosomal abnormalities

Vygotsky

Vygotsky also emphasized that children actively construct their knowledge and understanding• Emphasized the social environment in cognitive development• Society provides tools to support cognitive development•

Multidisciplinary development

We must look to many disciplines to fully understand human development, including psychology, sociology, biology, history, medicine, political science, and many more, because humans develop simultaneously in many domains, contexts, and cultures.

Conservation

a logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget.

Habituation

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Vygotsky's Cognitive Development Theory

argues that cognitive abilities are socially guided and constructed. As such, culture serves as a mediator for the formation and development of specific abilities, such as learning, memory, attention, and problem solving. As such, Vygotsky outlined three main concepts related to cognitive development: (i) culture is significant in learning, (ii) language is the root of culture, and (iii) individuals learn and develop within their role in the community

In the nature/nurture debate, one's _____ is related to "nature," while one's _____ is related to "nurture."

biological inheritance; environment

Someone with an extremely rare psychological disorder would most likely be studied using what method?

case study

Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests would involve removing a small sample of the placenta?

chroionic villus sampling

divided attention

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

Life-span development covers the period from __________ to __________.

conception; death

mitosis

division of the nucleus

The Intracranial Channel connects the brain's hemispheres and improves the ability to process information.

false

During sexual reproduction, the egg and sperm meet in a process called

fertilization

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Which of the following is the prenatal development period that takes place during the first 2 weeks after conception? This period includes the creation of a zygote, and ends with attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

germinal

Preoperational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Sensorimotor Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Concrete Operational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Formal Operational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Centration

in Piaget's theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features

Erickson's Stage 3: Initiative vs. guilt

is the third stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during the preschool years, between the ages of 3 and 5. During the initiative versus guilt stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.

_____ is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm.

meiosis

Girls' first menstruation is called

menarche

At a previous college, I taught development in an education department and here I teach the course in a psychology department. This proves that development is

multidirectional.

Some species are better adapted to their environment in a way that helps them survive and reproduce, while other species do not adapt well and die. This process is called

natural selection

Liev is a famous musician and appeared in front of large audiences all over the world. This is an example of a

nonnormative life event.

Arlene is a "pack-rat" (saves everything). If Arlene was raised during the Great Depression, this is an example of a

normative history-graded influence.

Anne describes her friend as short and slender with blue eyes and blonde hair. She is describing her friend's

phenotype

Which of the following is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics to reduce the risk of SIDS?

place infants on their backs to sleep

The controversy of stability versus change is closely linked to which of the following concepts?

plasticity

Erikson's theory emphasizes which of the following stages of human development?

psychosocial

What is the brain-neuroendocrine process that stimulates the rapid physical changes of early adolescence known as?

puberty

Dishabituation

recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation

65 year old Herman experiencing "...age-related loss of lean muscle mass and strength." Herman is experiencing ...

sarcopenia

Maternal blood screening

screening test that checks the (mother's) blood to see if the baby may be at risk for some birth defects

Egocentrism

the inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes

embryonic period

the period from 2 to 8 weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

A not B error

the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden

Non-normative

those that occur unexpectedly, such as natural disasters, loss of a family member and war. Even in cases that death or illness, in specific ages, are statistically considered normative, they are actually non-normative.

A fertilized sex cell...

zygote