Psych 101 final exam WVU

What is the heuristic in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily instances of it come to mind? (Not in a category)

Availability heuristic

Brandon does not believe he has any racial bias. However, he became anxious when told he was randomly assigned to room with a man from Costa Rica for his first year in college. He plans to spend as little time as possible in his room because of this reason. Brandon is probably experiencing which of the following?

Aversive racism

Someone who claims to not be racist but avoids interracial contact

Aversive racism

__________-focused coping is when one regulates their emotional reaction to stress, and _____________-focused coping is addressing the stressful event.

Emotion; problem

What is the definition of stressors?

Events or experiences that induce psychological and/or physiological stress

What can be used to measure an attitude when one might not want to admit it explicitly?

Implicit association test

When people are worried about what other think of them and decide to go along with the crowd is known as what?

Normative influence

If a researcher is studying how people react to a command of an authority figure, then he/she are most likely studying what?

Obedience

What type of bias is the stereotype content model? (People divide groups by warmth and competence)

Ambivalent Bias

What are the three corners of the Triad of Trustworthiness?

Authority, Likability, Honesty

What type of bias is the implicit association test? (People link "good" and in-group, "bad" and outgroup)

Automatic Bias

What is the term to explain that certain behaviors are unintentional, uncontrollable, occur outside of conscious awareness, or are cognitively efficient?

Automaticity

What type of bias is Social identity theory, self categorized theory, and aversive racism?

Ambiguous Bias

In Asch's line study roughly _______ of participants gave at least one wrong answer.

76%

What is the definition of self-efficacy?

A belief that one can perform adequately in a given situation

A health condition that persists over time is typically known as:

A chronic disease

________ best describes when people feel like they have the power to change their environment or behavior if they need or want to?

A sense of control

The durability bias occurs when a person overestimates how long their feelings might last. This bias is a type of:

Affective Forecasting

The____ route employs direct, relevant, logical messages (To produce permanent agreement)

Central

Which processing route focus on logic and relevant material?

Central

What are the two routes of processing?

Central and Peripheral

What is it called for the tendency of individuals to nonconsciously mimic the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one's interaction partners?

Chameleon effect

The tendency to act like those around us and be influenced by what they do is called?

Conformity

Implicit attitudes can sometimes ___________ explicit attitudes.

Contradict

The perception of what most people do in a given situation ( Such as being quiet in a library, tip our waiter, etc.)

Descriptive norms

What is considered the future of health psychology?

Developing interventions to reduce the prevalence of preventable illness

______ is a behavior that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their group membership.

Discrimination

The stereotype content model suggests that when we interact with homeless people we feel what type of emotional prejudice?

Disgust

Sandra has relatively high subjective well-being. As such, we can predict she is most likely to do which of the following?

Donate her time and money to help others in her community or around the world to try and make a difference.

Jolene asked her parents for 2,000 dollars, which she knew they wouldn't agree to give her. Then, she asked for 200 dollars instead, which they happily gave. This is an example of:

Door in the face

Calvin is interested in measuring his school's willingness to do volunteer work around the community. He sends out a self-report survey that asks students to directly fill out their _________ attitudes on the topic.

Explicit

Asking someone, on a scale of 1 to 10, "How sexist do you consider yourself?" Would be considered measuring the individual's

Explicit attitude

Attitudes that are easy to report and the attitudes that you feel outwardly towards other people.

Explicit attitude

Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience and more recent replications have shown that:

Female participants obediently shocked the experimental victim at a rate similar to males in the Milgram and other studies which was approximately 65% of participants.

The peripheral route to persuasion takes advantage "trigger features" that activate sequential behavior in animals and humans. What is this sequence of behavior called?

Fixed action patterns (FAPs)

Milgram's obedience study demonstrated what factor in participants willing to shock others to an extreme level?

Following orders from an authority figure

Happiness has been shown to be associated with a number of desirable outcomes for example:

Happy people are more likely to donate to charity.

Having sufficient social resources helps support individuals' subjective well-being. Which of the following is the best example of this resource?

Having a friend you can turn to in times of need

Mental shortcuts that enable people to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently.

Heuristics

Those that are _____ stressed are more likely to get sick.

Highly

Mood-Congruent Memory

If you are in a good mood and think back to many good memories, then you might state that your life is "good." This process can be attributed to what?

Someone that believes in equality but will lock there doors and become nervous while driving through mostly black and Hispanic neighborhoods (Negative associations unconsciously)

Implicit attitude

When you go along with a group of people because you think they have a certain source of information

Informational Influence

What does happiness result from?

Internal and external causes

What are some factors that increase social integration?

Large support networks and many social roles in a community

________ occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or aversive stimuli cannot be controlled.

Learned Helplesness

Which of the following components are measured by psychologists interested in subjective well-being?

Life satisfaction, positive feelings and negative feelings

The line study conducted by Asch is a prime example of what process?

Normative Influence

The idea that we comply in order to fuel our need to be liked or belong

Normative Social influence

Going along with what the group says is because you worry what others will think of you is an example of _____

Normative influence

People are usually ___________ in their accuracy of their perceptions.

Overconfident

The ____route requires low effort from the target and often exploits the rule of thumb heuristics that trigger mindless reactions (The salesman way of thinking)

Peripheral

Which processing route relies on heuristics?

Peripheral

What is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors?

Persuasion

Gerard believes he can complete a term paper within a one-week time frame. He is surprised when he cannot complete the project as quickly as he anticipated.

Planning fallacy

Which of the following best describes the possible relation between positive affect and disease?

Positive feelings can boost the immune system and improve health behaviors.

____ is an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership.

Prejudice

Which of the following effects of money might interfere with happiness?

Pursuing money can lead us to give up social relations, spirituality, or interests.

When a bartender offers you a free taste, you feel obligated to purchase the drink. This is an example of:

Reciprocity

______ Heuristics is in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one's mental representation of the category. (Belonging in a category)

Representativeness

Someone describes to you a fur covered animal with four legs, a tail, and that barks, you think of a dog. The dog that you picture in your mind is an example of a:

Schema

What is the area of social psychology that focuses on how people think about others and about the social world?

Social cognition

What is an overgeneralized belief about a particular group of people?

Stereotype

What biases, are automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent; however, are extremely important to pay attention to because of their real consequences?

Subtle

Dr. Chui is trying to make recommendations to her client, Gary, to increase his subjective well-being. In this scenario, Dr. Chui is likely to do which of the following?

Tailor specific feedback for Gary since no one single recommendation is appropriate for everyone

What is the most effective way to protect from being persuaded?

The inoculation method

______occur(s) when you make a decision quickly based on time constraints and are not particularly concerned about the quality of the decision.

The need for closure

Which of the following is a possible outcome when individuals' implicit and explicit attitudes do not match?

They are unaware they hold an actual bias, such as a bias towards an ethnic minority

What is one of the implications of the Triad of Trustworthiness?

Without carefully considering the facts, people will believe someone high on the three factors

Which type of coping regulates the negative emotions associated with stressful events?

emotion-focused coping

Sequences of behavior that occur in exactly the same fashion, in exactly the same order, each time are known as ______. This phenomenon is similar to the "tricks" utilized by the ________ route of processing.

fixed action patterns; peripheral

Why do scientists sometimes avoid using the word happiness when referring to subjective well-being?

it is a popular word that can refer to different things such as feeling good or being satisfied

Researchers have found that when participants are exposed to a cold virus the participants with a lower risk of developing a cold were ________________________.

less stressed and more positive at the beginning of the study

Research on social pressure and conformity suggests which of the following factors can help individuals resist conformity in a group?

observing just one person disagreeing with the majority

Albert has a large project due to his boss by the end of the week. Although it's stressful, Albert makes a step-by-step to-do list to ensure he can accomplish the project on time. Albert is displaying what type of coping?

problem-focused coping

You can use a _______ procedure to draw someone's attention to how they have been persuaded. Studies have shown that this process makes people more likely to recognize manipulativeness of deceptive ads and to be less likely to be persuaded by these ads.

stinging

Examples of external or bottom-up causes of subjective well-being include:

sufficient material resources, sufficient social resources, and living in a desirable society

The stereotype content model suggests that we judge social groups on which two features?

warmth and competence