Psyc MEM quiz 5 Tb chpt 12
Autobiographical memory can best be described as __________. a) a narrative of one's life b) a collection of individual life events c) a type of episodic memory d) flashbulb memory
A. A narrative of one's life
Which of the following is not a level of autobiographical memory? a) abstract schemas b) lifetime periods c) event-specific d) general events
A. Abstract schemas
Which of the following is an account of infantile amnesia that does not involve a person acquiring information that can be used to structure long-term, autobiographical memories? a) biological b) schema development c) language development d) development of the self
A. Biological
Which of the following is a level of autobiographical memory characterized by memories that refer to distinct episodes? a) event-specific b) self-referential c) general events d) lifetime periods
A. Event-specific
Which is NOT a level of autobiographical memory? a) location-specific b) general event c) event-specific d) lifetime period
A. Location-specific
As compared to observer memories, field memories are ________, ________ emotional, and demonstrate ________ self-awareness. a) newer; more; less b) older; less; more c) newer; equally; more d) more robust; less; less
A. Newer, more, less
Which of the following is a type of general event? a) repeating b) temporal c)spatial d) thematic
A. Repeating
The theory of infantile amnesia that places the problem on an incongruity between early and current ways of thinking about the world is __________. a) schema development b) biological c) Freudian d) development of the self
A. Schema development
Some autobiographical memory information is easier to recall in a backwards order than a forward order. a) true b) false c) This is not known. d) none of the above
A.true
Autobiographical memories are more _________ than episodic memories. a) activated (they have greater strength) b) integrated c) individualized d) easily retrieved
B. Integrated.
Memories where the individual takes another person's perspective or field of view are called __________. a) field memories b) observer memories c) script memories d) alternate memories
B. Observer memories
Which of the following is NOT a major cause of flashbulb memories? a) surprise b) overlap c) rehearsal d) novelty
B. Overlap
Which of the following is not needed for the formation of flashbulb memories? a) surprise in the event's occurrence b) personal involvement in the event c) interest in the topic of an event d) rehearsal of the memory
B. Personal involvement in he event
According to Freud, infantile amnesia is a loss of memories due to what? a) forgetting b) repression c) facts of infancy d) culturally based sexual control
B. Repression
Which theory of infantile amnesia suggests that it is a result of a change in the way in which a person understands the world? a) Freudian b) social interaction and schema development c) development of the self d) language development
B. Social intraction and schema development
The distinction between the various levels of autobiographical memories is __________. a) always clearly observed b) sometimes fuzzy c) not the least bit accurate d) only now being understood
B. Sometimes fuzzy
What is an idea that suggests that autobiographical memories serve as life narratives? a) the fact they are not influenced by scripts and schemas b) the importance of inferred causal relations c) a person's ability to articulate them d) an absence of semantic information
B. The importance of inferred causal realations
The reminiscence bump generally refers to memories for around what ages? a) 60+ b) 30-45 c) 15-25 d) depends on the age of the person
C. 15-25
Compared to information learned in a lab, autobiographical memories are retrieved from long- term memory __________. a) at a faster speed b) with greater accuracy c) at a slower speed d) with less accuracy
C. At a slower speed
Which account of the reminiscence bump focuses on the role of novel (first time) events? a) genetic fitness b) mental abilities c) cognitive d) identity formation
C. Cognitive
Autobiographical memories that are experienced from the perspective you originally had when you were in an event are called __________. a) observer memories b) episodic memories c) field memories d) visual images
C. Field memories
If an old memory is less emotionally charged, it is more likely to be experienced as a(n) __________. a) observer memory b) type memory c) field memory d) token memory
C. Field memory
Autobiographical memory is improved when people recall life events in what type of order? a) backward b) segmented or chunked c) forward d) least important to most important
C. Forward
Which of the following is a characteristic of flashbulb memories? a) immune to intrusions b) rapidly forgotten c) highly detailed d) relatively vague
C. Highly detailed
Which is the explanation for the reminiscence bump's ability to form and effectively store explicit, autobiographical long-term memories? a) serial position b) cognitive c) neurological d) identify formation
C. Neurological
Which of the following factors is NOT involved in flashbulb memory creation? a) interest b) rehearsal c) predictability d) intensity
C. Predictability
How are autobiographical memories like narratives or stories? a) They both have characters that play specific roles. b) They both occur in locations. c) They both have plots. d) all of the above
D. All of the above
Which type of memory is thought to be most highly resistant to forgetting? a) short-term memories b) autobiographical memories c) verbatim information d) flashbulb memories
D. Flashbulb memories
At what level of autobiographical memory would a person store a memory such as "I took World History for Dummies during the fall semester of 2011. The class was held in Magnesium Hall and had a window looking out at the stadium. The professor was a small woman with a German accent. My best friend was also taking the class, and she would often fall asleep and drool on her notes"? a) event-specific knowledge b) autobiographical interpretation c) lifetime periods d) general event knowledge
D. General event knowledge
What information do students tend to remember best from their classes? a) information from the beginning of the term b) information from the end of the term c) information from the middle of the term d) jokes
D. Jokes
Which of the following is a level of autobiographical memory characterized by memories that are grouped together according to some common theme? a) event-specific b) self-referential c) general events d) lifetime periods
D. Lifetime periods
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of autobiographical memories? a) episodic components b) slow retrieval time c) semantic components d) relatively unorganized
D. Relatively unorganized
According to the multicomponent model of development, why do people experience infantile amnesia? a) Language development does not occur until after infancy. b) Memories simply decay faster during infancy. c) Infants often fall down and hit their heads. d) Infant memories are repressed to protect the Ego.
a) Language development does not occur until after infancy.
What is a characteristic of autobiographical memory that distinguishes it from episodic and semantic memory? a) Retrieval is much slower. b) Specific information is recalled before general info. c) always vivid d) contains only specific information
a) Retrieval is much slower.
According to the schema-copy-plus-tag model, autobiographical memories __________. a) contain tags for schema-inconsistent information b) contain tags for schema-consistent information c) have tags copied over from schemas in long-term memory d) have tags for additional schemas that may be relevant
a) contain tags for schema-inconsistent information
According to the cultural schemas explanation of the reminiscence bump, the bump occurs because __________. a) people remember more from certain periods of their life because they are culturally important b) a person's culture modifies memory to make it work better at certain times c) memories are distorted to conform with cultural expectations d) this is a time when personal culture changes
a) people remember more from certain periods of their life because they are culturally important
The distinction between the various levels of autobiographical memories is __________. a) supported by evidence from brain-damaged individuals b) useful almost exclusively for heuristic reasons c) reflected in response time data d) rejected by more recent connectionist theories
a) supported by evidence from brain-damaged individuals
According to a neurological account, infantile amnesia occurs because __________. a) the hippocampus is not fully developed b) neurons do not fire rapidly enough yet c) the basal ganglia is not fully connected d) the frontal lobe is underdeveloped
a) the hippocampus is not fully developed
Infantile amnesia is __________. a) the inverse of the onset of autobiographical memory b) a massive forgetting of early childhood knowledge c) a myth d) the only true amnesia that everyone experiences
a) the inverse of the onset of autobiographical memory
What is true about the schema-copy-plus-tag model? a) Schema retrieval makes it important to recall every detail about a memory. b) Activated schemas form the foundation of memories, making reconstruction easier. c) Tag information is more difficult to remember than schema-consistent information. d) As autobiographical memories get older, information becomes less schema consistent.
b) Activated schemas form the foundation of memories, making reconstruction easier.
What is a tunnel memory? a) People are more likely to remember events that match their current mood. b) People focus more on the central events in an emotional memory than the surrounding context. c) People have a bias to remember positive events. d) when memories are more influenced by the emotional valence than the emotional intensity
b) People focus more on the central events in an emotional memory than the surrounding context.
The reminiscence bump is a(n) ___________ in memories that is observed ________. a) increase; for memories of the previous 20 years b) increase; around the age of 20 c) decrease; for memories of the previous 20 years d) decrease; around the age of 20
b) increase; around the age of 20
The Pollyanna principle can be best described as __________. a) life gets worse all the time b) people tend to remember happier parts of their lives longer c) young people are more positive while old people are more negative d) the tendency to focus on central details
b) people tend to remember happier parts of their lives longer
According to the schema-copy-plus-tag model, idiosyncratic aspects of an event are __________. a) directly associated with the script b) represented by a tag in the memory trace c) referred to by the pointer in the script d) incorporated into a new memory trace that includes both all of the old information in the script that has been tagged as well as the new, novel information
b) represented by a tag in the memory trace
The schema-copy-plus-tag model suggests that __________. a) schema-consistent events are remembered best b) schema-inconsistent information is given special treatment in the memory trace c) the memory contains the schema-consistent information along with a pointer to old events d) the memory contains a pointer which indicates the time direction in which the event unfolds
b) schema-inconsistent information is given special treatment in the memory trace
It what way does autobiographical memory differ the most from episodic memory? a) the need for semantic information b) the constructive and interpretive nature of the memories c) the forgetting of older information d) the importance to immediate experience
b) the constructive and interpretive nature of the memories
According to a cognitive account of the reminiscence bump, there is better memory for this time period because __________. a) neurological functioning is at its peak b) there are a lot of firsts during this time c) a person's identity is formed at this time d) a person is involved in more events at this time
b) there are a lot of firsts during this time
What is NOT true about flashbulb memories? a) they last for long durations of time b) they are more prone to forgetting c) they are influenced by incorrect information d) they are affected by the novelty of, importance of, and emotional reaction to an event
b) they are more prone to forgetting
Events are remembered better when __________. a) they are consistent with a script and do not disrupt the expected flow of events b) they violate a script and disrupt the expected flow of events c) they violate a script and do not disrupt the expected flow of events d) there is no script that would predict an expected flow of events
b) they violate a script and disrupt the expected flow of events
What is the cognitive explanation for the existence of the reminiscence bump? a) Young adults are at their neurological peak. b) The bump corresponds to identity formation. c) During this time, many novel events occur. d) The bump follows cultural schemas for life events.
c) During this time, many novel events occur.
According to an identity formation account of the reminiscence bump, there is better memory for this time period because __________. a) neurological functioning is at its peak b) there are a lot of firsts during this time c) a person's social and ideological roles are formed at this time d) a person is more socially involved
c) a person's social and ideological roles are formed at this time
Flashbulb memories __________. a) preserve information completely accurately b) show no evidence of forgetting c) are highly detailed and enduring memories for special events d) are fictional
c) are highly detailed and enduring memories for special events
According to an emergent-self account, infantile amnesia occurs because __________. a) of a desire to avoid threatening early memories b) people are acquiring language at this time c) autobiographical memory has not yet had its onset d) a person is emerging from infancy
c) autobiographical memory has not yet had its onset
Infantile amnesia refers to __________. a) an inability to acquire any memories prior to the age of 2-3 1⁄2 b) better memory for events that occurred earlier in life, but amnesia thereafter c) the absence of autobiographical memories prior to the age of 2-3 1⁄2 d) the loss of very early memories brought about by damage to memory structures as a result of neural reorganization around the age of 2-3 1⁄2
c) the absence of autobiographical memories prior to the age of 2-3 1⁄2 *
Which of the following is NOT true about the schema-copy-plus-tag model? a) It includes both schematic and unique aspects of the event. B)memories often contain script-inconsistent info C) memories often contain script-consistent information d) First, unique aspects of the event are added; then an appropriate schema is activated.
d) First, unique aspects of the event are added; then an appropriate schema is activated.
Using what you know about autobiographical memory as a life narrative, how could you help individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder? a) Help them begin to retrieve information in a backward order instead of a forward order. b) Help them begin to retrieve information in a forward order instead of a backward order. c) Help them convert observer memories into field memories. d) Help them convert field memories into observer memories.
d) Help them convert field memories into observer memories.
Autobiographical memory relates to episodic memory in that __________. a) autobiographical memories develop earlier in life than episodic memories b) episodic memories are better preserved in amnesia c) these terms refer to the same thing d) autobiographical memories are formed from several episodic memories
d) autobiographical memories are formed from several episodic memories
The difference between autobiographical memory and episodic memory is that only the first refers to __________. a) memories from specific events b) long-term retention c) information that can decay rapidly d) interpreting and integrating knowledge from disparate events
d) interpreting and integrating knowledge from disparate events
The structure of autobiographical memories can be described as __________. a) recursive and hierarchical b) linear and hierarchical c) recursive and linear d) recursive, linear, and hierarchical
d) recursive, linear, and hierarchical
What 2 kinds of general events are in autobiographical memory? a) thematic classes of events and individual experiences b) sequence of events and thematic classes of events c) thematic classes of events and repeated events d) sequence of events and repeated events
d) sequence of events and repeated events
