PSYC302 Final

central executive

11. In the experiment by Baddeley on cognitive deficits of Alzheimer patients (discussed both in class and the text), participants were given a verbal task (memory span) and a visual task (tracking). They performed each task separately and also at the same time. As the disease progressed, simultaneous performance worsened but not performance on the same tasks done separately. This pattern of findings indicated that there was a deficit in[which part or parts of working memory]:

1. store speech-based and visual information 2. coordinate and manipulate the information currently being held in it

2 functions of working memory

last; first

7.In an experiment on short-term memory by Wright (discussed in class), the subjects were pigeons, monkeys, and humans. A sequence of 4 pictures was presented on each trial and memory was tested for pictures at each position after various delays. When subjects were tested immediately after atrial, recall was highest for the _____ picture. When recall was tested after the longest delay, recall was highest for the _____ picture:[ see 302notes.doc pp.20-21]

increases above; release from proactive interference

9.In the kind of procedure used by Peterson and Peterson to study short-term memory (the text calls this procedure the Brown-Peterson Distractor Task), suppose that words were used instead of nonsense syllables. On the first 3 trials, the words are names of fruits, and recall is found to decrease across trials. On the 4thtrial, the researcher presents the name of a profession. It is found that recall[drops below, stays the same as, increases above]_____ recall on Trial 3. This phenomenon is called_____:

model: mammal faster than animal results: animal faster than mammal

A major problem with Collins and Quillian's hierarchical model of semantic memory is the "familiarity effect". For example, in a verification task, reaction times may be compared for the sentences,"A bear is a mammal" and "A bear is an animal". Which statement below best describes the model's prediction and the results of research:

bringing to mind fragments of originally stored information plus invented material from schemas that fill in the gaps

According to the "reconstruction" view of memory, we remember events by:

we move information from short-term memory to long-term memory by 1. repetition 2. elaboration

Akinson-Shiffrin model

proactive interference

As the beginning items got stronger, they interfered more with memory for the end items. This is due to

spontaneous recovery

At the intermediate delays, memory for the beginning items improved. This is due to

retroactive interference

At the shortest delay, end items interfered with memory for the beginning items. This is due to

we store facts in conceptual categories and these categories fit together logically, with broad categories containing narrower categories, for example, ANIMAL contains BIRDS, which contains CANARY

Collins & Quillian's hierarchical model of semantic memory

Semantic Network Theory

Collins and Quillian's theory predicts that it should take subjects [more or less]_____ time to verify the statement,"A canary can sing" than the statement, "A canary has skin." This prediction[was or was not]_____ supported:

sounds of words

In Baddeley's theory of working memory, the phonological loop stores words in the form of:

more; fewer

In an experiment by Weldon and Roediger (1987), subjects studied lists of pictures and words and then were asked to complete fragments of pictures or words that corresponded to the previously studied items. This was an "implicit" test of memory for those items.[More or fewer]_____ pictures were completed if the previously studied item was a picture than if it was a word.[More or fewer]_____ words were completed if the previously studied item was a picture than if it was a word:

giraffe; maple

In an experiment on retrieval-induced forgetting, participants are shown a list consisting of the categories ANIMALS and TREES. Each category name is paired with several category members, for example, ANIMALS-kangaroo ANIMALS-giraffe TREES-maple TREES-oak Participants then practice retrieving ANIMALS-ka ... by filling in the missing letters. Retrieval-induced forgetting would be shown if the probability of recalling _______ was lower than the probability of recalling _________ in response to their category names and first letters

short-term memory--> long-term memory

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, the strategies of repetition and elaboration (recoding) are said to transfer information from _____ to _____ :

to ensure participants did not practice the information

In the classic experiment on short-term memory by Peterson and Peterson, subjects were presented a3-letter nonsense syllable followed by a 3-digit number and were asked to count backwards from this number by 3's until a signal was given to recall the nonsense syllable. What was the purpose of having the subjects perform the number-subtraction task:

non practiced words

In the experiment by Bauml and Kuhbandner, when participants were in a "negative mood," their recall was improved for [which type of word in which type of category?]:

extinction

In the experiment by Melton and Irwin on the causes of retroactive interference (RI), what observation led the researchers to propose a process called Factor X (or "unlearning")

repetition priming

In the first stage of a memory experiment, subjects are asked to read a list of words. In the second stage,they are given a word-stem completion test in which the first few letters of words from the first stage are given (e.g., TAB___) and the subjects are asked to complete the item with the first word that comes to mind. The researcher wants to see if subjects use the words from the first stage. This is an experiment on:

interference

Peterson and Peterson claimed that the process of decay caused the rapid forgetting they observed. However, in a follow-up experiment by Keppel and Underwood that examined recall on every trial, it was shown that the process of _____ was probably largely responsible for forgetting:

bringing to mind fragments of originally stored information plus invented material that fills in the gaps without recognizing that part of your recollection is fictitious

Reconstruction

bringing information to mind exactly as it was originally stored

Reproduction

false identification

Research on police lineups has shown that informing participants that the perpetrator may notbe present in the lineup, and they do not have to pick anyone, reduces:

the line of association connecting DOG to ANIMAL is shorter than the line connecting ANT to ANIMAL. varies based on own personal experiences

Spreading Activation Model

beginning

The text discusses the case of a patient, KF, who suffered brain damage in an accident that reduced the capacity of his short-term memory but did not affect his long-term memory. One way this was shown was on a free-recall task. On which part of the list was recall abnormally low:

1. response competition 2. extinction

The two-factor theory of interference stated that interference was caused by:

displacement

What mechanism did Waugh and Norman emphasize when explaining forgetting from primary memory:

primacy effect

_______ represents retrieval from long-term memory

recency

_______ represents retrieval from short-term memory

To save space in memory, a given fact is stored in the broadest (highest) category to which the fact applies.

cognitive economy

better with fast recall test immediately after

decay

forgetting occurs over time; use it or lose it

decay theory

information you can describe (semantic memory, episodic memory)

declarative memory

Waugh and Norman found that recall depended almost completely on __________ (supports displacement theory)

digit position

the same with slow recall given after delay or fast recall test immediately after

displacement

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

encoding specificity principle

#correct of control- #correct experimental test participants on the first list to see if information from second list interferes

how do you measure the amount of RI

a memory error in which one recalls elements that were not part of the original episode recalling item from list 2 for list 1

intrusion error

test participants on second learned list to see if earlier learning affects later learning

measure the amount of PI

information you cannot describe (skilled actions, habits)

nondeclarative memory

dissimilar material causes a reduction in proactive interference

release from proactive interference

the target was previously presented as part of another task and acts as the prime in a test of implicit memory such as word fragment completion

repetition priming

more than one memory associated with cues in the situation which you are responding to

response competition

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

retroactive interference

using the same cognitive operations during retrieval that were used during learning

transfer-appropriate processing