PSYCH 220 (2011)
24. The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems is called ____. A. spontaneity B. congruency C. elasticity D. creativity
D. creativity
search has found that early-maturing girls are more likely than late-maturing girls to be: A. satisfied with their figures in high school. B. taller and thinner when they reach high school. C. less popular with males their own age. D. depressed, become alcoholic, and/or have an eating disorder.
D. depressed, become alcoholic, and/or have an eating disorder.
19. Boys are _____ as likely to have autism spectrum disorders as girls are. A. half B. equally C. twice D. four times
D. four times
23. Thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating evidence are all parts of: A. critical thinking. B. metacognition. C. cognitive monitoring. D. control processes.
A. critical thinking.
25. The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called: A. divergent thinking. B. convergent thinking. C. expressive thinking. D. productive thinking.
A. divergent thinking.
75. Which of the following is NOT a function of childhood friendships? A. companionship B. cultural regulation C. social comparison D. intimacy/affection
B. cultural regulation
29. Who developed the concept of mental age? A. Alfred Binet B. William Stern C. David Wechsler D. Robert J. Sternberg
A. Alfred Binet
18. _____ is a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships. A. Asperger syndrome B. ADHD C. Autistic disorder D. ICF syndrome
A. Asperger syndrome
30. Which of the following is a type of intelligence identified by Howard Gardner? A. Intrapersonal B. Analytical C. Practical D. Creative
A. Intrapersonal
54. _____ is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. A. Postconventional reasoning B. Conventional reasoning C. Preconventional reasoning D. Universal reasoning
A. Postconventional reasoning
96. Which of the following risks related to sexual activity can be reduced significantly by the use of contraceptives? A. Sexually transmitted infections B. Lack of emotional preparedness C. Drug use and delinquency D. Promiscuity
A. Sexually transmitted infections
67. Which of the following statements about stepfamilies is NOT true? A. The largest number of stepfamilies are preceded by death of a spouse. B. In stepmother families, the father usually has custody of his children. C. In stepfather families, the mother usually has custody of her children. D. In blended families, both parents bring children from previous marriages to the newly formed stepfamily.
A. The largest number of stepfamilies are preceded by death of a spouse.
81. Which of the following is an exercise Dweck and her colleagues incorporated in their effort to improve students' motivation to achieve and succeed? A. You Can Grow Your Brain B. Multiple Intelligence tests C. Six Thinking Hats D. Star Child Program
A. You Can Grow Your Brain
35. Organic retardation is caused by: A. a genetic disorder or brain damage. B. being raised by poorly educated parents. C. an impoverished intellectual environment. D. traumatic experiences in early childhood.
A. a genetic disorder or brain damage.
100. Recent research reviews found that abstinence-only programs: A. do not reduce HIV risk behaviors. B. prevent adolescent pregnancies better than sex-education programs emphasizing contraceptive knowledge. C. have a marked effect in delaying the initiation of sexual intercourse. D. are overall better at improving the sexual behaviors of adolescents than sex-education programs that emphasize contraception knowledge.
A. do not reduce HIV risk behaviors.
36. Children with above-average intelligence and a superior talent for something are called: A. gifted. B. creative. C. perspicacious. D. sagacious.
A. gifted.
64. Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that: A. girls engage in more prosocial behavior. B. boys engage in more prosocial behavior. C. boys are more likely to share. D. girls are more likely to share.
A. girls engage in more prosocial behavior.
49. Self-esteem refers to _____ self-evaluation while self-concept refers to _____ self-evaluation. A. global; domain-specific B. personal; academic C. subjective; objective D. interpersonal; intrapersonal
A. global; domain-specific
52. Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called: A. industry versus inferiority. B. trust versus mistrust. C. ego integrity versus ego despair. D. ego autonomy versus ego independence.
A. industry versus inferiority.
92. Precocious puberty: A. is usually treated by temporarily halting pubertal change through medication. B. is usually not a condition that requires treatment. C. is now considered a normal occurrence. D. is usually treated by medication that stimulates gonadotropic secretions.
A. is usually treated by temporarily halting pubertal change through medication.
73. Children who are bullied have increased feelings of __. A. loneliness B. hostility C. pessimism D. helplessness
A. loneliness
32. Those individuals who have IQs of 55 to 70 are classified as _____ mentally retarded. A. mildly B. moderately C. severely D. profoundly
A. mildly
61. Comparing the math and visuospatial abilities of males and females show that: A. most males outperform the majority of females. B. most females outperform the majority of males. C. there is no significant difference between the sexes pg. . D. there is considerable overlap between the sexes on these skills.
A. most males outperform the majority of females.
101. A recent national study revealed that _____ U.S. 15-year-olds met the federal government's moderate to vigorous exercise recommendations per day. A. only about a third of B. about half of C. hardly any D. a significant amount of
A. only about a third of
48. Which of the following terms refers to self-evaluations in the different domains of an individual's life? A. self-concept B. self-esteem C. self-awareness D. self-control
A. self-concept
51. Albert Bandura called the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes __. A. self-efficacy B. self-confidence C. self-esteem D. self-awareness
A. self-efficacy
5. Cardiovascular disease is _____ in children. A. uncommon B. highly prevalent C. increasing D. on the decline
A. uncommon
89. The hormone that is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls is: A. progesterone. B. estradiol. C. luteinizing hormone. D. gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.
B. estradiol.
14. ADHD occurs _____ more in boys than in girls. A. two to three times B. four to nine times C. ten times D. marginally
B. four to nine times
22. The _____ theory states that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations: verbatim memory trace, and gist. A. local fluff B. fuzzy trace C. verbatim trace D. fuzzy matter
B. fuzzy trace
41. This is a disability in which individuals consistently show problems in one or more of these areas: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
10. Approximately _____ of all children from 3 to 21 years of age in the United States receive special education or related services. A. 5 percent B. 14 percent C. 20 percent D. 32 percent
B. 14 percent
1. On average, children grow _____ inches per year during middle and late childhood. A. 1 to 2 B. 2 to 3 C. 5 to 7 D. 7 to 10
B. 2 to 3
33. What percentage of mentally retarded are considered moderately retarded? A. About 89 percent B. About 6 percent C. About 3.5 percent D. Less than 1 percent
B. About 6 percent
8. _____ are characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells. A. Blood and bone cancers B. All child cancers C. Skin and bone cancers D. Skin and blood cancers
B. All child cancers
90. Which of the following is true of the timing and variations in puberty? A. Children in European countries mature up to a year earlier than their American counterparts. B. For girls, menarche is considered within the normal range if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15. C. Genes have little to do with when and how puberty develops. D. Non-Latino white girls develop maturity earlier than African American girls.
B. For girls, menarche is considered within the normal range if it appears between the ages of 9 and 15.
4. Which of the following is true of overweight children? A. Recently the increase in child obesity in the U.S. has seen a significant jump. B. In many countries, girls are more likely than boys to be overweight. C. Non-Latino White children are more likely to be overweight than African American and Latino children. D. Boys are more likely to be overweight than girls in the U.S.
B. In many countries, girls are more likely than boys to be overweight.
37. _____ is knowledge about language, such as knowing what a preposition is or the ability to discuss the sounds of a language, and allows children to think about their language, understand what words are, and even define them. A. Metacognition B. Metalinguistic awareness C. Metapragmatics D. Morphology
B. Metalinguistic awareness
59. Which of the following characteristics is ascribed to males according to our common stereotypes? A. nurturant B. aggressive C. lower sense of self-esteem D. uninterested in power
B. aggressive
58. At what age do children begin to express objective ideas about fairness? A. at around 4 years B. at around 6 years C. at around 8 years D. at around 10 years
B. at around 6 years
50. Research reported in 2003 shows that individuals with high self-esteem: A. are rarely likely to be bullies. B. can be either prosocial or antisocial in their behavior C. always try to help others. D. are unpredictable.
B. can be either prosocial or antisocial in their behavior
77. The direct instruction approach to student learning and assessment is one of the two approaches. The other one is called the _____ approach. A. behaviorist B. constructivist C. open classroom D. ungraded approach.
B. constructivist
94. Among the changes in the brain that occur in adolescence is the thickening of the____, where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemispheres, improving adolescents' ability to process information. A. amygdala B. corpus callosum C. parietal lobe D. temporal lobe
B. corpus callosum
78. Which of the following results do advocates of state-mandated testing argue will be positive outcomes of the testing? A. better-run schools and smarter students B. increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested C. better-prepared teachers and students D. integration of all learning styles and teaching styles
B. increased student performance and more time teaching subjects tested
20. A(n) _____ is a written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for the student with a disability. A. tailored education plan (TEP) B. individualized education plan (IEP) C. exclusive education plan (EEP) D. disabilities education plan (DEP)
B. individualized education plan (IEP)
53. Julio cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. According to Erik Erikson, Julio is at risk for developing a sense of: A. stagnation. B. inferiority. C. shame and doubt. D. identity diffusion.
B. inferiority.
57. Moral rules are widely accepted, somewhat impersonal and: A. arbitrary. B. obligatory. C. determined by social consensus. D. based on universal principles.
B. obligatory.
55. Kohlberg emphasized perspective taking and _____ as critical aspects of the social stimulation that challenges children to change their moral reasoning. A. sibling interaction B. peer interaction C. parental influence D. teacher influence
B. peer interaction
76. Which of the following BEST describes intimacy in friendships? A. an emotional relationship with another person B. self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts C. knowledge about another person's habits, beliefs, and concerns D. the development of a sexually oriented attraction to another person
B. self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts
62. In which of the following areas has it been found that girls exhibit better skills than boys? A. spatial skills B. verbal skills C. physical skills D. mathematical skills
B. verbal skills
88. The peak rate of pubertal change occurs at _____ years for girls and _____ years for boys. A. 13; 14.5 B. 12.5; 11.5 C. 11.5 years; 13.5 D. 10.5; 13
C. 11.5 years; 13.5
34. About _____ percent of the mentally retarded are in the severe category, with IQs of ____. A. 1; 25 to 35 B. 6; 40 to 54 C. 3.5; 25 to 39 D. 10; 15 to 25
C. 3.5; 25 to 39
21. Piaget proposed that the concrete operational stage lasts from approximately _____ years of age. A. 3 to 5 B. 5 to 7 C. 7 to 11 D. 10 to 13
C. 7 to 11
17. _____ is a severe developmental autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior. A. Asperger syndrome B. ADHD C. Autistic disorder D. ICF syndrome
C. Autistic disorder
12. _____ is characterized by severe impairments in reading and spelling ability. A. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder B. Dysgraphia C. Dyslexia D. Dyscalculia
C. Dyslexia
16. These disorders consist of serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. Approximately 8 percent of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan fall into this classification. A. Autism B. ADHD C. Emotional and behavioral disorders D. Learning disorders
C. Emotional and behavioral disorders
87. Which theorist proposed the "storm-and-stress" view that adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings? A. Anna Freud B. Jean Piaget C. G. Stanley Hall D. Daniel Offer
C. G. Stanley Hall
98. Which of the following ethnic groups has the highest teen birth rate in the U.S.? A. Non-Latina White B. Asian American C. Latina D. African American
C. Latina
26. _____ involves knowing about knowing. A. Megacognition B. Teradata C. Metacognition D. Metadata
C. Metacognition
68. _____ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems. A. Fifty B. Forty C. Twenty-five D. Twenty
C. Twenty-five
28. Mental age (MA) is: A. the age that an individual mentally identifies himself at. B. the age at which an individual attains cognitive maturity. C. an individual's level of mental development relative to others. D. an individual's age at the time of peak cortical thickness.
C. an individual's level of mental development relative to others.
66. Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child. This process involves __. A. deregulation B. socioregulation C. coregulation D. bioregulation
C. coregulation
95. A recent national study of adolescent sexual behavior from 1991 to 2007 revealed that sexual experience and having multiple sexual partners in adolescence: A. has steadily risen from the 1990s to the present. B. has declined from the early 1990s to the present. C. declined from the early 1990s through the early 2000s, and then increased recently. D. rose steadily through the 1990s and early 2000s, and has seen a decline recently.
C. declined from the early 1990s through the early 2000s, and then increased recently.
60. Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females are known as: A. gender identities. B. gender constancies. C. gender stereotypes. D. gender roles.
C. gender stereotypes.
80. Carol Dweck defines the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves as: A. self-efficacy. B. metacognition. C. mindset. D. mind map.
C. mindset.
99. A recent study using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth revealed that daughters of teenage mothers were _____ to become teenage mothers themselves. A. no more likely B. sure C. more likely D. less likely
C. more likely
15. A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex _____ in children with ADHD. A. occurs in adulthood B. never occurs C. occurs three years later D. occurs two years earlier
C. occurs three years later
72. In a national survey of more than 15,000 sixth- through tenth-grade students, nearly ______ of the students reported experiencing bullying as either a victim or a perpetrator. A. one-half B. two-thirds C. one-third D. one-quarter
C. one-third
3. Advances in the _____ of the brain are linked to children's ____. A. parietal lobe; sharper color and peripheral vision B. occipital lobe; better spatial skills C. prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control D. temporal lobe; eye-hand coordination and pincer grasp
C. prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control
74. Children's friendships are typically characterized by: A. familiarity. B. intimacy. C. similarity. D. compatibility.
C. similarity.
7. The incidence of cancer in children has _____ in recent years. A. been linked to obesity B. increased dramatically C. slightly increased D. decreased dramatically
C. slightly increased
27. Michael Pressley believes that the key to education is helping students: A. to develop social skills. B. to learn creativity. C. to learn a repertoire of strategies for problem solving. D. to formulate career plans.
C. to learn a repertoire of strategies for problem solving.
This theorist criticizes most theories of moral development and argues that they reflect a gender bias. This theorist proposed an alternate perspective that emphasizes connectedness with others.
Carol Gilligan
70. All of the following are peer statuses EXCEPT __. A. rejected B. neglected C. controversial D. conforming
D. conforming
9. One in every _____ children in the United States develops cancer before the age of 19. A. 75 B. 130 C. 250 D. 330
D. 330
97. In a single act of unprotected sex with an infected partner, a teenage girl has a _______ risk of contracting gonorrhea. A. 20 percent B. 30 percent C. 40 percent D. 50 percent
D. 50 percent
91. Precocious puberty is usually diagnosed when the onset of puberty happens before _____ of age in girls and before _____ of age in boys. A. 6 years; 7 years B. 9 years; 10 years C. 11 years; 12 years D. 8 years; 9 years
D. 8 years; 9 years
31. Which of the following statements about IQ and intelligence is true? A. Modifications in environment have no impact on one's IQ score. B. Schooling has been shown to have no influence over intelligence. C. IQ scores have been slowly decreasing around the world. D. IQ scores have been rapidly increasing around the world.
D. IQ scores have been rapidly increasing around the world.
65. Cassandra is assertive and nurturant. She could be described as __. A. feminine B. masculine C. aggressive D. androgynous
D. androgynous
104. According to the study by Lloyd Johnston and his colleagues at the Institute of Social Research at the University of Michigan monitoring the drug use of America's high school seniors in a wide range of public and private high schools: A. the U.S. now has one of the lowest rates of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation. B. there has been a marked increase in the use of illicit drugs over the past decade. C. illicit drug use has been at the same level since 1990. D. illicit drug use has declined in recent years.
D. illicit drug use has declined in recent years.
13. Interventions with children who have a learning disability often focus on: A. improving math ability. B. improving right and left brain functioning. C. improving writing skills. D. improving reading ability.
D. improving reading ability.
11. A learning disability: A. is primarily the result of environmental disadvantage. B. is primarily the result of mental retardation. C. is mainly due to cultural or economic disadvantage. D. is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities.
D. is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities.
6. A recent study found that children with a high body mass index and waist circumference are at risk for _____ a constellation of factors, including obesity, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes. A. ICF syndrome B. hyperventilation syndrome C. severe acute respiratory syndrome D. metabolic syndrome
D. metabolic syndrome
102. According to the National Youth Risk Survey, _____ exercised the most and _____ exercised the least among adolescents in the U.S. A. Latino boys; Latina girls B. African American boys; non-Latino white girls C. Latino boys; African American girls D. non-Latino White boys; African American girls
D. non-Latino White boys; African American girls
56. Which of the following would NOT be considered an arbitrary rule? A. eating soup with a spoon B. raising your hand in class to ask a question C. shutting off your cell phone ringer while in church D. not lying to your boss about your late report
D. not lying to your boss about your late report
47. During the elementary years, a child's self-understanding includes increasing reference to all of the following EXCEPT: A. psychological characteristics. B. social comparison. C. social aspects. D. physical characteristics.
D. physical characteristics.
63. Boys are more _____ aggressive, whereas girls are more _____ aggressive. A. outwardly; inwardly B. physically; emotionally C. verbally; physically D. physically; verbally
D. physically; verbally
1. Kenneth Dodge argues that children go through five steps in processing information about their social world. Which of the following is NOT one of those steps? A. decoding social cues B. interpreting social cues C. selecting an optimal response D. reflecting on social response choices
D. reflecting on social response choices
69. The term that describes the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is: A. psychometric status. B. socioeconomic status. C. popularity status. D. sociometric status.
D. sociometric status.
2. During elementary school years, most children double their: A. height. B. weight. C. muscle-to-fat ratio. D. strength capabilities.
D. strength capabilities.
103. Since the 1950s, the adolescent suicide rate has: A. stayed the same. B. decreased. C. doubled. D. tripled.
D. tripled.
79. Which of the following is NOT an argument against state-mandated tests? A. neglect of students who are gifted B. rote memorization C. teaching to the test D. unrealistically high academic standards
D. unrealistically high academic standards
A structured, teacher-centered approach that is oriented towards the goal of maximizing student learning time.
Direct Instruction Approach
43. A kind of thinking which produces many different answers to the same questions.
Divergent Thinking
40. This theorist described three criteria that characterize gifted children, whether in art, music, or academic domains.
Ellen Winner
39. This theorist distinguished between convergent thinking and divergent thinking.
J.P. Guilford
38. This leading developmental neuroscientist and his colleagues recently proposed that the prefrontal cortex likely orchestrates the functions of many other brain regions during development.
Mark Johnson
85. Carol Dweck defines this as the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves.
Mindset
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.
Self-Efficacy
42. The cognitive ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension.
Seriation
