PSYCH 1XX3 - Quiz Questions and Answers

Which of the following is true regarding receptive fields? A) A cell that responds maximally to blue striking the outer opponent-process receptive field will respond minimally to yellow striking the outer receptive field. B) A cell that responds to very small green writing on a red background in the distance will have a large receptive field. C) A cell that responds maximally to red striking the outer opponent-process receptive field will respond minimally to green striking the inner receptive field. D) A cell that responds to a large checkerboard pattern in the distance will have a small receptive field.

A) A cell that responds maximally to blue striking the outer opponent-process receptive field will respond minimally to yellow striking the outer receptive field.

According to the textbook, which of the following statements regarding neurotransmitters is correct ? A) A single neuron can release only one type of neurotransmitter from its different terminals. B) The charge of a neurotransmitter (positive or negative) will determine whether an EPSP or IPSP occurs in a postsynaptic neuron. C) GABA is found in most excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the brain. D) Neurotransmitters bind to ions on the postsynaptic cell membrane, allowing these ions to enter the cell.

A) A single neuron can release only one type of neurotransmitter from its different terminals.

Jenna is watching a red car pass through her visual field. Which of the following would accurately describe the visual processing occurring in Jenna's brain? A) A visual stimulus of a tree that was processed in an area of the retina close to the car would also be processed in a nearby area of the primary visual cortex. B) The complex processing of a moving visual stimulus would make it more likely that the receptive field of a V1 cell would be comprised of only a few lateral geniculate nuclei. C) Most of the retinal cells carrying the visual stimulus will synapse in the medial reticulate nucleus in the thalamus before being sent to the primary visual cortex. D) When looking at the car with her left eye, visual information about the car would only travel to the right side of her brain.

A) A visual stimulus of a tree that was processed in an area of the retina close to the car would also be processed in a nearby area of the primary visual cortex.

Which of the following best describes the pathway for colour perception? A) All layers of the LGN have a sub layer called the koniocellular layer, where certain colour information is sent. B) From the parvocellular layers of the LGN, the next step in processing the colour blue is the CO blobs. C) The koniocellular sub layers exclusively process blue and yellow stimuli from the blue-yellow ganglion cell. D) Colour perception from the parvocellular layers and motion from the magnocellular layers are brought to the CO blobs where colour and motion processing are combined.

A) All layers of the LGN have a sub layer called the koniocellular layer, where certain colour information is sent.

Which of the following best explains why you see the colour green with subtractive colour mixing? A) All wavelengths are absorbed, except green is reflected. B) All wavelengths are absorbed, except yellow and blue are reflected. C) All wavelengths are reflected, except yellow and blue are absorbed. D) All wavelengths are reflected, except green is absorbed.

A) All wavelengths are absorbed, except green is reflected.

Which of the following is true regarding the role of leptin in regulating weight? A) Animals can become Leptin resistant B) Leptin buildup increases the rate of weight gain C) OB gene knockout mice express excess Leptin D) Leptin reliably reduces obesity

A) Animals can become Leptin resistant

A neuroscientist is testing the effect of a drug called Anium. Experiments show that Anium has a very negative charge, and all neurons are permeable to Anium. If Anium is injected to the inside of a resting neuron, in what direction would Anium flow resulting from diffusion and electrostatic forces? A) Anium would flow out of the cell resulting from both diffusion and electrostatic forces. B) Anium would flow out of the cell resulting from diffusion foces and Anium would flow into the cell resulting from electrostatic forces. C) Anium would flow into the cell resulting from diffusion foces and Anium would flow out of the cell resulting from electrostatic forces. D) Anium would flow into the cell resulting from both diffusion and electrostatic forces.

A) Anium would flow out of the cell resulting from both diffusion and electrostatic forces.

When shown a set of flash cards, which of the following situations illustrates normal visual development in an infant? A) At 3 months of age, Lela preferred to look over the entire face of a stranger instead of looking at one particular feature. B) A newborn, Rickie preferred to look checkerboards with small squares that seem to blend together rather than large-squared patterns. C) At 3 months of age, Maggie preferred to look at the attractive face just as much as the unattractive face. D) At 3 months of age Luke preferred to look at only one corner of each of the complex shapes he was presented with.

A) At 3 months of age, Lela preferred to look over the entire face of a stranger instead of looking at one particular feature.

Which of the following is true of visual development in infants? A) By 4 months of age, infants are able to demonstrate size constancy when distinguishing objects. B) Infants are born tabula rasa (blank slate), without any capabilities to recognize objects. C) By 4 months of age, infants are unable to process visual information using Gestalt principles. D) By 2 months of age, infants can distinguish between different categories of objects.

A) By 4 months of age, infants are able to demonstrate size constancy when distinguishing objects.

You have discovered a new mammalian species in Hamilton and decide to examine it's brain anatomy. Given what you know about the function and evolution of brain structures, which brain structure would you be most likely to find? A) Cerebellum B) Thalamus C) Hippocampus D) Cerebral Cortex

A) Cerebellum

Using the trichromatic theory, which of the following best describes how cones respond to different wavelengths? A) Cones are maximally sensitive to different waves of light, meaning that a red cone will only respond maximally to red but will respond to different wavelengths. B) Cones are maximally sensitive to certain waves of light, meaning that a red cone will only respond to a red wavelength. C) Cones are maximally sensitive to certain waves of light, meaning that a red cone will respond only to colours close to red. D) Cones are maximally sensitive to different waves of light, meaning that a red cone will respond maximally to all different wavelengths.

A) Cones are maximally sensitive to different waves of light, meaning that a red cone will only respond maximally to red but will respond to different wavelengths.

According to the textbook, which of the following statements about dark adaptation is most correct? A) Cones become decreasingly important for low light vision as dark adaptation occurs, and the periphery of the eye provides better night vision than does the fovea around 10 minutes after dark exposure begins. B) Rods are responsible for much of the early dark adaptation but reach a plateau around 4 minutes, where cones then continue to adapt until becoming the primary functional cells around 10 minutes after dark exposure begins. C) Cones are slower to adapt but more prominent around 10 minutes after dark exposure begins because the visual pigment in cone cells regenerates more slowly than the visual pigment in rod cells. D) Rods provide better colour vision and acuity than do cone cells, which explains why as dark adaptation occurs, humans are less able to distinguish between colours or see small stimuli.

A) Cones become decreasingly important for low light vision as dark adaptation occurs, and the periphery of the eye provides better night vision than does the fovea around 10 minutes after dark exposure begins.

Which of the following statements regarding structures of the eye is correct? A) Despite one being opaque and the other transparent, the sclera and cornea are made of the same fibers. B) Relative to normal, a shorter eyeball results in nearsightedness while a longer one results in farsightedness. C) Individuals with myopia has difficulty seeing objects that are relatively near. D) The lens accounts for the majority of the focusing power of the eye while the cornea accounts for the rest.

A) Despite one being opaque and the other transparent, the sclera and cornea are made of the same fibers.

Which of following scenarios would best support Biederman's geon theory of object recognition? A) Diana is easily able to recognize her coffee mug, but has difficulty recognizing any rectangular objects after an accident causing brain trauma. B) Barghava is easily able to recognize his television set, but has difficulty recognizing any of his family's shoes after an accident causing brain trauma. C) Delila is easily able to recognize her parents' coffee table and her bed sheet that is crumpled at the end of the bed. D) Mirjam is easily able to recognize the table and chairs in her kitchen and the face of her family's pet rabbit.

A) Diana is easily able to recognize her coffee mug, but has difficulty recognizing any rectangular objects after an accident causing brain trauma.

Chuck experienced damage to his Superior Olivary complex. Which of the following deficits would you expect Chuck to experience? A) Difficulty locating sounds to the right or left B) Difficulty identifying the elevation of sounds C) Difficulty identifying the source of sounds by pitch D) Difficulty locating sounds directly in front or behind

A) Difficulty locating sounds to the right or left

How would a physician describe a lesion at the top of the brain, at the front of the brain, and located close to the midline? A) Dorsal rostral medial lesion. B) Ventral caudel lateral lesion. C) Ventral rostral medial lesion. D) Dorsal caudel lateral lesion.

A) Dorsal rostral medial lesion.

Which of the following best describes why afterimages occur? A) Due to the opponent-process functioning of colour receptors, a receptor that has been activated for an extended period of time will then go into the opposite state. B) Due to the centre-surround activation of colour receptors, one colour will be activated when the cell's firing is above baseline, signaling nearby receptors to activate the complementary colour state. C) Due to the centre-surround activation of colour receptors, both colours are activated when a cell is exicted, with one colour appearing as the initial image and one as the afterimage. D) Due to the opponent-process functioning of colour receptors, whenever a receptor is activated it will enter the opponent colour state following a brief interval.

A) Due to the opponent-process functioning of colour receptors, a receptor that has been activated for an extended period of time will then go into the opposite state.

If an individual constantly experiences mild negative thoughts and experiences constant fatigue, loss of appetite, muscle soreness and has trouble sleeping, they are likely suffering from which mental disorder? A) Dysthymia B) Bipolar disorder C) Major depression D) Generalized anxiety disorder

A) Dysthymia

You have discovered an animal that does not utilize glycogen stores. Which of the following correctly outlines the eating behaviour and glucose levels of these animals? A) Eat frequently and have highly variable glucose levels. B) Eat frequently and have consistently low glucose levels. C) Eat infrequently and have highly variable glucose levels. D) Eat infrequently and have consistently low glucose levels.

A) Eat frequently and have highly variable glucose levels.

Which of the following accurately describes a perceptual constancy? A) Even when the viewpoint changes, we perceive an object to have the same structure due to shape constancy. B) Even though an object may appear lighter in certain conditions, we still perceive the object to be the same brightness due to colour constancy. C) As an object changes distance from the observer, we still perceive the object as moving due to location constancy. D) When the actual image of an object changes on our retina, we perceive the object to have a different shape due to size constancy.

A) Even when the viewpoint changes, we perceive an object to have the same structure due to shape constancy.

Which of the following correctly outlines a path that light first takes as it travels through the eye? A) Ganglion Cells, Bipolar Cells, Photoreceptors B) Pupil, Cornea, Lens C) Cornea, Lens, Pupil D) Photoreceptors, Bipolar Cells, Ganglion Cells

A) Ganglion Cells, Bipolar Cells, Photoreceptors

Which of the following occurs as blood glucose levels decline? A) Glycogen is broken down into glucose. B) Energy is stored as fat tissue. C) You start feeling full. D) Remaining glucose is quickly converted into glycogen.

A) Glycogen is broken down into glucose.

Gordon is asked by his wife to pick up some oranges from the store. While at the store, he is unable to locate the oranges and tells his wife that the store must be sold out. His wife is concerned that something is wrong with Gordon, as he has been unable to locate both apples and watermelons in the past. Which of the following best explains Gordon's behaviour? A) He has suffered damage to his extrastriate cortex. B) He has suffered damage to his primary visual cortex. C) He is suffering from prosopagnosia. D) He has suffered damage to his dorsal stream.

A) He has suffered damage to his extrastriate cortex.

According to Hamilton's rule, Michelle would be most likely to risk her life to save which combination of people? A) Her brother, sister, and half-brother. B) Her half-sister, mother, first cousin, and boyfriend. C) Her best friend, first cousin, and identical twin. D) Her brother, 3 first cousins, and dog.

A) Her brother, sister, and half-brother.

Rocko is the class clown and is unable to sit through class without drawing attention to himself. Obsessed with his physique, he often goes on bizarre diets to keep up his physical appearance. He tends to miss a lot of school as a result of physical ailments, likely due to his dieting. Which of the following personality disorders is Rocko most likely suffering from? A) Histrionic personality disorder B) Borderline personality disorder C) Antisocial personality disorder D) Narcissistic personality disorder

A) Histrionic personality disorder

Which area of the brain is the most important in the regulation of hunger and satiety? A) Hypothalamus B) Olfactory bulb C) Prefrontal cortex D) Hippocampus

A) Hypothalamus

Which of the following is most correct regarding the function of the lens? A) It becomes elongated when focusing on an image that is far away. B) It changes its shape through the movement of the iris. C) It is the final structure that light passes through before reaching the retina. D) It becomes thinner and rounder when focusing an image that is close.

A) It becomes elongated when focusing on an image that is far away.

Which of the following is true regarding trichromatic theory? A) It does not easily explain why it is possible to imagine a blue-green colour but not a red-green colour. B) It does not fit with the process of coloured lights adding their dominant colour to the mixture. C) It proposes that each cone contains a photopigment that is only responsive to one of the three primary colours. D) It explains colour processing in the retina and ganglion cells, but not within the visual processing areas of the brain.

A) It does not easily explain why it is possible to imagine a blue-green colour but not a red-green colour.

Which of the following is true regarding the thalamus? A) It is located dorsal to the amygdala. B) It relays information about all the sensory modalities. C) It is considered to be part of the midbrain. D) It is located rostral to the hypothalamus.

A) It is located dorsal to the amygdala.

Action potentials occur over what timespan? A) Less than 5 milliseconds but more than one millisecond. B) Less than 1 second but more than 5 milliseconds. C) Less than 1 millisecond. D) Less than 5 seconds but more than 1 second.

A) Less than 5 milliseconds but more than one millisecond.

In which of the following stages of neural development do the axon and synapses of a neuron grow? A) Maturation B) Differentiation C) Neurogenesis D) Migration

A) Maturation

Which of the following statements most accurately describes monozygotic and dizygotic twins? A) Monozygotic twins begin as the same zygote, whereas dizygotic twins begin as two separate zygotes. B) Monozygotic twins have exactly the same chromosomes and genes, whereas dizygotic twins have exactly the same genes but different chromosomes. C) Monozygotic twins have exactly the same genotype and phenotype, whereas dizygotic twins do not. D) Dizygotic twins are less similar genetically than monozygotic twins, but more similar genetically than regular siblings.

A) Monozygotic twins begin as the same zygote, whereas dizygotic twins begin as two separate zygotes.

Which is a correct observation that demonstrates the convergence of information from multiple inputs to a single output? A) Multiple LGN cells to a single V1 cell. B) Multiple ganglion cells to a single photoreceptor. C) Multiple LGN cells to a single ganglion cell. D) Multiple horizontal cells to a single bipolar cell.

A) Multiple LGN cells to a single V1 cell.

In Live Lecture, we discussed how music is common across cultures, evidence it may have evolved. Which of the following was not an evolutionary explanation for music proposed in lecture? A) Music was a way to mimic mating calls of prey species for more effective hunting. B) Music is seen as attractive so music may be a way to woo or lure a mate. C) Making music increases behaviour that is cooperative and increases group cohesion. D) Music sounds intimidating and so may have evolved as a threatening sign to scare enemies.

A) Music was a way to mimic mating calls of prey species for more effective hunting.

An alien species feeds on a fungus that grows under rocks on their planet. When searching under rocks for fungus, the aliens are exposed to predators. What would happen if the aliens began to search for fungus in smaller groups? A) Number of individual scanning movements (looking for predators) would increase. B) Number of individual scanning movements (looking for predators) would decrease. C) Number of total group scanning movements (looking for predators) would not change. D) Number of total group scanning movements (looking for predators) increase.

A) Number of individual scanning movements (looking for predators) would increase.

Baby Grace is unfortunately born with severe birth defects, despite her mother refraining from any drugs or alcohol during pregnancy. She suffers from partial paralysis and severe loss of vision and hearing. Which of the following aspects of the prenatal environment would be most likely to contribute to these birth defects? A) Nutrition B) Severe maternal stress C) Sensory deprivation D) Hormones

A) Nutrition

As presented in live lecture, a study involving cookies investigated the social influences of eating. Which of the following correctly outlines the conclusions of this study? A) Our consumption of food in social settings mirrors the eating behaviour of other individuals. B) Individuals will eat cookies until they report feeling full. C) Our perceived level of hunger affects our consumption of food in social settings. D) Individuals will eat more if they are presented with larger portions in social settings.

A) Our consumption of food in social settings mirrors the eating behaviour of other individuals.

In DeBruine's investment game, what was the expected behaviour of participants? A) Participants would be more trusting of players who resembled themselves, exhibiting prosocial behaviour. B) Participants would be more trusting of players who appeared greedy, exhibiting prosocial behaviour. C) Participants would be less trusting of players who appeared greedy, exhibiting eusocial behaviour. D) Participants would be less trusting of players who resembled themselves, exhibiting eusocial behaviour.

A) Participants would be more trusting of players who resembled themselves, exhibiting prosocial behaviour.

In attempting to locate a sound originating on the top of a tall building directly in front of her, which auditory localization cue will be most helpful for Liola? A) Pinna Cues B) Visual cues C) Interaural difference in intensity D) Interaural difference in time

A) Pinna Cues

Denise's grandmother is having difficulty perceiving low frequency sounds. Denise must also yell in order for her grandmother to understand what she is saying. Which two psychological properties of sound is Denise's grandmother not properly processing? A) Pitch and loudness. B) Wavelength and loudness. C) Pitch and amplitude. D) Loudness and timbre.

A) Pitch and loudness.

In an alien species, alleles X and T are co-dominantly expressed. Allele X codes for red fur and allele T codes for white fur. A third allele, W, codes for black fur and is recessive. If a black furred alien mates with a pink furred alien, what fur colours can their offspring have? A) Red and White B) Pink, Black and Grey C) Pink and Black D) Red, White and Black

A) Red and White

Elandra seeks help from her doctor for her chronic difficulties with her posture. Which area of the brain should the doctor focus on while trying to help Elandra? A) Reticular formation B) Medulla C) Cerebellum D) Superior colliculus

A) Reticular formation

Gustavo suffers from a disorder where the myelin on his neurons is deteriorating. What would be the likely consequence of this disorder on neuron signals? A) Signals would travel slower through neurons. B) Signals would lose their strength and become inhibitory. C) Signals would travel faster through neurons. D) Signals would gain strength as they passed between the Nodes of Ranvier.

A) Signals would travel slower through neurons.

A hypothetical species of squirrel is characterized by males who grow antlers. The antlers are useful in combat with other male squirrels and self-defense against predators. Females choose males with the sharpest antlers. Which of the following is true regarding this new species of squirrels? A) The antlers have a positive effect on survival. B) The squirrels will shed their antlers at the end of the mating season. C) The antlers have a negative effect on fitness. D) This is an example of mate choice but not mate competition.

A) The antlers have a positive effect on survival.

Which of the following best describes the difference between the canalization and range-of-reaction principles? A) The canalization principle is only affected by extreme environments, while the range of reaction can be affected by less extreme environments. B) The canalization principle explains the development of behaviours necessary for survival, while the range-of-reaction principle explains non-essential behaviours. C) The canalization principle states that the phenotype is fully independent of the environment, while the range-of-reaction principle states that the phenotype is affected by the environment. D) The canalization principle is responsible for phenotypes in the early years of life, while the range-of-reaction principle takes over in later years.

A) The canalization principle is only affected by extreme environments, while the range of reaction can be affected by less extreme environments.

Which of the following best describes how a sound source that is far from the target is localized? A) The difference in intensities between the two ears caused by the person's head tells the brain that the sound source is distant. B) The equally low intensities at each ear tell the brain that the sound is coming from a distant source. C) The pinna diffracts more sound waves from sources that are far away than closer sounds. D) The difference in intensities caused by the sound traveling further to the distal ear tells the brain that the sound source is far.

A) The difference in intensities between the two ears caused by the person's head tells the brain that the sound source is distant.

Which of the following statements is correct? A) The human eye can detect electromagnetic radiation. B) The greater the energy of a waveform, the greater the saturation. C) Light is described only as a waveform. D) Our perception of colour is limited to seven basic elements of colour.

A) The human eye can detect electromagnetic radiation.

Which of the following statements about the brain's lobes is correct A) The occipital lobe is caudal to the parietal lobe. B) The temporal lobe is rostral to the frontal lobe. C) The occipital lobe is rostral to the frontal lobe. D) The frontal lobe is caudal to the parietal lobe.

A) The occipital lobe is caudal to the parietal lobe.

Which of the following is true regarding size constancy of an object? A) The size is perceived as the same whether it is near or far because the image on the retina decreases for all objects that are far away in the scene. B) The size is perceived as the same whether it is near or far because the image on the retina is the same shape for both near and far objects. C) The size is perceived as the same whether it is near or far because the image on the retina is the same size for both near and far objects. D) The size is perceived as the same whether it is near or far because the image on the retina increases for all objects that are far away in the scene.

A) The size is perceived as the same whether it is near or far because the image on the retina decreases for all objects that are far away in the scene.

Cindy's brother, Brendan, played a prank on her. He hid under her bed and jumped out when she walked into the room. Which of the following divisions of Cindy's nervous system was likely activated when Brendan startled her? A) The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. B) The sympathetic division of the central nervous system. C) The parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system. D) The parasympathetic division of the peripheral nervous system.

A) The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Which of the following statements regarding neurogenesis is true? A) There are more neurons than brain nutrients at birth. B) Radial glial cells are the last cells to develop. C) Only the central nervous system develops from founder cells. D) Neural connections stop being pruned at birth.

A) There are more neurons than brain nutrients at birth.

Which of the following is correct regarding the perception of sound? A) There is an audible zone of frequencies that humans can hear that differs from what other species can hear. B) Pitch is measured in hertz (Hz), which is the number of seconds it takes to complete one cycle. C) The perception of loudness corresponds to variations in the distance between each peak of a sound wave. D) The majority of sounds that humans hear are composed of a single frequency.

A) There is an audible zone of frequencies that humans can hear that differs from what other species can hear.

If the human eye were altered so that the bulk of the rods were concentrated in the fovea, and the bulk of the cones were in the periphery of the retina, how would our visual experience change? A) When looking slightly to one side of an object, we would see it in strong detail. B) When looking directly at an object, we would better identify colour. C) When looking directly at an object, we would have excellent acuity during the day. D) When looking slightly to one side of an object, we would have good night vision.

A) When looking slightly to one side of an object, we would see it in strong detail.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using fMRI as a neuroimaging method? A) fMRI does not register changes in brain function as quickly as EEG. B) fMRI provides only a rough image of the electrical activity of populations of neurons. C) fMRI is considered invasive because it requires injection of a radioactive tracer. D) fMRI can produce a lot of noise that is difficult to interpret.

A) fMRI does not register changes in brain function as quickly as EEG.

A liger is an animal that must be able to detect the high frequency calls emitted by its predators, as well as the low frequency calls emitted by its prey. Which of the following would best describe the structure of the liger's ear? A) Smaller ossicles to better tune the high and low frequencies of sounds. B) A long basilar membrane to allow for the detection of a wide range of frequencies. C) A long ear canal to increase the amplification of sound frequencies. D) Extra hair cells at the ends of the basilar membrane to increase detection of high and low frequencies.

B) A long basilar membrane to allow for the detection of a wide range of frequencies.

Manny often takes much longer than his friends to feel satiated after eating a meal. Which of the following is most likely causing Manny's symptoms? A) An excess amount of insulin being produced by Manny's liver. B) A shortage of cholecystokinin (CCK) in Manny's small intestines. C) A shortage of leptin being produced by Manny's adipose tissue. D) An excess amount of neuropeptide Y in Manny's hypothalamus.

B) A shortage of cholecystokinin (CCK) in Manny's small intestines.

Which of the following is least likely to be characteristic of a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)? A) Pujit must press the lock button at least 25 times every time she exits her car or else she grows increasingly anxious thinking that someone will steal her car. B) Akash must brush his teeth every morning, otherwise he grows anxious thinking that his attractive coworkers will smell his bad breath. C) Michael must open and close the house door 12 times before entering, and grows anxious if he is stopped midway. D) Rajiv must wash her hands three times before and twice after eating, otherwise she grows anxious thinking that she will contract a virus.

B) Akash must brush his teeth every morning, otherwise he grows anxious thinking that his attractive coworkers will smell his bad breath.

Which of the following statements regarding the nervous system is correct? A) Reuptake refers to the process whereby synaptic vesicles fuse with and release neurotransmitter into the postsynaptic neuron. B) An ion channel that allows K+ to flow freely into or out of the cell contributes to hyperpolarization of the cell. C) Oligodendrocytes in the peripheral nervous system protect and insulate neurons. D) Postsynaptic hyperpolarization brings a neuron closer to firing an action potential.

B) An ion channel that allows K+ to flow freely into or out of the cell contributes to hyperpolarization of the cell.

Hailey is born with a genetic abnormality that prevents hair cells from forming on her basilar membrane. Which of the following best describes why Hailey would be unable to hear? A) There would be no vibration of the oval window. B) Auditory stimuli would not be converted to neural impulses. C) The basilar membrane would be unable to release neurotransmitters. D) The absence of hair cells would prevent any movement of the basilar membrane.

B) Auditory stimuli would not be converted to neural impulses.

Two rabbits are raised in a laboratory. One rabbit is raised in an environment that exactly mimics the natural environment. The other rabbit is raised in a cage with lots of toys, providing all the stimulation found in a natural environment. Having been raised in slightly different yet equally stimulating environments, which of the following scenarios is most probable? A) Both rabbits will undergo the same experience-expectant brain growth and experience-dependant brain growth. B) Both rabbits will undergo the same experience-expectant brain growth but different experience-dependant brain growth. C) Neither rabbit will have the opportunity to undergo experience-expectant nor experience-dependant brain growth. D) The rabbits will undergo different experience-expectant brain growth but the same experience-dependant brain growth.

B) Both rabbits will undergo the same experience-expectant brain growth but different experience-dependant brain growth.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be classified as a patient with schizophrenia showing negative symptoms? A) Steven, who is unable to ignore the voices in his head. B) Chelsea, who laughed when told her mother had recently passed away. C) Raoul, who frequently engages in nonsensical ramblings. D) Brendan, who wears a metal hat to prevent the government from stealing his thoughts.

B) Chelsea, who laughed when told her mother had recently passed away.

Danni was born with underdeveloped retinas but underwent a retinal transplant, giving her sight for the first time at 9 months old. Which of the following is most likely true regarding her visual capabilities? A) Danni will be temporarily unable to see objects clearly, but her vision will improve to normal levels. B) Danni will have severe and permanent detriments to her ability to perceive her surrounding environment. C) Danni will have severe, but temporary, detriments to her ability to perceive her surrounding environment. D) Danni will be permanently unable to recognize a face presented to her as being her father.

B) Danni will have severe and permanent detriments to her ability to perceive her surrounding environment.

Natasha has recently been feeling extremely sad and having thoughts of self-harm. She goes to school, water polo practice, and completes her homework like usual, though she constantly has these thoughts on her mind. Which of the four D's is Natasha experiencing? A) Dysfunction, danger, and deviance B) Distress, deviance, and danger C) Deviance, distress, and dysfunction D) Danger, distress, and dysfunction

B) Distress, deviance, and danger

Emmanuel is the only male child in his family who suffers from colourblindness. What is the most likely reason for this? A) Emmanuel's father is colourblind but his mother is neither colourblind, nor a carrier of the gene. B) Emmanuel's mother is a carrier of this gene but his father is not colourblind. The rest of Emmanuel's siblings are females, so they do not exhibit the colourblind phenotype. C) Emmanuel's mother is colourblind but his father is not. This results in a 1 in 4 chance of expressing the colourblind phenotype in males, so despite having a monozygotic twin, he was the only one who is afflicted. D) Both Emmanuel's parents are colourblind, but he is the only male child they had so none of his sisters show this phenotype.

B) Emmanuel's mother is a carrier of this gene but his father is not colourblind. The rest of Emmanuel's siblings are females, so they do not exhibit the colourblind phenotype.

Which statement regarding the retinal layers is correct? A) The retinal pigment epithelium provides necessary nutrients to the ganglion cells. B) Ganglion cells are the first retinal layer light passes through, and later in the process they directly transmit information to the optic nerve. C) Amacrine cells allow for communication between the retinal pigment epithelium and bipolar cells. D) Information from one photoreceptor is expanded to multiple ganglion cells, which allows for an extensive processing to be done in the retina.

B) Ganglion cells are the first retinal layer light passes through, and later in the process they directly transmit information to the optic nerve.

Which of the following correctly explains the solution to the "problem" of altruism? A) Altruism cannot be explained, except for in the context of sexual selection. B) Genes for altruism could be successful if they improved inclusive fitness or encouraged reciprocity. C) All natural sightings of altruistic behaviour are actually examples of cooperation. D) Altruism is simply not possible since all genes are selfish and are only concerned with direct fitness.

B) Genes for altruism could be successful if they improved inclusive fitness or encouraged reciprocity.

Which of the following statements is true of pitch perception? A) Volley theory accounts for pitch perception up to 1,000 Hz. B) Hair cells respond maximally to one particular frequency. C) Frequency theory is able to explain pitch perception above 10,000 Hz. D) High frequencies displace the basilar membrane closest to the apex.

B) Hair cells respond maximally to one particular frequency.

Suppose that there is new research suggesting that for human males, having blue hands has a similar effect on reproductive success as does having a large, symmetrical tail for a Peacock. As an evolutionary psychologist, you are skeptical of this claim. What is the best combination of evidence supporting this new research claim? A) Having blue hands is not heritable, but males who have blue hands have a lot of offspring. B) Having blue hands is heritable, incurs some sort of cost to the individual, and modulates the attractiveness of the individual to potential mates. C) Having blue hands is not heritable, incurs some sort of cost to the individual, and modulates the attractiveness of the individual to females depending on the time point the female is at in her menstrual cycle. D) Having blue hands is heritable, does not incur a cost to the individual, and modulates the masculinity of the individual to potential mates.

B) Having blue hands is heritable, incurs some sort of cost to the individual, and modulates the attractiveness of the individual to potential mates.

Zach started a new diet and would occasionally come to work complaining of headaches. After several weeks of these random headaches, Zach was convinced that he had a brain tumor. Zach went to multiple doctors and got the same result from each: there was no cancer. Still, any subsequent headaches compelled Zach to seek professional help. What diagnosis would best fit Zach's condition? A) Somatic Symptom Disorder B) Illness Anxiety Disorder C) Panic Disorder D) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

B) Illness Anxiety Disorder

Which of the following statements about somatic symptom and related disorders is most correct? A) Conversion disorder is characterized by a gradual appearance of several broad sensory or motor symptoms without any physiological explanation. B) Illness anxiety disorder often involves a belief that the individual has a serious illness, despite evidence to the contrary. C) Physical treatments often work to alleviate the symptoms of somatic symptom and related disorders but cannot cure the disorder. D) Somatic symptom and related disorders are physical disorders that are not caused by psychological problems.

B) Illness anxiety disorder often involves a belief that the individual has a serious illness, despite evidence to the contrary.

What would occur if ganglion cells in the fovea had a large receptive field containing multiple photoreceptors? A) In the dark, visual acquity would decrease B) In the light, visual acquity would decrease C) In the light, visual acquity would increase D) In the dark, visual acquity would increase

B) In the light, visual acquity would decrease

Obesity in humans would most likely be attributed to which of the following? A) Decreasing endogenous opioids may increase appetite, as the person then will have a greater affinity for saccharin. B) Increasing endogenous opioids may increase appetite, as the person then will have a greater affinity for saccharin. C) Deficits in the OB that increase leptin levels and, thus, increase appetite. D) Deficits in the OB gene that decrease leptin levels and, thus, increase appetite.

B) Increasing endogenous opioids may increase appetite, as the person then will have a greater affinity for saccharin.

Which of the following is true regarding auditory localization? A) The three main cues for localizing sounds are interaural time differences, interaural frequency differences, and pinna cues. B) Interaural intensity differences are especially valid cues of localization for sounds that originate nearby. C) Pinna that are dramatically altered reduce the ability to utilize these cues to localize sounds permanently. D) It is difficult to localize sounds coming from directly beside you because the sound is only reaching one ear.

B) Interaural intensity differences are especially valid cues of localization for sounds that originate nearby.

Which of the following best describes the function of the corpus callosum in the brain? A) It allows the two hemispheres of the brain to operate independently of one another, so that signals do not become confused between the two hemispheres. B) It allows the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other so that information is available to both sides of the brain. C) It acts to increase brain lateralization, so that specific functions are more prominent in one hemisphere of the brain. D) It acts as a protective measure for brain damage, so that if a region in one hemisphere of the brain is damaged, the other hemisphere can compensate for it.

B) It allows the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with each other so that information is available to both sides of the brain.

Kelly is an extroverted and adventure-seeking only child. Her parents are more introverted and scholarly. According to what you know about the influence of genes on the environment, which of the following is most likely? A) Kelly will be enrolled in rock climbing classes as a child and choose to enroll in similar classes as an adult. B) Kelly will be enrolled in a reading program as a child but will enroll in rock climbing classes as an adult. C) If Kelly was enrolled in a book club as a child, she will actively seek membership in these clubs as an adult. D) Since she has no siblings, Kelly will choose what she is enrolled in as a child and will maintain these interests as an adult.

B) Kelly will be enrolled in a reading program as a child but will enroll in rock climbing classes as an adult.

Which of the following correctly describes the expected eyes of a nocturnal prey species? A) Large eyes placed on the front of the head B) Large eyes placed on the side of the head C) Small eyes place on the side of the head D) Small eyes placed on the front of the head

B) Large eyes placed on the side of the head

Chris has trouble understanding certain words, but his motor skills for language production are intact. Which area of Chris' brain likely damaged? A) Right frontal lobe. B) Left temporal lobe. C) Left frontal lobe. D) Right temporal lobe.

B) Left temporal lobe.

Stephen is attending a holiday potluck. Which of the following is most likely to cause Stephen to go back for a second helping of food? A) Cholecystokinin (CCK) B) Low levels of glucose in the blood. C) A neuropeptide Y (NPY) inhibitor. D) High levels of glucose in the liver.

B) Low levels of glucose in the blood.

Anita is a developmental psychologist who wants to study how speech develops over childhood, at 6 months, 1, 3, and 6 years of age. Anita's study design involves a day-long battery of cognitive testing with children from each of the four age groups. Which of the following statements is TRUE with regards to her study? A) Anita would not be able to make any conclusions about speech development, since she is using different children for each age group. B) One limitation of Anita's design is that she cannot make any definitive conclusions about how speech develops across individuals, only the groups as a whole. C) A significant problem with this longitudinal design is losing subjects before the study is completed. D) Anita's experimental design is more expensive to run than if she were to follow children as they age, rather than using different children at each age group.

B) One limitation of Anita's design is that she cannot make any definitive conclusions about how speech develops across individuals, only the groups as a whole.

What was the main finding of the study of homicides by Daly and Wilson? A) The majority of homicides are carried out by genetic relatives of the victim. B) People are significantly more likely to be killed by non-genetic relatives than they are by genetic relatives. C) Adopted children are more likely to be killed by their genetic parents than by their adopted parents. D) Significantly more homicides are committed by genetic relatives of the victim than is usually reported in police reports.

B) People are significantly more likely to be killed by non-genetic relatives than they are by genetic relatives.

Mr. Mock wants to know which brain region metabolizes the most glucose when he recalls events from the past. He would also like to know what ionic changes take place in a single cell in this region. Which two neuroscience techniques should Mr. Mock use to address his questions? A) Positron emission tomography and electroencephalography. B) Positron emission tomography and intracellular recordings. C) Functional magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. D) Functional magnetic resonance imaging and single-unit recordings.

B) Positron emission tomography and intracellular recordings.

Which of the following correctly exemplifies the range of reaction principle? A) As a child, Julie noticed that she and her friends preferred the taste of sugary candy to bitter vegetables. B) Robbie inherited genes that enhance his tennis abilities, and with proper training, he has the ability to become a professional tennis player. C) Despite being exposed to songs from other species, birds always learn the song of their own species. D) Jeff inherited a severe genetic disorder that prevents the proper development of his lower limbs.

B) Robbie inherited genes that enhance his tennis abilities, and with proper training, he has the ability to become a professional tennis player.

Due to an aggressive brain tumor, Dr. Sheppard had to completely remove Marina's parietal lobe. As a result, what deficit can occur in the visual pathway? A) Removal of her motor cortex has left her unable to move her eyes. B) She can hear a fan rotating, but sees the fan as frozen still. C) She will no longer be able to see things in colour. D) Removal of the somatosensory cortex will have left her sense-less.

B) She can hear a fan rotating, but sees the fan as frozen still.

How would you describe the sound wave of a quiet, high pitch noise? A) Large amplitude, high frequency B) Small amplitude, high frequency C) Small amplitude, low frequency D) Large amplitude, low frequency

B) Small amplitude, high frequency

It was demonstrated in live lecture that men tend to make riskier decisions than women. How is this related to reproductive fitness in a natural fertility population? A) Women have far more children than men on average. This causes women to be less likely to take risky actions that reduce their fitness. B) Some men have very few children and some men have many children. This causes men to be more likely to take risky actions that increase their fitness. C) Men value physical attractiveness in a mate more highly than females. This causes men to have far more children than women on average. D) Men have far more children than women on average. This causes men to be more likely to take risky actions that increase their fitness.

B) Some men have very few children and some men have many children. This causes men to be more likely to take risky actions that increase their fitness.

Which of the following correctly matches the theory of object recognition with a criticism of that theory? A) Recognition-by-components theory has difficulty explaining how partially covered objects can still be recognized. B) Template matching theory has difficulty explaining the role of top-down processing in interpreting ambiguous stimuli. C) Template matching theory has difficulty representing many natural objects that have subtle variations in features. D) Recognition-by-components theory has difficulty accounting for recognizing the same object when viewed at different angles, known as view invariance.

B) Template matching theory has difficulty explaining the role of top-down processing in interpreting ambiguous stimuli.

Which of the following statements regarding leptin is most correct? A) It is impossible to be obese and have normal levels of leptin. B) The adaptive function of leptin was likely to indicate low energy stores. C) Defective leptin signaling is the main cause of human obesity. D) Neuropeptide Y stimulates appetite by inhibiting leptin activity.

B) The adaptive function of leptin was likely to indicate low energy stores.

Why do stags shed their antlers after the breeding season? A) The antlers become damaged from combat, so males must grow new ones for the next breeding season B) The antlers are required for access to mates, but reduce a male's chances of survival. C) The antlers slow males down and reduce their ability to mate, but nonetheless are sexually selected. D) To have the largest antlers, which are attractive to females, antlers must be shed and regrown for the next breeding season.

B) The antlers are required for access to mates, but reduce a male's chances of survival.

During development, a particular neuron must travel to an area of the brain very far from the ventricular zone and close to the cortex. Which of the following statements is true? A) Migration from the ventricular zone will be much quicker than for other neurons, because there will be less neurons to travel through. B) The neuron would travel along the radial glial cells, which continue to grow outwards as more neurons are born. C) This neuron would be one of the first to differentiate into its specific function. D) This neuron would be one of the first to be born since it has to travel farther than other neurons.

B) The neuron would travel along the radial glial cells, which continue to grow outwards as more neurons are born.

Which of the following statements suggests that the trichromatic theory alone is insufficient in describing colour vision in humans? A) Light can be combined through both additive and subtractive colour mixing. B) The same colour can appear lighter or darker depending on the surrounding colours. C) Other species, such as goldfish, pigeons, and ducks possess four types of retinal receptors. D) Yellow light produces an intermediate response of long and medium wavelength receptors.

B) The same colour can appear lighter or darker depending on the surrounding colours.

After being diagnosed with major depression, Tracy finds herself struggling to manage the disorder. Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies ruminative coping? A) Tracy has started connecting with other individuals who also suffer from symptoms of depression through a support group. B) Tracy has started questioning what aspects about her life led to her development of the disorder, such as previous failures. C) Tracy has started watching several new television shows to escape the symptoms of the disorder. D) Tracy has started developing a dislike towards individuals who comment on her depression in a negative way.

B) Tracy has started questioning what aspects about her life led to her development of the disorder, such as previous failures.

Which of the following is correct with regards to structures of the forebrain? A) The thalamus acts as a relay center for visual and olfactory sensory information. B) Two common hormones that are released by the posterior pituitary are oxytocin and vasopressin. C) The hippocampus is particularly important because it controls hormone levels released by the pituitary. D) The amygdala contains spatial representations that help one to navigate the world.

B) Two common hormones that are released by the posterior pituitary are oxytocin and vasopressin.

Which of the following correctly outlines the role leptin plays in long-term weight regulation? A) When an individual feels hungry, leptin levels rise, and signal the body to consume food. B) When fat tissue increases, leptin levels rise and are involved in reducing daily food consumption. C) When an individual feels hungry, leptin levels rise, and signal the body to reduce food consumption. D) When fat tissue increases, leptin production is halted, and daily food consumption is lowered

B) When fat tissue increases, leptin levels rise and are involved in reducing daily food consumption.

In which of the following scenarios would the Gestalt principle of similarity be utilized? A) A stampeding heard of bison is grouped separately from a herd that is not partaking in this particular stampede. B) White roses and white lilies are grouped separately from red roses and red lilies. C) At a car and truck show, automobiles are grouped together based on how close they are to other automobiles in the show. D) Balls collected in baskets nearby are grouped separately from balls collected in baskets further away.

B) White roses and white lilies are grouped separately from red roses and red lilies.

In an alien species, 3 parents are required to reproduce. Each parent contributes 12 chromosomes to their offspring. If 6 sex chromosomes determine the sex of each alien, what is the total number of autosomal chromosomes possessed by an individual alien? A) 42 B) 36 C) 30 D) 24

C) 30

Based on our current understanding of the disorder, which of the following drugs is most likely to be used to treat schizophrenia? A) A drug that increases the amount of dopamine and increases the amount of glutamate in the brain. B) A drug that increases the amount of dopamine and decreases the amount of glutamate in the brain. C) A drug that decreases the amount of dopamine and increases the amount of glutamate in the brain. D) A drug that decreases the amount of dopamine and decreases the amount of glutamate in the brain.

C) A drug that decreases the amount of dopamine and increases the amount of glutamate in the brain.

Which of the following outlines a major difference between a longitudinal and cross-sectional research design? A) A longitudinal research design allows researchers to infer developmental changes based on trends, whereas a cross-sectional research design avoids practice effects due to repeated testing. B) A longitudinal research design provides broad results pertaining to links between old and young individuals, whereas a cross-sectional research design provides specific results at a higher cost. C) A longitudinal research design is susceptible to selective attrition, whereas a cross-sectional research design is susceptible to generational effects based on the age of the subjects. D) A longitudinal research design involves the same individuals studied repeatedly over an individual's lifetime, whereas a cross-sectional research design involves individuals studied a limited number of times over a subset of their lifespan.

C) A longitudinal research design is susceptible to selective attrition, whereas a cross-sectional research design is susceptible to generational effects based on the age of the subjects.

Annie is currently in the fertile phase of her menstrual cycle. Which of the following males would she show the most attraction towards? A) A male with masculine and asymmetrical facial features. B) A healthy male with slightly feminine facial features. C) A male with highly symmetrical and masculine facial features. D) A confident male with slightly feminine facial features.

C) A male with highly symmetrical and masculine facial features.

According to the textbook, which of the following tortoises will be the most successful in an evolutionary context? A) The dashingly handsome tortoise that gets his pick of the lady tortoises. B) A female tortoise that will outlive all other tortoises. C) A small, lazy tortoise that produces the most offspring. D) A strong and resilient tortoise that is never sick.

C) A small, lazy tortoise that produces the most offspring.

Which of the following statements regarding the recognition-by-components theory is correct? A) Incoming sensory information is compared directly to a representation or copy stored in long-term memory. B) A weakness of the theory is that it fails to explain how we are able to identify novel examples of objects. C) A weakness of the theory is that slight changes in lighting conditions make it difficult to discern geons necessary for object identification. D) One of the strengths of the theory is its ability to accurately depict how we are able to identify natural objects.

C) A weakness of the theory is that slight changes in lighting conditions make it difficult to discern geons necessary for object identification.

According to what is known about visual processing, why do we correctly perceive yellow objects as being yellow? A) Activation of red and green cones results in inhibition of the red/green ganglion cells and excitation of the blue/yellow ganglion cells. B) Activation of the red, green, and blue cones results in both inhibition and excitation of the red/green ganglion cells and excitation of the blue/yellow ganglion cells. C) Activation of red and green cones results in inhibition and excitation of the red/green ganglion cells and excitation of the blue/yellow ganglion cells. D) Activation of yellow cones results in inhibition of the red/green ganglion cells and excitation of the blue/yellow ganglion cells.

C) Activation of red and green cones results in inhibition and excitation of the red/green ganglion cells and excitation of the blue/yellow ganglion cells.

The vesicle release of two particular pre-synaptic neurons results in an action potential firing in a postsynaptic neuron. When the vesicle release of an additional third pre-synaptic neuron is added to this circuit, no action potential is triggered in the postsynaptic neuron. Why might this be the case? A) Neurotransmitters released from the third pre-synaptic neuron, bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, opening sodium channels. B) Vesicle release from the third pre-synaptic neuron depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron, moving it away from the action potential threshold. C) Activity of the third pre-synaptic neuron results in the opening of chloride channels on the postsynaptic neuron, thus leading to hyperpolarization. D) The negatively charged neurotransmitters released from the third pre-synaptic neuron enter and hyperpolarize the post-synaptic neuron.

C) Activity of the third pre-synaptic neuron results in the opening of chloride channels on the postsynaptic neuron, thus leading to hyper polarization.

Which of the following correctly outlines the role of adipose tissue? A) Adipose carries glucose to different areas of the body. B) Adipose signals to the body to replenish its food intake. C) Adipose stores energy for later use. D) Adipose is converted into glycogen for energy storage.

C) Adipose stores energy for later use.

Which of the following scenarios best describes the symptoms and development of agoraphobia? A) Agoraphobia is the fear of situations where escape is difficult in the event of a panic attack, and always develops following a traumatic event. B) Agoraphobia is the fear of becoming housebound due to embarrassing panic attacks, and often develops following one inescapable panic attack. C) Agoraphobia is the fear of situations where help is not available in the event of a panic attack, and often develops following several panic attacks. D) Agoraphobia is the fear of public places, and often develops following several panic attacks that occur in a crowd as a result of social or specific phobia.

C) Agoraphobia is the fear of situations where help is not available in the event of a panic attack, and often develops following several panic attacks.

Which of the following scenarios best outlines dysfunction as one of the "four D's" of abnormality? A) An individual with depression experiences a great deal of sadness when they stop taking their medication or attending psychological therapy. B) Firefighters often willingly place themselves in risky situations that could severely harm themselves. C) An individual with obsessive-compulsive disorder is compelled to check the oven at least 50 times prior to leaving the house. D) An individual experiences paranoia whenever they volunteer to participate in psychological experiments, believing that researchers are carefully watching them.

C) An individual with obsessive-compulsive disorder is compelled to check the oven at least 50 times prior to leaving the house.

In a certain species of giraffe, neck length is heritable. Most giraffes possess long necks so that they can reach the most nutritious leaves at the top of trees. Some giraffes possess shorter necks and are unable to reach the tops of the trees, but instead feed on less nutritious leaves at the bottom of trees. During a drought, the leaves at the top of the tree die leaving only leaves at the bottom of the tree. Long-necked giraffes are unable to bend down to reach the leaves at the bottom of the tree. How will the average neck length be affected by the drought? A) Average neck length will be longer than before the drought. B) Average neck length will be unaffected by climate conditions. C) Average neck length will be shorter than before the drought. D) Average neck length will be the same as before the drought.

C) Average neck length will be shorter than before the drought.

Betty was playing with her friends when she realized that she could perceive shorter light wavelengths better than the rest of her friends. Which of the following sets of stimuli had Betty seen to come to this conclusion? A) Betty was able to tell the difference between the brightness of an intense blue car and a dull blue car. B) Betty was able to tell the difference between the purity of a saturated red hat and a desaturated red hat. C) Betty was able to tell the difference between the colours of two seemingly identical yellow dandelions. D) Betty was able to tell the difference between the level of heat coming off two different bowls of soup.

C) Betty was able to tell the difference between the colours of two seemingly identical yellow dandelions.

Which of the following correctly outlines a difference between critical periods and sensitive periods? A) Critical periods state that our genes affect the environmental stimulation our brain receives during childhood, whereas sensitive periods state that our genes affect the environmental stimulation we seek, which can span into adulthood. B) The window of opportunity for critical periods exists from birth until adulthood, whereas the window of opportunity for sensitive periods exists during adulthood only. C) Critical periods highlight the narrowness of the window of opportunity for brain modification, whereas sensitive periods highlight the flexibility of the window of opportunity for brain modification. D) Critical periods involve the modifications that occur in our brains in response to environmental stimulation, whereas sensitive periods involve the loss of function that occurs in our brains in response to a lack of normal stimulation.

C) Critical periods highlight the narrowness of the window of opportunity for brain modification, whereas sensitive periods highlight the flexibility of the window of opportunity for brain modification.

Which of the following scenarios describes an individual expressing comorbidity of psychological disorders? A) Shannon was recently diagnosed with an anxiety disorder as a result of her extreme fear of spiders, a specific phobia termed arachnophobia. B) Manny's not convinced he should be diagnosed with conversion disorder as a result of the low lifetime prevalence. C) Following her dramatic weight loss, Ashley was diagnosed with the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. D) Kim was diagnosed several years ago with bipolar disorder, and often experiences episodes of severe depression followed by manic episodes.

C) Following her dramatic weight loss, Ashley was diagnosed with the eating disorders anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

Which nutrient signals the need to increase one's food intake when levels are low? A) LGN B) NPY C) Glucose D) Fructose

C) Glucose

Doctors have been following the Gallagher family for several generations in an attempt to figure out the genes involved in their colour blindness. Ian, the youngest child, views the world in reds, greens, and shades of grey. Fiona, the eldest daughter, has slightly below normal visual acuity and views the world in in yellows, blues, and shades of grey. Which of the following colour blindness disorders are Ian and Fiona most likely to have? A) Ian has deuteranopia, while Fiona has tritanopia. B) Ian has protanopia, while Fiona has deuteranopia. C) Ian has tritanopia, while Fiona has deuteranopia or protanopia. D) Ian has dueteranopia or protanopia, while Fiona has tritanopia.

C) Ian has tritanopia, while Fiona has deuteranopia or protanopia.

Which of the following is most correct of the pinna? A) If the pinna were distorted, a person would be disoriented until the pinna returned to the original shape. B) The folds and ridges of the pinna absorb certain sound waves in order to detect elevation. C) If the pinna were distorted, a person would be disoriented until their body adjusted to the new cues. D) The folds and ridges of the pinna select which sound waves are processed to detect elevation.

C) If the pinna were distorted, a person would be disoriented until their body adjusted to the new cues.

What would occur if ganglion cells in the fovea had a large receptive field containing multiple photoreceptors? A) In the light, visual acquity would increase B) In the dark, visual acquity would increase C) In the light, visual acquity would decrease D) In the dark, visual acquity would decrease

C) In the light, visual acquity would decrease

While walking by the shore one day, Susan sees a person who has fallen into the water and appears to be having trouble swimming. Susan decides to jump into the water to help this person to safety. The next day, Susan is featured in the newspaper as a local hero. Which of the following best describes Susan's actions? A) Direct Reciprocity B) Selfishness C) Indirect Reciprocity D) Spite

C) Indirect Reciprocity

Which of the following is correct regarding visual agnosia? A) An individual suffering from object agnosia would be able to name an object they are looking at, but would be unsure of the function of the object. B) Individuals suffering from object agnosia typically have difficulty processing objects of particular colours. C) Individuals suffering from prosopagnosia are unable to recognize faces because they cannot integrate the individual features of a face. D) Individuals suffering from prosopagnosia have absolutely no method with which to identify people they know, as they are unable to process faces.

C) Individuals suffering from prosopagnosia are unable to recognize faces because they cannot integrate the individual features of a face.

Which of the following statements is true regarding colour blindness? A) Red/green colour blindness results in a decrease in acuity and occurs mainly in males. B) Protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia are increasingly severe forms of colour blindness reflecting 1, 2, or 3 types of defective cones. C) Individuals with deuteranopia would have difficulty perceiving wavelengths of 700nm and 500nm. D) Individuals suffering from tritanopia see the world only in shades of blue and yellow.

C) Individuals with deuteranopia would have difficulty perceiving wavelengths of 700nm and 500nm.

Which of the following is most correct regarding a hypercomplex cell? A) It shows no response upon reaching an inhibitory region at the edge. B) They only exist within the cortex of primate brains. C) It identifies length through an inhibitory region at the edge. D) It will always respond when the endpoints of a stationary bar are located within the receptive field of the cell.

C) It identifies length through an inhibitory region at the edge.

Which of the following provides evidence of a sensitive period for visual development? A) Children with cataracts show a diminished ability to perceive objects, patterns, and details when the cataracts remain in their eye. B) Kittens placed in the dark for a month show increased ability to hear sounds when returned to the normal environment. C) Kittens placed in the dark for a week show diminished ability to perceive objects when returned to the normal environment. D) Cats raised in an environment that has vertical stripes show increased ability to perceive vertical stripes in a normal environment.

C) Kittens placed in the dark for a week show diminished ability to perceive objects when returned to the normal environment.

Which of the following scenarios would lead Maggie to achieving the highest fitness? A) Both Maggie and her aunt have three babies. B) Maggie has two babies and her full brother has two babies. C) Maggie has three babies and her full brother has two babies. D) Maggie has one baby and her half-sister has ten babies.

C) Maggie has three babies and her full brother has two babies.

In a population of prairie dogs, males establish nests to raise their offspring in that are nearby the one they themselves were raised in. On the other hand, females travel far away from the nest they were raised in to search for a male to mate with. Which of the following is most correct? A) Females who mate will likely make an alarm call upon seeing a predator. B) Females who do not mate will most likely make an alarm call upon seeing a predator. C) Males who do not mate will likely make an alarm call upon seeing a predator. D) Females and males who do not mate are equally likely to make an alarm call upon the sight of a predator.

C) Males who do not mate will likely make an alarm call upon seeing a predator.

Every time Mallory smells body odour, she experiences severe anxiety. She decides that she cannot go to the gym due to its overwhelming smell of body odour, and so she is losing her fitness from lack of exercise. Which of the following best explains her behaviour? A) Mallory's loss of fitness is the result of an eating compulsion to overcome an obsession. B) Mallory's anxiety from going to the gym is a symptom of bipolar disorder. C) Mallory's loss of fitness is a result of the dysfunction her psychological disorder causes her. D) Mallory's avoidance of the gym is a voluntary decision, and does not constitute a psychological disorder.

C) Mallory's loss of fitness is a result of the dysfunction her psychological disorder causes her.

Cyrus is putting on a lightshow. He has two flashlights and several translucent coloured lenses. On one flashlight he has a yellow and blue lens while on the other he has a purple lens. If he shines each flashlight on the same spot of a wall, what would be the most likely result? A) Due to additive mixing, the colour brown will be formed where the light from each flashlight overlaps. B) Nothing will occur because you cannot mix yellow and blue as they are both primary colours. C) Mixing of complementary colours on the wall will result in the appearance of a white or grey spot. D) Due to subtractive colour mixing, a grey colour will be seen where the light from each flashlight overlaps.

C) Mixing of complementary colours on the wall will result in the appearance of a white or grey spot.

Which of the following best describes the body's reaction to fasting for a few hours? A) The kidney will start breaking down glycogen into glucose. B) The body inhibits the release of leptin, making the individual start eating. C) Neuropeptide Y's activity in the hypothalamus will increase. D) The adipose tissues will start breaking down for fuel.

C) Neuropeptide Y's activity in the hypothalamus will increase.

What would happen to the flow of ions through the leaky potassium channels if a neuron at rest was placed in a solution that was very high in potassium ions? A) Sodium ions would flow outward. B) Potassium ions would flow outward. C) Potassium ions would flow inward. D) Sodium ions would flow inward.

C) Potassium ions would flow inward.

According to the textbook, which of the following statements regarding the nervous system is correct? A) The peripheral nervous system is sometimes encased in bone to protect efferent nerve fibers. B) Afferent nerve fibers carry information from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system. C) Rene Descartes believed the soul had a biological basis through which it controlled the body. D) Corpus callosotomy is a common procedure that is used today to treat extreme epilepsy.

C) Rene Descartes believed the soul had a biological basis through which it controlled the body.

Which of the following is not a symptom of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? A) Fatigue or difficulty concentrating. B) Difficulty sleeping. C) Repeatedly occuring anxiety for at least 3 months. D) Irritability.

C) Repeatedly occuring anxiety for at least 3 months.

Which of the following is most correct regarding rod cells? A) Rods are used for night vision because they provide good visual acuity but no colour information. B) Overall, there are fewer rod cells than cone cells in the retina of the eye. C) Rod cells exist most densely in the area immediately surrounding the fovea. D) Each rod cell has a direct connection to the brain through one retinal ganglion cell.

C) Rod cells exist most densely in the area immediately surrounding the fovea.

Based on the evidence presented in the article "Addicted to Food?", what result is most likely for Jane who has experienced serious neuronal damage to the amygdala? A) She will eat considerably less, because she will no longer receive emotional satisfaction from food. B) This should not affect her eating habits because these behaviours are controlled by the hormone leptin that is secreted by fat cells. C) She will eat considerably more because she will experience satiety atypically. D) She will eat uncontrollably because her executive control system can no longer inhibit her behaviour.

C) She will eat considerably more because she will experience satiety atypically.

Based on the knowledge you obtained in class about why men take risks, and more specifically why men commit homicide, decide which of the followings statements is most correct: A) Dominant, masculine men have no reason to commit homicide. B) Young women are equally likely to commit homicide as middle-aged men. C) Single, divorced and/or widowed men are more likely to commit homicide than married men. D) Young men are less likely to commit homicide than men who are middle-aged.

C) Single, divorced and/or widowed men are more likely to commit homicide than married men.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding major depressive disorder? A) Some people that are diagnosed manage to live relatively normal lives. B) It affects females more often than it affects males. C) Symptoms must be present for over 3 months before it can be diagnosed. D) It results in feelings of emptiness and worthlessness.

C) Symptoms must be present for over 3 months before it can be diagnosed.

Which of the following is correct regarding the manipulation of perceptual constancies as part of the Ames room illusion? A) The Ames room manipulates colour constancy, using the colours of the walls and windows to manipulate the perceived shape of the room. B) The Ames room manipulates shape constancy, causing people to perceive the room to be trapezoidal when it is actually rectangular. C) The Ames room manipulates size constancy, because a smaller image on the retina usually equates to a further distance. D) The Ames room manipulates location constancy, causing people to perceive the two individuals in the opposite corners of the room as being at different distances, even though they are actually at the same distance.

C) The Ames room manipulates size constancy, because a smaller image on the retina usually equates to a further distance.

Which of the following is true regarding optical illusions? A) The Muller-Lyer effect arises from a misuse of the shape constancy, and depth is misinterpreted. B) The horizontal lines in the Muller-Lyer effect project different images on the retina, but the right angles make them appear identical. C) The Ponzo illusion arises from a misuse of convergence, such that objects that appear far away should be smaller than objects up close. D) The Ames room arises from a misuse of the size constancy, such that two objects of differing sizes appear to be the same size.

C) The Ponzo illusion arises from a misuse of convergence, such that objects that appear far away should be smaller than objects up close.

If an individual did not have any hair cells on their basilar membrane, what would be the expected effect on the processing of auditory stimuli? A) There would be no vibration of the basilar membrane, and no sound would be perceived. B) Sound would still be perceived, but without the amplification that is conducted by the hair cells. C) The brain would not be able to perceive sound, even though sound waves would still cause vibration of the basilar membrane. D) Sound would still be perceived, but it would be difficult to differentiate between sound frequencies.

C) The brain would not be able to perceive sound, even though sound waves would still cause vibration of the basilar membrane.

A new drug tested on rats is found to be safe and supports neuronal growth during early development. A company claims this can increase infant intelligence. Do you think the claim is valid? A) The claim is not valid as infants already experience accelerated neuronal growth. B) The claim may be valid provided that drug treatment is applied while watching appropriate learning videos. C) The claim is not valid as there is no reason to believe that extra synaptic growth during infancy will lead to greater intelligence. D) The claim may be valid provided that drug treatment is applied during the short critical period for neuronal growth.

C) The claim is not valid as there is no reason to believe that extra synaptic growth during infancy will lead to greater intelligence.

Consider a person with a mutation that prevents green cones from being activated, and therefore cannot transmit a signal. According to trichromatic theory, what effect would this have on colour perception? A) The colours yellow and red could be seen, but the colour green would be impaired. B) The colour yellow could be seen, but the colours red and green would be impaired. C) The colour red could be seen, but the colours green and yellow would be impaired. D) The colours red, green, and yellow would all be impaired.

C) The colour red could be seen, but the colours green and yellow would be impaired.

Which of the following statements about the ear is true? A) The primary purpose of the ossicles is to transduce the displacement of fluid into a neural signal. B) The eardrum aids in the amplification of sound by vibrating at a higher frequency than the sound wave. C) The displacement of the oval window causes movement of both the basilar membrane and the round window. D) One of the functions of the ear drum is to separate the fluid-filled middle ear from the air-filled outer ear.

C) The displacement of the oval window causes movement of both the basilar membrane and the round window.

Haley runs an experiment and finds that, when participants are shown a picture of a chair, they are faster to categorize it as a piece of furniture than they are when shown a cupboard. Based on this information, which of the following statements is correct? A) The experiment provides support for template theory, as more frequent exposure to chairs than cupboards should lead individuals to have a stronger template for chairs than for cupboards. B) The experiment provides support against geon theory, as both chairs and cupboards have a similar number of geons and should be categorized at similar rates. C) The experiment provides support for both template and prototype theories, as more frequent exposure to chairs than cupboards would lead to more templates with which to compare the chair and would make the prototype of the category furniture more closely resemble a chair. D) The experiment provides support for prototype theory, as most people are more frequently exposed to chairs than they are to cupboards, giving them many examples with which to compare the chair and, thus, faster categorization.

C) The experiment provides support for both template and prototype theories, as more frequent exposure to chairs than cupboards would lead to more templates with which to compare the chair and would make the prototype of the category furniture more closely resemble a chair.

Which of the following is true of the prevalence of colour blindness? A) The greater prevalence of red/green colour blindness in males relative to females is due to its association with the Y chromosome. B) Tritanopia occurs in the population much less frequently than achromatopsia. C) The incidence of blue/yellow colour blindness is the same between males and females. D) Red/green colour blindness is less common in females than tritanopia is in both males and females.

C) The incidence of blue/yellow colour blindness is the same between males and females.

Which of the following is true regarding retinal ganglion cells? A) The majority of retinal ganglion cells are M cells, which respond to brightness and colour. B) The majority of retinal ganglion cells are P cells, which respond to contrast and movement. C) The majority of retinal ganglion cells are P cells, which respond to brightness and colour. D) The majority of retinal ganglion cells are M cells, which respond to contrast and movement.

C) The majority of retinal ganglion cells are P cells, which respond to brightness and colour.

Which of the following statements about the pons is false? A) The pons is important for processing emotion. B) The pons acts as a relay centre in the hindbrain. C) The pons generates signals for movement. D) The pons is involved in auditory processing.

C) The pons generates signals for movement.

What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump? A) The sodium-potassium pump helps the cell to reach the threshold for producing an action potential. B) The sodium-potassium pump removes 2 sodium ions from inside the cell and replaces them with 3 potassium ions. C) The sodium-potassium pump helps the cell recover from an action potential and maintain resting potential. D) The sodium-potassium pump removes 2 potassium ions from inside the cell and replaces them with 3 sodium ions.

C) The sodium-potassium pump helps the cell recover from an action potential and maintain resting potential.

Which statement correctly describes an aspect of object recognition? A) Bi-directional activation implies object features and expectations act on each other. B) Bottom-up processing requires expectations of the observer to recognize the object. C) Top-down processing and bottom-up processing work together to influence object recognition. D) Priming will always lead to participants recognizing objects at faster speeds.

C) Top-down processing and bottom-up processing work together to influence object recognition.

Which of the following statements regarding top-down processing correctly describes its role in perception? A) Top-down processing does not require sensory information to influence our perceptions. B) Top-down processing is maladaptive in all situations as it leads to false perceptions. C) Top-down processing uses prior expectations to give meaning to sensory information. D) Top-down processing emphasizes visual information to interpret the world.

C) Top-down processing uses prior expectations to give meaning to sensory information.

According to what you know about sound localization as presented in the web modules, which of the following statements is correct? A) Interaural time difference is useful for localizing sound at a far distance. B) Pinna cues help to localize sound and are the same in all humans. C) Turning your head may help to localize sound directly behind you. D) Sound is localized easiest when the source is directly in front of you.

C) Turning your head may help to localize sound directly behind you.

Vilma suffers from a rare disorder that is attacking only her rod cells. Which of the following effects most likely results from Vilma's condition? A) Vilma is able to see objects that are still, but not those that are moving. B) Vilma is unable to perceive colour information in her periphery. C) Vilma is unable to notice when her friends approach her from the side. D) Vilma is able to clearly see objects directly in front of her and in her periphery.

C) Vilma is unable to notice when her friends approach her from the side.

Which of the following colours is the result of additively mixing the complementary colours of green and purple? A) Red B) Blue C) White D) Brown

C) White

For this question, assume that hair colour can only be brown or red and follows the principles of simple dominant recessive inheritance. The dominant allele (B) corresponds to the colour brown and the recessive allele (r) corresponds to the colour red. If the mother is heterozygous and the father is homozygous for brown hair, what is the probability of having a child with the red hair phenotype? A) 100% B) 75% C) 25% D) 0%

D) 0%

Which of the following statements about neuroimaging techniques is correct? A) A CT scan takes a series of x-ray slices of the brain and compiles them to construct a model of brain activation. B) MRI is useful because it uses magnetic fields to align hydrogen atoms and produce a clear image of the brain's activity. C) fMRI is useful because it uses magnetic fields to align hydrogen atoms and produce a clear image of the brain's structure. D) A PET scan infers function from metabolism in the brain and is able to provide information about the brain's activity.

D) A PET scan infers function from metabolism in the brain and is able to provide information about the brain's activity.

Which of the following is the most likely reason why diagnosis rates of autism spectrum disorder have been increasing over the last several years? A) A narrowing of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder B) A correlational link between vaccinations and the disorder C) A causal link between vaccinations and the disorder D) A broadening of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder

D) A broadening of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder

Which of the following best describes an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)? A) A change in ion concentration such that there is an increase in intracellular potassium. B) A change in membrane permeability that prevents a cell from producing an action potential. C) A change in the membrane potential from -50mV towards -70mV. D) A change in membrane potential as a result of increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

D) A change in membrane potential as a result of increased membrane permeability to sodium ions.

Which of the following statements regarding physiological development is most correct? A) Increased body hair and menarche signal male puberty. B) Gonadotrophic hormones released by the hypothalamus influence reproduction. C) Puberty marks our first hormonally driven physical changes. D) A decrease in testosterone as women age leads to decreased libido.

D) A decrease in testosterone as women age leads to decreased libido.

Randy and Lucy have both purchased toys for their new baby cousin, Julian. To see which toy is most preferred, Randy and Lucy present both toys to Julian at the same time. They find that Randy's toy is preferred over Lucy's. How did they come to this conclusion? A) After presenting both toys at the same time, Julian became habituated to Lucy's toy before Randy's toy. B) After presenting both toys at the same time, Julian sucked on his soother much less intensely when viewing Randy's toy. C) After presenting both toys at the same time, Julian became habituated to both but then became dishabituated to Randy's. D) After presenting both toys at the same time, Julian spent less time looking at Lucy's toy than Randy's.

D) After presenting both toys at the same time, Julian spent less time looking at Lucy's toy than Randy's.

Which of the following is most correct regarding the co-evolution of moths and bats? A) Moths that are able to detect the amplitude ranges emitted by bats have increased survival because they can avoid the bats. B) Bats have evolved the ability to detect moths that are flying away from them because the echoes from the moths will return to the bat sooner. C) Bats that are able to detect the frequency ranges emitted by moths have increased survival because they can forage more food. D) Bats have evolved the ability to detect whether it is a moth or a less desirable insect by examining an echo that varies slightly in return time.

D) Bats have evolved the ability to detect whether it is a moth or a less desirable insect by examining an echo that varies slightly in return time.

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between bipolar 1 and bipolar 2? A) Rapid-cycling can only be applied to bipolar 1, while cyclothymia can only be applied to bipolar 2 B) Bipolar 1 requires one extreme mood state, while bipolar 2 requires both depression and mania C) Bipolar 1 requires only one manic episode, while bipolar 2 requires two or more manic episodes D) Bipolar 1 requires a manic episode, while bipolar 2 requires a hypomanic episode

D) Bipolar 1 requires a manic episode, while bipolar 2 requires a hypomanic episode

Baby Ricky is a model and as such, is required to pose for countless photo sessions. Unfortunately, it is difficult to get baby Ricky to focus on the camera for a prolonged period of time. Which of the following would be the best way to gain his interest to keep baby Ricky focused on the photographer for the duration of the photo session? A) Repeatedly present an image of a complex black and white pattern close to the camera. B) Repeatedly present an image of baby Ricky's favourite teddy bear close to the camera. C) Tape the face of another baby model to the top of every camera used by the photographer. D) Blow a different sounding whistle from behind the photographer.

D) Blow a different sounding whistle from behind the photographer.

Which of the following Gestalt Principles is correctly described? A) Proximity is the grouping of objects that are similar to each other. B) Similarity is the grouping of objects that are in a similar area. C) Continuity is the grouping of objects that continuously move together. D) Closure is our tendency to fill in gaps to complete an object.

D) Closure is our tendency to fill in gaps to complete an object.

Connie has suffered damage to her secondary taste pathway. Which of the following is most consistent with this damage? A) Connie's damage is located in the olfactory cortex and is affecting her ability to perceive flavour. B) Connie's damage is located along her gustatory nerve and is affecting her ability to perceive taste. C) Connie's damage is located in the pons and is affecting heritability to perceive the texture of her food. D) Connie's damage is located in the hypothalamus and is affecting her ability to feel satiated.

D) Connie's damage is located in the hypothalamus and is affecting her ability to feel satiated.

A pharmaceutical company is creating a drug that will assist obese clients in losing weight. Which of the following approaches would be best? A) Create a drug that blocks the CCK receptors. B) Create a drug that blocks the function of leptin. C) Create a drug that stimulates the liver to convert glucose into glycogen. D) Create a drug that mimics the function of leptin.

D) Create a drug that mimics the function of leptin.

Brittney's long-term boyfriend died five years ago in a serious car accident. She has felt sad and helpless ever since the tragic accident and can't stop thinking about him. She also worries about how his parents are coping with their loss. Which of the following disorders does Brittney most likely have? A) Major Depressive Disorder B) Generalized Anxiety Disorder C) Bipolar Disorder D) Dysthymia

D) Dysthymia

Where would visual and auditory information be processed? A) Upperbrain B) Midbrain C) Hindbrain D) Forebrain

D) Forebrain OR B) Midbrain

Which of the following is correct about glial cells? A) Schwann cells are located in the central nervous system. B) Glial cells release brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) onto surrounding neurons. C) Myelin sheath strengthens the action potential signal. D) Founder cells can produce glial cells in the neural tube.

D) Founder cells can produce glial cells in the neural tube.

Which of the following is a biological factor for anxiety disorders? A) Irregularities in the amgdala and the prefrontal cortex, as well as norepinephrine levels B) Excess focus on internal physiological processes C) Excess release of dopamine D) Genetic predisposition to abnormal GABA and serotonin release

D) Genetic predisposition to abnormal GABA and serotonin release

Which of the following correctly describes hair cells? A) Hair cells synapse on to ganglion cells, making up the cochlear nerve. B) There are more inner hair cells than outer hair cells, as they are more important in translating neural signals. C) There are more outer hair cells than inner hair cells, as they are more important in translating neural signals. D) Hair cells synapse on to bipolar cells, making up the cochlear nerve.

D) Hair cells synapse on to bipolar cells, making up the cochlear nerve.

In the article Monkeys Hear Voices, researchers found a cerebral region in the macaque monkey brain that is specialized for processing monkey calls. Which of the following implications does not result from this finding: A) Monkeys and humans may share a voice processing area that was previously thought to be exclusive to humans. B) The right hemisphere of the human brain may plays a role in how human speech evolved. C) Macaque monkeys may be able to discriminate between the voices of other macaque monkeys. D) Humans evolved their language abilities directly from macaque monkey.

D) Humans evolved their language abilities directly from macaque monkey.

What is the evolutionary rationale behind the statement, "our lives seem dominated by the consumption of food"? A) In our evolutionary past and in present industrial societies, humans expend little energy seeking out food. B) In our evolutionary past, humans had to expend less time and effort in order to find food than is typical for modern societies today. C) In our evolutionary past and in present industrial societies, humans expend a great deal of energy seeking out scarcely available food. D) In our evolutionary past, humans had to expend far more time and effort in order to find food than is typical for modern societies today.

D) In our evolutionary past, humans had to expend far more time and effort in order to find food than is typical for modern societies today.

Dr. Bones has discovered a new hormone called NPZ that he believes directly inhibits the actions of NPY. Which of the following experimental procedures allow Dr. Bones to test his hypothesis? A) Inject NPZ into the hypothalamus; if eating increases, his hypothesis is correct. B) Inject NPZ into the liver; if eating decreases, his hypothesis is correct. C) Inject NPZ into the liver; if eating increases, his hypothesis is correct. D) Inject NPZ into the hypothalamus; if eating decreases, his hypothesis is correct.

D) Inject NPZ into the hypothalamus; if eating decreases, his hypothesis is correct.

Which of the following symptoms would lead a clinical psychologist to diagnose Jamie with bipolar disorder rather than major depression? A) Jamie experiences episodes of severe depression characterized by sadness, suicidal thoughts, and lack of eating, but also returns to normal functioning between these episodes. B) Jamie experiences episodes of severe depression, and often displays impulsive shopping behaviour around Christmas time as a result of his increased sadness over the holiday season. C) Jamie experiences a constant, moderate level of depression characterized by sadness, suicidal thoughts, and lack of eating, but also sometimes experiences aggression in addition to his other symptoms. D) Jamie experiences episodes of severe depression in addition to episodes of increased goal-oriented behaviour, resulting in hostility towards anything that prevents him from accomplishing his goals.

D) Jamie experiences episodes of severe depression in addition to episodes of increased goal-oriented behaviour, resulting in hostility towards anything that prevents him from accomplishing his goals.

After a car accident, Jennifer wakes up in the hospital. Despite the severity of the collision, all her physical exams appear normal. The doctor is just about release her when he notices something very odd. Jennifer has only eaten the food on the right side of her tray and, despite complaining that she is thirsty, has not touched the glass of water on her left side. After further neurological testing, which area of the brain is the doctor likely to find injured? What condition is the doctor likely to diagnose? A) Jennifer has damage to her right parietal lobe and will be diagnosed as a split brain patient. B) Jennifer has damage to her Fusiform gyrus and will be diagnosed with Prosopagnosia. C) Jennifer has damage to her Fusiform gyrus and will be diagnosed with Object agnosia. D) Jennifer has damage to her right parietal lobe and will be diagnosed with hemispatial neglect.

D) Jennifer has damage to her right parietal lobe and will be diagnosed with hemispatial neglect.

Which of the following most accurately describes an individual with damage to the temporal lobe? A) Howard is unable to walk home from his school, as he cannot recall the route he is supposed to take. B) Richard is unable to properly determine the speed and direction of movement of cars in her neighbourhood. C) Joshua, a used car salesman, is unable to make decisions on whether or not to sell cars. D) Kelly has difficulty interpreting sounds and cannot extract the higher-order visual information.

D) Kelly has difficulty interpreting sounds and cannot extract the higher-order visual information.

In a dark environment, which type of vertebrate with big eyes would be most suited to survive as prey? A) Front-facing eyes with a large number of cones. B) Laterally directed eyes with a large number of cones. C) Front-facing eyes with a large number of rods. D) Laterally directed eyes with a large number of rods.

D) Laterally directed eyes with a large number of rods.

Dr. Nimoy is trying to diagnose a patient and must use neuroimaging information to see the fine structural details of a particular region of the brain, as well as brain activity on a fine temporal scale. Which two neuroimaging techniques should be used? A) CT and ERP B) CT and fMRI C) MRI and fMRI D) MRI and ERP

D) MRI and ERP

Suppose bats evolved to emit a lower frequency sound than they currently do. Based on the principle of co-evolution, which trait would likely evolve in moths over time? A) Mechanisms to emit even lower frequency noises than bats. B) Mechanisms to detect higher frequency noises. C) Mechanisms to emit the same frequency noises as bats. D) Mechanisms to detect lower frequency noises.

D) Mechanisms to detect lower frequency noises.

Autonomic reflexes, such as swallowing and sneezing, are regulated by which of the following areas of the brain? A) Pons B) Cerebellum C) Reticular Formation D) Medulla

D) Medulla

Which of the following individuals would an evolutionary psychologist rate as being the most fit? A) James loves to hit the gym and he is also at the top of his medical school class. B) Evan is very handsome and extremely smart. He and his husband are trying to adopt their third baby boy. C) Mickey is in the army and has a lot of combat and self-defense training. D) Mike cheats on his wife with many other women.

D) Mike cheats on his wife with many other women.

How are culture and mirror neurons related? A) Mirror neurons evolved following the development of human culture. B) Mirror neurons are uniquely capable of Hebbian learning, facilitating cultural development. C) Mirror neurons only exist in humans. D) Mirror neurons are important for observational learning.

D) Mirror neurons are important for observational learning.

Mitchell's liver is correctly identifying glucose levels in his blood. Jay's liver is incorrectly identifying glucose levels in his blood. What would be the key difference between Mitchell's and Jay's liver activity? A) Jay's, but not Mitchell's, liver would be breaking down glycogen into glucose when glucose levels are low. B) Jay's but not Mitchell's liver would be converting glucose into adipose tissue when glycogen levels are low. C) Mitchell's, but not Jay's, liver would be converting glucose into glycogen when glycogen levels are low. D) Mitchell's, but not Jay's, liver would be breaking down glycogen into glucose when glucose levels are low.

D) Mitchell's, but not Jay's, liver would be breaking down glycogen into glucose when glucose levels are low.

A scientist wants to extend research on the Mozart Effect and compares middle school students' performance on several cognitive tasks after listening to either white noise or Polynesian folk music. Interestingly, the Polynesian folk music group performs better. Does this support the existence of a more general music effect on infant brain development? A) No, the styles of music are too dissimilar to make a conclusion on infant brain development. B) Yes, the scientist has corrected the earlier problem of only using adult participants allowing a conclusion to be made about infant brain development. C) Yes, the fact that the Mozart Effect replicated with other music should bolster our belief in a general music effect on infant brain development. D) No, the control conditions are still not sufficient to allow a conclusion to be made about infant brain development.

D) No, the control conditions are still not sufficient to allow a conclusion to be made about infant brain development.

What part of the retina absorbs light, allowing humans to see colour? A) Photoreceptors B) Rods C) Cones D) Photopigment

D) Photopigment

Due to a rare disorder, Bert has difficulty telling the difference between colours and is especially poor at perceiving differences in richness of colour. Bert is unable to process which two physical characteristics of light? A) Saturation and wavelength. B) Saturation and amplitude. C) Amplitude and purity. D) Purity and wavelength.

D) Purity and wavelength.

Which of the following is an example of top-down processing? A) Recognizing a dog by its four legs, tail, and panting tongue. B) Responding to log faster than dog after being primed for animal words. C) Expecting your Psychology quiz to appear every Friday. D) Recognizing an ambiguous symbol as an A or an H depending on context.

D) Recognizing an ambiguous symbol as an A or an H depending on context.

Which of the following statement regarding audition is correct? A) The auditory cortex has a topographic organization. B) The ossicles transfer incoming sound waves from the air-filled external ear to the fluid-filled middle ear. C) The basilar membrane narrows as it moves away from the oval window. D) Sound shadow is used to detect location of sounds that are far away.

D) Sound shadow is used to detect location of sounds that are far away.

Steve is nearing the finish line of the marathon he is running. He notices an opponent speeding towards him from behind. Steve realizes that he is unable to match the pace of the opponent and will likely lose the race. Rather than finish the race in second, he decides to intentionally keep the opponent from winning, knowing that he will be disqualified for doing so. Which type of social behaviour is Steve demonstrating? A) Altruism B) Selfishness C) Cooperation D) Spite

D) Spite

Maria is a newborn who is completely deaf. What will most likely happen to the neurons in her auditory cortex as she develops? A) The neurons in her auditory cortex will likely migrate to a different location in order to respond to other stimuli. B) The neurons in her auditory cortex will likely be pruned away because they are not being used. C) The neurons in her auditory cortex will likely remain unused because they were genetically predisposed to being auditory cells. D) The neurons in her auditory cortex will likely be influenced by the surrounding cells, becoming responsive to other stimuli.

D) The neurons in her auditory cortex will likely be influenced by the surrounding cells, becoming responsive to other stimuli.

While attempting to determine the extent of a patient's damage to his corpus collosum, Dr. Cruz presents her patient with a toothbrush and asks him to name the object. The patient is unable to name the object. Which of the following best explains these findings? A) The object was presented to the patient's right eye only. B) The object was presented to the patient's left eye only. C) The object was presented in the patient's right visual field only. D) The object was presented in the patient's left visual field only.

D) The object was presented in the patient's left visual field only.

Ganglion cells from the retina project their axons to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). What are the groups of axons called before and after they have passed the optic chiasm, respectively? A) The optic tract; the optic nerve. B) The optic disk; the optic nerve. C) The optic disk; the optic tract. D) The optic nerve; the optic tract.

D) The optic nerve; the optic tract.

Which of the following correctly describes the function of a structure found in the midbrain? A) The superior colliculus is involved in auditory integration. B) The inferior colliculus is involved in visual integration of information. C) The substantia nigra is involved in unconscious motor reflexes. D) The red nucleus is involved in the production and relay of motor information.

D) The red nucleus is involved in the production and relay of motor information.

A research study examines the internet search skills for different-aged groups of people at the same time and then again for two additional sessions after a set number of years. Which of the following would be false in this study? A) Researchers can assess individual developmental change. B) Performance may benefit from practice effects. C) The study would be more expensive than a cross-sectional design. D) The study is protected from selective attrition.

D) The study is protected from selective attrition.

After an accident, Pari is having trouble orienting her eyes towards an object and cannot identify the path of a moving object. Which of the following describes the most probable locations of Pari's brain damage? A) The temporal and occipital lobes. B) The primary visual cortex and the parietal lobe. C) The thalamus and the occipital lobe. D) The superior colliculus and the parietal lobe.

D) The superior colliculus and the parietal lobe.

Cameron just ate a large bowl of chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream. Which of the following statements about his body's response to this meal is most correct? A) The sweet taste indicates high glucose content, which is converted to glutamate following insulin release from the liver. B) The sweet taste indicates high glutamate content, which is converted to glucose following insulin release from the pancreas. C) The sweet taste indicates high glycogen content, which is converted to glucose following insulin release from the liver. D) The sweet taste indicates high glucose content, which is converted to glycogen following insulin release from the pancreas.

D) The sweet taste indicates high glucose content, which is converted to glycogen following insulin release from the pancreas.

Which of the following would best explain a neuron that is depolarized from -70mV to -50mV, fires an action potential to depolarize to +30mV, but takes longer than usual to repolarize to the original resting state of -70mV? A) The leaky potassium channels allowed excessive potassium to leave the cell, making the interior more positive. B) The cell is permeable to large negatively charged protein molecules, which leave the interior of the cell. C) The voltage gated sodium channels closed early, and there was minimal sodium ions entering the neuron. D) The voltage gated potassium channels opened slowly, and potassium ions could not leave the cell fast enough.

D) The voltage gated potassium channels opened slowly, and potassium ions could not leave the cell fast enough.

Of the following statements, which is most correct regarding the eyes of prey animals? A) Their eyes are positioned laterally to provide a single large field of view. B) Their eyes are positioned laterally to provide strong depth perception. C) Their eyes are positioned laterally to provide strong binocular overlap. D) Their eyes are positioned laterally to provide an almost entirely separate field of view.

D) Their eyes are positioned laterally to provide an almost entirely separate field of view.

Which of the following statements regarding the brain is correct? A) The majority of cortical surface area is devoted to primary sensory areas. B) The cerebellum is the most evolutionarily recent area of the brain to develop. C) Despite being smaller, humans have a larger cortical surface than elephants. D) There are an unequal number of neurons in each hemisphere of the brain.

D) There are an unequal number of neurons in each hemisphere of the brain.

What best describes the vision of a vertebrate with lenses that were permanently fat and round, and retinas that were comprised entirely of cones, with no rods? A) They have poor acuity for objects close up, and have difficulty distinguishing colours. B) They have good acuity for objects at long distances, and easily distinguish colours. C) They have poor acuity for objects at long distances, and have difficulty distinguishing colours. D) They have good acuity for objects close up, and easily distinguish colours.

D) They have good acuity for objects close up, and easily distinguish colours.

Which of the following is true regarding peacock tails as a male display feature? A) They have a positive effect on fitness because it makes the individual look larger to predators. B) They are an indicator to other males that the individual will likely dominate in a physical confrontation. C) They decrease fitness because the individual becomes an easier target for predators. D) They increase the attractiveness of that individual to potential mates.

D) They increase the attractiveness of that individual to potential mates.

Which of the following is true of the function and layout of the temporal cortex? A) Neurons in the temporal cortex are organized in horizontal columns perpendicular to the surface of the cortex, with five layers of neurons. B) Neurons in the temporal cortex respond to much less complex stimuli to that of the primary cortex, as most of the processing is finished in V1. C) Each of the five layers of neurons in a cortical column responds to different stimuli from different categories. D) Though the temporal cortex is specifically organized, every object is not coded by a specific neuron.

D) Though the temporal cortex is specifically organized, every object is not coded by a specific neuron.

If you were to follow Hamilton's rule, how many of your full siblings should you be willing to save from death by sacrificing your own life? A) Five B) One C) Four D) Three

D) Three

An alien species has a fovea comprised entirely of rods, with cones found in increased concentrations in the periphery of the retina. Which of the following statements is correct? A) To identify colour in dim lighting conditions, the alien should move its eyes to focus the image on its fovea. B) To focus upon the details of an image, the alien should move its eyes so the image falls on its fovea. C) The alien will have the highest visual acuity in the fovea and lower visual acuity in the periphery. D) To see something most clearly in dim light, the alien should focus the image on its fovea.

D) To see something most clearly in dim light, the alien should focus the image on its fovea.

Through advanced genetic screening, Todd was informed that he had the genetic potential to grow to 6'5. However, at age 35, Todd stands at about 5'10. Taking into account gene/environment interactions, how is this scenario best explained? A) Todd experienced a suitable environment during development, but his genes did not allow him to reach his 6'5 potential. B) Todd's genotype restricted the number of phenotypes available to him, such that he could never reach his 6'5 potential. C) According to passive genotype/environment correlations, Todd sought out experiences not conducive to reaching his 6'5 potential. D) Todd experienced a less-than-ideal environment during development, such that he could never reach his 6'5 potential.

D) Todd experienced a less-than-ideal environment during development, such that he could never reach his 6'5 potential.

Which of the following best describes the function of synaptic vesicles? A) The vesicle type (rather than neurotransmitter itself) determines the type and function of the neuron. B) Vesicles are intracellular sacs that bind neurotransmitters on the exterior of the vesicular membranes. C) When an action potential is triggered, vesicles bind to the postsynaptic membrane and allow neurotransmitters to travel into the postsynaptic neuron. D) Vesicles spill their contents into the synaptic cleft to convert an electrical signal into a chemical signal.

D) Vesicles spill their contents into the synaptic cleft to convert an electrical signal into a chemical signal.

A benign tumour is pressing on the nasal sides of the optic nerves of Deanna's right and left eyes. What type of vision loss will she experience? A) Vision loss in the entire right visual field. B) Vision loss the right and left medial visual fields. C) Vision loss in the entire left visual field. D) Vision loss in the right and left lateral visual fields.

D) Vision loss in the right and left lateral visual fields.