Psych 281 Quiz questions

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The procedure in which a behavior comes to occur more frequently in the presence of one stimulus but less frequently in the presence of other stimuli is called ________

discrimination training

The sign read "PUSH" but Charlie pulled -- he didnt get in. He pulled when the sign said "PULL" -- he got in. Based on common experiences, what behavioral procedureprobably accounts for how Charlie eventually learned to pull a door only when the sign said to do so?

discrimination training

If a behavior leads to the termination of an aversive event in one situation but not a second situation, then the procedure being used is called ______________ training.

discrimination

Michael considers ducks to be billed-animals that lay eggs and swim in the water. The first time he saw a platypus, he said "that`s not a duck." This is an example of _____________

discrimination

Musicians undergo extensive __________________ training in order to be able to recognize the difference between an A pitch and a C pitch.

discrimination

During __________ training, individuals become aware of the differences in situations, while with ____________ training they become aware of the similarities between situations. (put a single space between the two words of your response)

discrimination generalization

The stimulus control strategy includes five tactics: (1) narrow stimulus control through ___________ training, (2) broaden stimulus control through __________ training, (3) create new stimulus control by using temporary______________, (4) create complex stimulus control through imitation training and ___________ training, (5) make reinforcement more practical by creating ______________ reinforcers.

discrimination generalization prompts instructional conditioned

Aaron Rogers throws the ball to #85 and he catches the ball. He throws to #88 and he misses. In the future, Rogers is likely to throw to #85 because of what behavioral procedure? (throwing is one behavior)

discrimination training

Charlie used to fly on United Airlines. Then he got stuck in the airport for 18 hours while waiting for his flight. Eventually the flight was cancelled and he was given his money back. He took the money and flew to his destination on TWA. Now Charlie always buys his tickets from TWA. What behavioral procedure explains why Charlie prefers TWA?

discrimination training

If Mary calls her boyfriend Leonardo "Leo-pooh" when they are alone, he actually responds. If she calls him "Leo-pooh" when others are around, he ignores her. If she calls him "Leo-pooh" more when they are alone than when others are around, Leonardo would be using the procedure of _____________ ____________

discrimination training

Kirby found that if he talked about politics when he was with Shelly, she would get involved in a conversation with him, but if Kirby talked about politics with Carol, she ignored him. Pretty soon Kirby talked about politics a lot when he was with Shelly. What behavioral procedure did Shelly and Carol unwittingly use to effect when Kirby talked politics?______________

discrimination training

Michelle complained when Tony wouldn't go out because he was studying, and she complained when Tony wouldn't go out because he was going to a baseball game. Tony decided that she had a right to complain when he put baseball ahead of her, but not when he put studying ahead of her. Thereafter, every time that she complained that he wouldn't go out with her because of a baseball game, he canceled plans to attend the game and went out with her instead. However, when she complained about his studying, he totally ignored her. After six months, Michelle was complaining about his putting baseball ahead of her, but she was not complaining of his putting studying ahead of her. By going along with her when she complained about baseball but ignoring her when she complained about studying, what procedure did Tony use?

discrimination training

Mike likes Fellini films. He doesn`t really care for John Houston films. What procedure probably explains why Mike says he likes Fellini AND doesn`t like John Houston?

discrimination training

Normally, people act differently in the presence of different stimulus situations (e.g., they behave differently at work than with friends). What procedure discribes this?

discrimination training

Professor Samson encouraged his sociology students to express ideas about U.S. social problems, but he ridiculed them if they talked about abstract theory. Professor Raul encouraged his students to express ideas about abstract sociological theory and scolded them if they expressed ideas about actual social problems. Casey was a student of both professors. She soon learned to talk about social problems in Professor Samson's class and not to talk about them in Professor Raul's class. The changes in Casey's behavior would be the result of what behavioral procedure?

discrimination training

Behavior analysis is the scientific field that studies how ______________ events can function to ___________ behavior. (put a single space between the words of your answer)

environmental change

Grandma claims that Susie doesn't clean her car because her parents never taught her to. She told her Mom and Dad to teach Susie how to maintain a clean car and to shower her with attention and extra privileges when she does any cleaning. Grandma is explaining Susie's lack of cleaning as due to no one teaching her to. Teaching consists of _____________ (environmental, private) events. Therefore Grandma is using the principle of __________ events.

environmental, public

As soon as Robyn felt her feet get cold on the cold floor, she put her slippers on. Her rate of putting her slippers on when her feet got cold increased; putting her slippers on to stop the cold is called a(n) ___________ behavior

escape

Is the following an example of escape or avoidance? Jerry took a sip of the spoiled milk, it tasted terrible so he spit it out into the sink.

escape

Is the following an example of escape or avoidance? Jenny conducted an experiment on pain tolerance. Participants placed their hand in a tub of ice-cold water and she timed how long each could keep the hand submerged.

escape

One problem with punishment is that the individual exposed to the aversive consequence will attempt to ______________ from the punisher. If this happens, the punishment procedure will be ineffective.

escape

Sleep deprivation is a(n)__________ because it makes sleep function as a reinforcer and because it increases the probability of behaviors that, in the past, have led to sleep.

establishing operation

When a stimulus change/environmental change (e.g., a runny nose) causes something (e.g., a tissue) to function as a reinforcer (where before it did not function as a reinforcer), then we would call the change in environment a(n)

establishing operation

When continuous intervals are used to record non-uniform behaviors, this is called the method of _______ recording.

interval

Because playing basketball is a non-uniform duration behavior, it could be observed only by using which two methods of direct observation? ___________ and time sample recording.

interval recording

Because playing basketball is a non-uniform duration behavior, it could be observed only by using which two methods of direct observation? ______________ ______________ and time sampling

interval recording

Gordie is recording data on how often he chews his fingernails while he watches TV. He set his watch to beep every 60 seconds. If he finds himself chewing even once during the 60-second time period, he marks this down on his observation sheet. Gordie is using the _______________________ method of direct observation.

interval recording

Helena has been doing poorly in school so she decides that she is going to record how frequently she studies and compare this with the amount her friends study. She sets her watch to beep every five minutes. If she was studying once during the 5-minute interval, she records this as a check mark on her observation sheet. At the end of the day, she finds that she has 20 marks on her sheet. Helena has used the ___________________________ method of direct observation.

interval recording

Differential reinforcement is designed to both _________ a desired behavior and __________ an undesired behavior

reinforce extinguish

Discrimination training is a procedure where a behavior is _______ in the presence of one stimulus and ________ in the presence of another stimulus. ** Put a space between your answers

reinforced extinguished

In discrimination training there is one behavior that is _____________ in the presence of the SD and ____________ in the presence of the S-delta

reinforced extinguished

In discrimination training there is one behavior that is _____________ in the presence of the SD and ____________ in the presence of the S-delta.

reinforced extinguished

Anna kissed Michael any time he bought her a gift. Michael started buying her gifts more often in the future. Anna use the procedure of ________

reinforcement

Ben thanked his roommate for taking a phone message. His roommate's message taking increased as a result. What behavioral procedure did Ben use to increase message taking?

reinforcement

Big Bear gave attention to Little Bear whenever he hit Sister Bear. Little Bear's rate of hitting increased. What procedure did Big Bear use to increase Little Bear's hitting?

reinforcement

A stimulus/response chain involves a ________ where each behavior produces an _________ for the next behavior and the last behavior is _________

sequence SD reinforced

The three elements of the procedure of generalization training are that you reinforce the same behavior (1) in a(n) ___________ of situations until (2) the behavior ____________ to (3) other members of the same _______________.

series generalizes stimulus class

The manager at Best Buy gave his employees tickets to the movies whenever they sold more than $1000 worth of stereo equipment in a day. Although the manager has had this policy in place for 4 weeks, he has seen no increase in sales. The theatre tickets must be classified as a(n) ___________

unknown

Sam is disruptive in class. The teacher ignores Sam`s disruptions. The rate of Sam`s disruptions does not change. The procedure used by the teacher is ________

unknown

Suppose Mom praises Benny when he calls his father "Dada" but ignores him when he calls his uncle "Dada." Benny still continues to call his uncle "Dada." What procedure did Mom use?

unknown

Suppose that you stop giving Tiffany praise for eating a good diet, but she continues to eat a good diet anyway. What behavioral procedure were you employing?

unknown

Behavior analysts attempt to help people by __________ their behavior

changing

Studying environmental events that change behavior are the primary subject matter of what science?

behavior analysis

What schedule of reinforcement should be used in shaping a new behavior? A(n) __________schedule of reinforcement

continuous

One of the most controversial positions of behavior analysis is the view that __________ events do not cause behavior

private

Thoughts, feelings, emotions, attitudes, etc. are all examples of what Skinner called __________ events.

private

If an event follows a behavior and reduces the future probability of that behavior, it is called a(n) ________

punisher

Using extinction to reduce undesired behavior involves removing the _____________ that maintains these behaviors

reinforcer

Using extinction to reduce undesired behavior involves removing the _____________ that maintains these behaviors.

reinforcer

Using extinction to reduce undesired behavior involves removing the __________________ that maintain these behaviors.

reinforcer

What is the name for an event that follows a behavior, increases the behavior, and is a proven reward?

reinforcer

If Kevin is complimented every 14 times he says "no," what schedule of reinforcement are Kevin's "no's" on?__________________ (include the value)

FR-14

Reliability is a measure of the extent to which there is ____________ between two independent observers

agreement

Reliability is a measure of the extent to which there is ____________ between two independent observers.

agreement

Jim counted 124 new words that a child with autism had learned this month. Jerry counted just 120. In calculating reliability, how many agreements did they have?

120

Determining whether there are(is) at least ________(one, two) behavior(s) will permit you to easily make a decision about whether you can use differential reinforcement.

The multiple baseline design gets its name from the fact that the researcher finds baselines for ____ or more behaviors, people, or settings.

Jim counted 124 new words that the child with autism had learned this month. Jerry counted just 120 words. In calculating reliability, how many disagreements did they have?

Ron and Heather were asked to observe 6 children in a swimming class. They were to keep track of whether or not the children dunked their head in the water during each interval. Each child was observed for 30 seconds. Heather and Ron agreed on 3 of the trials but disagreed on 3 trials. What is the trial reliability for Heather and Ron's observations? ____%

Calculate interrater reliability below: Tasks Dishes Laundry Homework Shine Shoes Cook ------------------------------------- Juan- YES YES NO NO YES Carla- NO YES NO NO NO --------------------------------------

Calculate interrater reliability below: Juan: 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 Carla: 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

60%

Juan and Carla made behavioral observations for 5 behaviors. A 'yes' or 'no' indicates whether or not the behavior was emitted. Calculate the reliability from the data listed below:Tasks: Dishes; Laundry; Homework; Shine Shoes; Cook -------------------------------------------------------------- Juan: YES YES NO NO YES Carla: NO YES NO NO NO

60%

Here are the records made by two independent observers recording the same behavior (you may need to use a calculator): Danny: Y N Y N N N N N N Y N Y N N Y N Libby: Y N Y N N N Y N N Y Y Y N Y N Y Trial reliability is ____%

68.75

Jim and Ralph were trying to decide which of the public sculptures was more popular. They started to collect some data. Here are their observations of the number of people who stopped and visited the large yellow sculpture behind the fine arts building: Jim: 20 people - Ralph: 25 people. What is their reliability? ____%

Here are the records made by two independent observers who recorded whether or not a behavior occurred: Gary: N N N N N N N Y N N Fred: N N N N N Y N N N N Trial reliability is ____%

80%

Here are the records made by two independent observers who recorded whether or not a behavior occurred: Gary: N N N N N N N Y N N Fred: N N N N N Y N N N N Trial reliability is ____%

80%

When using a well-established behavioral definition, you should aim for at least ___% reliability.

Two students enrolled in Psych 271 counted the number of shoppers bagging their own groceries. One student counted 18 shoppers, the other member counted 20 shoppers. They used the same, established behavioral definition. Compute the reliability: ______%. Is it acceptable? ______ (yes, no) (put one space between each answer

90 yes

A reinforcer is any __________ that follows a behavior and increases the rate of that behavior

Falling stars can only be observed by scanning the sky at night. Given your knowledge of falling stars, what specific schedule of reinforcement maintains scanning the skies in search of falling stars

Theresa seemed to have a hearing problem. She never answered a question the first time it was asked of her. Theresa always said "What?" to the questioner and then would answer the question the second time it was asked. Because Theresa answered every second question, what schedule of reinforcement did Theresa put the questioner on?____________________(include the value

FR-2

The formula for reliability is: 100 x Agreements / (_____ + _____) (Two-word answer. Use a space between words in your answer.)

agreements disagreements (or a+d)

One difference between differential reinforcement and shaping is that in shaping, the contingencies (the rule for reinforcement) keep ________

changing

In the late 50's and early 1960's it became clear that Skinner's behaviorism would be useful in treating behavioral problems. In 1968, a new journal was started to publish the results of all of these new studies. The new journal was called the Journal of ____________ Behavior Analysis.

Applied

In the late 50`s and early 1960`s it became clear that Skinner`s behaviorism would be useful in treating behavior problems. In 1968, a new journal was started to publish the results of all of these new studies. The new journal was called the Journal of ____________ Behavior Analysis

Applied

Suppose I tell you two things. I will give you Reinforcer A if you do the dishes. When you have 12 reinforcer As, I will give you Reinforcer B. Which reinforcer is the backup reinforcer? _________ (A or B)

T/F: Suppose that you show a young child a picture of a cow and ask her, "What is this? You know, mooooooooooooo!" "You know, mooooooooooooo" would be called a reinforcer.

False

Bobby`s neighbors thanked him for raking the leaves in their backyard. Later, they stopped by and gave Bobby $5 for raking the leaves. In this example, money is the ___________________ reinforcer.

Backup

True or False: On a fixed-interval (FI) schedule, the reinforcer is delivered after a standard period of time has elapsed regardless of whether or not the person makes even one target response

False

Pulling into a parking space involves driving until you get to the point where you need to turn in. Then you begin your turn until you see the car in the position in which you need to start straightening out. This sounds like what behavioral concept?

Chain

_______________ is the second step or tactic used in what Miller calls the "behavioral strategy."

Direct observation

A __________ is the interval schedule in which people respond at a gradually increasing rate called a scallop as the time for reinforcement approaches

Frank was learning to microwave a hot pocket. If he took the hot pocket out before 2 minutes, it was frozen in the center. If he took it out right at 2 minutes, the hot pocket was cooked perfectly. Frank was on a(n) _________ schedule of reinforcement (include the schedule value)

FI-2

If every fifth response is followed by the termination of a negative reinforcer, that behavior is on what schedule of reinforcement? (Include number)

FR 5

Connie's iPhone used to take great photos. Recently she took a few and they were all badly out of focus. She stopped taking pictures and immediately went over to the Apple store for it to be examined. Connie`s use of the camera extingushed quickly because in the past her picture-taking behavior was on a ________________ schedule of reinforcement

FR-1

What schedule of reinforcement should be used during shaping? A ______________ schedule.

FR-1

When Seinfeld tells the joke about the butler and the car accident, he gets a laugh every time. I mean, it never fails - he tells the joke and the audience laughs. What schedule of reinforcement is telling this joke on? A ______________ schedule of reinforcement.

FR-1

When Seinfeld tells the joke about the butler and the car accident, he gets a laugh every time. I mean, it never fails; he tells the joke and the audience laughs right after he tells the joke. What schedule of reinforcement is telling this joke on? A ______________ schedule of reinforcement

FR-1

When shaping a behavior, a high ratio schedule does not work very well. What generic schedule works best?

FR-1 or continuous

Lisa loves to spike the volleyball in practice. Her coach lets her take a 5-minute break after every 10 spikes that go inbounds. What schedule of reinforcement is coach using? (include the schedule value

FR-10

Sara didn't have much time to carry out an experiment so she decided to use a comparison design. Unfortunately, using a comparison design left her results subject to _________ explanations.

alternative

Because you can use it to get food, a new car, a place to live, and so many other backup reinforcers, what is the most obvious example of a generalized reinforcer? _______

Money

_________ recording and event recording are used when the behavior is of a uniform length

Outcome

The advantage of the reversal design is that it can rule out _________ explanations of the observed behavior change.

alternative

The after school program withdrew the privilege of playing in the recreation center when a rule was violated. The rule-violating behavior decreased dramatically. What behavioral procedure did they use? ________

Punishment

Joe often took extreme positions just for the sake of an argument. When he did so, Kaija gave him a certain kind of look that made Joe feel very uncomfortable. The rate at which he took extreme positions decreased as a result of Kaija's looks. What behavioral procedure did Kaija use? ________

Punishment

_______________ by itself will not create desirable behavior, it will only supress undesirable behavior

Punishment

Let's say you look outside and it's raining. Seeing this stimulus situation is a _______________ for you grabbing your umbrella as you head out the door. In the past, this response has been reinforced

The loud TV used to bother Ward when he studied. One day Ward closed the door to his room, which stopped the sound of the TV from bothering him. Now he always closes the door all of the time when he studies. The sound of the TV is called a(n) ________

A _______________ increases the probability of a behavior because, in the past, that behavior has been reinforced in the presence of that stimulus.

A backache is an _____________ for taking pain pills. In the past, in the presence of pain, taking these pills has been reinforced with relief

A prompt is a(n) _________________ that reliably evokes a response

A stimulus that precedes a behavior and is present only if reinforcement will occur for that behavior is called a(n) ___

A stimulus that precedes a behavior and is present only if reinforcement will occur for that behavior is called a(n) ____

A stimulus/response chain consists of a sequence of responses and each response functions as a(n) ________ for the response that follows.

After Randy had been at the ranger station for 2 months, Sandra arrived. It was obvious that Sandra functioned as a(n) ________________ for talking because when she arrived, Randy talked a lot (he hadn't spoken aloud for the last 2 months, but Sandra reinforced

Cold weather is an _____________ for putting on warm clothes. In the presence of cold weather, putting on warm clothes has been reinforced with warmth.

Dad belched at the dinner table. His kids laughed and then his oldest son belched too. Everyone laughed a lot at that. Then everyone at the table started belching and laughing and it all started with Dad's original belch. Dad's original belch is an example of a(n) __________________ ________________

Finding yourself in a classroom in the presence of an instructor is an ____________ for raising your hand if you want to talk

If the taller guy will answer you only when addressed as "Dave" and the shorter guy will not answer you when addressed as "Dave," we would call the tall guy a(n) ________________for the saying "Dave."

In the discrimination training procedure there is one behavior that is reinforced in the presence of the _________ and extinguished in the presence of the S-delta.

Sarah would frequently throw temper tantrums at home but not at school. The behavior analyst called in by Sarah`s parents found that tantrums were reinforced at home with attention, removing chores, sweets, etc. At school, tantrums were ignored (at least that is what the teacher says, because the behavior analyst never saw a tantrum at school). Home is a(n) ______________ for throwing tantrums.

The first element of a chain is that it is a sequence of two or more behaviors. The second element of a chain is that each response is a(n) _________ for the next response.

The following question "What is the process of terminating reinforcers which leads to a gradual decrease in the previously reinforced behavior." is a(n) ___________ for saying "extinction"

The rat received reinforcers for pressing the lever when the light was on. If the light was not turned on, lever pressing was not reinforced. The light being illuminated can be classified as a(n) _________

When Lauren first moved into the sorority, she found that she could get to the bathroom by going down her hall and turning left at the corner. If you consider the corner of the hall to be a stimulus, then it would be considered a(n) ________________ for turning left to get to the bathroom

When someone says your name out loud, this is a(n) ____________ for turning your attention to that person

When typing the word "COW," seeing the letter "C" on the screen functions as a(n) ____________ for pressing the "O" key.

When you math teacher says, "What is 5 x 5?", this is an ___________ for saying "25."

Willy's teacher asked him to complete the sentence "Any event that follows a response and increases the future probability of that response is called what?" She reinforced Willy when he answered "reinforcer." Because the sentence signals that "reinforcer" is the correct answer, this sentence would technically be called a(n) ____________________ for the response "reinforcer."

You want a pack of gum. You feel the outside of your pocket and feel the pack inside. You then reach into your pocket. The feel of the gum in your pocket is a(n) ____

nstructions may now be labeled as a(n) _____________ if a behavior that follows the instruction increases due to the instructions.

A discriminative stimulus for reinforcement is abbreviated _____. A discriminative stimulus for punishment is abbreviated _____. (put a single splace between the two answers

SD SP

What terms have you learned so far are both stimuli that increase the rate of a behavior? _________ and _________. (Do not give the procedures, the question is asking for the stimuli. Put a space between your answers, order does not matter. ***Hint - you may use the abbreviation.)

SD reinforcer

Kent really likes Kristy and looks for signs that she's also interested. If Kristy smiled at Kent, you would guess that this would be a(n) __________ for Kent asking Kristy out for a date; but if Kristy frowned at Kent, you would guess that this would be a(n) _________ for Kent asking her out for a date

SD s-delta

Mr. Willis praised his daughter Karen for using unusual words when describing events. Unfortunately, Karen's friends ignored her when she used unusual words around them. In this situation, we would call Mr. Willis a(n) ______________ for using such words and Karen's friends a(n)________________for using such words

SD s-delta

A _________ is a stimulus preceding a behavior that produces a decrease in the probability of the behavior (a good example is a police car -- it decreases the probability of speeding

As you might expect, behavior analysts view __________ as the founder of their field. (Give last name only--do not give initials

Skinner

In a 1981 paper titled "Selection by Consequences", __________________ argued that operant behavior was like a species in the sense that both are selected and supported by their environments. When this environmental support gives out, the species and the operant undergo extinction.

Skinner

True or false: Both procedures of fading and programming involve the use of prompts added onto an underlying procedure.

TRUE

True or False: During the variable-interval schedule there are fairly uniform (steady) rates of responding.

True

True or False: Your eyes focus in the same way and scan from left to right no matter what you are reading. Although there may be slight differences in line length, print, size, illustrations, and even type arrangement, the minor variations in movement required usually do not justify regarding the behaviors as different.

True

True/False: An exception to the principle of immediacy is that a delayed reinforcer can be effective if the person is able to describe the relation between their behavior and the delayed reinforcer.

True

If Mother spanks Jessica each time she pesters her for a cookie and her rate of pestering doesn't change, then the use of spanking would be an example of what behavioral procedure? ________

Unknown

Frank`s mother goes to the grocery store periodically. Sometimes a couple times a day and other times just once a week. Frank frequently looks for food in the refrigerator. Many times there is nothing good, but every once in a while, after his mom goes to the store, there is something good. This sounds like a ___________ ____________ schedule of reinforcement

Jared had to have his appendix removed. After surgery, he had a very friendly nurse who made sure he was okay. The nurse sometimes came in after 15 minutes, sometimes every 30 minutes, and the longest Jared had to wait was 45 minutes for the nurse to make another check on him. What schedule of reinforcement is the nurse on? (Just the schedule here. I don't need the schedule value.)

The generic name for all the schedules of reinforcement that don't deliver a reinforcer after each response is called a(n) __________ schedule.

Alfred asks people on Water Street to spare a few bucks so he can buy a bottle of cooking sherry. Alfred finds that most people tell him to "get lost" or "get a job" but every once in awhile someone gives him a bit of cash. Given your knowledge of the giving habits of others, what schedule would you say that his asking behavior is reinforced according to?

Dani cleans the dishes every night. Some pots require a very light scrubbing, whereas others must be scrubbed many times before they are clean. If scrubbing is the target behavior and a clean dish is the reinforcer, then Dani`s scrubbing is on a(n) ______________ schedule of reinforcement (identify the specific schedule type).

For most instructors, hearing a student say something insightful is a powerful reinforcer. Not every question yields an insightful answer; in fact, its hard to tell when the next good answer is coming. One thing is for sure, though, if we don`t ask questions, we won`t hear any insightful statements. What specific schedule of reinforcement maintains asking questions (insightful statements are the reinforcers)?

Jenna was a 6-month-old baby. She was just learning to feed herself with a spoon, and because of this, she dropped most of her spoonfuls before they reached her mouth. Fortunately, Jenna kept trying. What intermittent schedule of reinforcement was Jenna on for operating her spoon?

Jim was a subject in an experiment. He pressed the button once and the computer said he had earned 5-cents. He pressed it 10 more times and earned another nickel. Then he waited two minutes and pressed once - nothing! He had to press 8 more times to get the reinforcer. What specific schedule is Jim responding under (you do NOT need to specify the schedule value)?

Listening to music can put crabby Kevin in a good mood. Sometimes it only takes one song, but other times it takes 2,3,or 4 songs; once it took 47 before his mood changed! If experiencing a good mood is a reinforcer, what specific schedule is crabby Kevin's music listening on? ______________ (number value not required).

Oscar was difficult to engage in a conversation, and in particular, he was difficult to get to talk about himself. Jasmine found out that if you asked him enough questions about himself, he would eventually open up. Sometimes it took only a few questions, but other times it took many many questions. What schedule of reinforcement is Jasmine's questioning on if "opening up" is the reinforcer? _______

The schedule of reinforcement known for having the greatest amount of responses continuing after reinforcement is stopped is a(n) ___________ schedule

The schedule of reinforcement known for having the greatest amount of responses continuing after reinforcement is stopped is a(n) ___________ schedule.

When Carla is in her car, she frequently presses the buttons on her stereo to change the station. Finding a good station is reinforcing. Based on your experience with this behavior, according to what specific schedule is this behavior reinforced by finding a good song

Which schedule maintains a higher response rate, variable-interval (VI) or variable-ratio (VR)?

Jacqueline worked at the telephone-sales office. She called 15 people before someone purchased her product. Then she called 10 people and the 10th bought what she was selling. When she started again, the fifth person she called bought it. What schedule is she working under thus far? (give the schedule value too)

VR-10

If Jack is praised after an average of 13 responses he makes, he is on a ________ schedule. (also provide the schedule value)

VR-13

If Kayla is praised after an average of 13 responses, she in on a(n) ____________________ schedule

VR-13

In an effort to increase the number of people riding the city bus, the city started giving out coupons to the third passenger (on average) who paid their bus fare. The coupons could be exchanged for free bus rides, movie tickets, and fast food. Every rider had about a 1 in 3 chance of getting a coupon when they got on the bus. The city is using a ______________ schedule of reinforcement (you need to give the schedule value)

VR-3

Rodney had talked Grace into dusting the curtains of their apartment, but Grace needed encouragement. At first, Rodney made it a point to come by every curtain Grace completed. Soon, however, Rodney just didn't have the time, so he came by after Grace had completed 3 curtains, 1 curtain, 8 curtains and then again after 4 curtains. Grace seemed to finish dusting curtains faster. What schedule was Grace on for her last 16 curtains? (Make sure to include the value)

VR-4

I`m searching on e-bay for a toy for my nephew. I find a cool one about every fifth time that I look at an item. Sometimes I look at 12 pages before I find a good one, but sometimes I get two good ones in a row. It averages out to be about 5 pages before I find a decent toy. What schedule of reinforcement do I seem to be responding on? (you need to tell the schedule value too

VR-5

Have a look at these data from "Burt" the dog --across two different behaviors. Is there a convincing difference between the baseline and treatment phases? (yes/no)

Yes

following behavioral definition:Frustration: We will know when the child is frustrated when we can observe him working on a task and then yelling, cursing, turning red, hitting, or telling others to leave him alone

approve

When using outcome recording, you make your observations __________ the response has occurred

after

Shaping involves differentially reinforcing successive ________________ to a target response

approximations

The condition is stable if the last three numbers ____________ (are / are not) moving closer to the numbers in the other condition.

are not

The only thing that punishment by contingent stimulation and negative reinforcement have in common is that they both involve a(n)_________ stimulus.

aversive

Chester had the bad habit of talking in the weekly dorm meetings without raising his hand. Victor, the chairperson of the meeting, finally started yelling at him each time he failed to raise his hand. Chester soon started to raise his hand. Chester's behavior of raising his hand would be called __________(escape or avoidance) behavior

avoidance

Dad grounds Doug when he comes home late. Doug can evade the grounding by coming home on time. Because it prevents the grounding, coming home on time is a(n) __________ behavior

avoidance

Dad grounds Doug when he comes home late. Doug can evade the grounding by coming home on time. Because it prevents the grounding, coming home on time is a(n) __________ behavior.

avoidance

In the Fall, you see mouse droppings in your garage every year. This year, you are prepared. You go over to Menards and buy a dozen mouse traps and reset them all over your garage every night of September. This is an example of

avoidance

Is the following an example of escape or avoidance? Buying a fire alarm.

avoidance

Is the following an example of escape or avoidance? Harvey has a sore tooth on the right side of his mouth, so he has been careful to always chew on the left side (that way he never experiences tooth pain).

avoidance

Is the following an example of escape or avoidance? Just before our dog vomits on the floor, he always engages in the gag response where he opens his mouth real wide and makes a AGHGHGHGHG sound. As soon as we see this, we run him outside so that he doesn`t vomit inside the house

avoidance

What's the name for the type of behavior in which a person prevents an aversive event from occurring? _________

avoidance

Baseline measure of a desirable behavior which you hope to further improve during treatment: 10 12 15 14 18 22 17 24 Taking these data into consideration, do you think we should a) begin treatment or b) wait for the baseline to become more stable? (select a or b

You have learned three generic schedules in which responding is reinforced always, never, or sometimes. They are the ______________, ____________, and ____________ schedules.

continuous extinction intermittent

__________ is defined as everything a person does.

behavior

If you wanted to develop techniques that used external, environmental events to change behaviors, what behavioral science would you use? ______

behavior analysis

If you wanted to develop techniques that used external, environmental events to change behaviors, what behavioral science would you use? _____________.

behavior analysis

Skinner's formulation of the Law of Reinforcement in 1938 was the beginning of the science of ___________.

behavior analysis

Thomas's mother, Fay, encouraged Thomas to do at least one thoughtful act a day. When she noticed Thomas doing something particularly thoughtful, she would immediately say "thank you" and, as soon as possible, give Thomas an M&M. Thomas did many thoughtful things each day with this kind of reinforcement. One week, however, disaster struck. The grocery store was out of M & M's, and there were no more at home. Fay decided to continue reinforcing thoughtful acts by saying " thank you." Fay noticed that Thomas gradually did fewer and fewer thoughtful things around the house so that by the end of the week he was doing almost none. Because the M & M is paired with the "thank you," you call the M & M a(n) ________________ reinforcer. The effectiveness of the "thank you" decreased due to the fact that it was presented ___________________ with the M & Ms. Therefore, the "thank you" is considered to be a(n)_____________ reinforcer.

backup unpaired conditioned

Ford Motor Company counted the number of fatal roll-over accidents before they switched to Michelin tires. Data collected before the switch is called ______________ data.

baseline

In a single-subject design, each participant is exposed to both the ____________ and treatment conditions

baseline

In a comparison design we compare behavior in the _____________ and ________________ conditions (put a single space between each word)

baseline treatment

In a comparison design we compare behavior in the _____________ and ________________ conditions (put a single space between each word).

baseline treatment

The reversal design looks at behavior during ______________, _____________, and ______________ phases. (put a single space between the 3 words in your response)

baseline treatment reversal

Although instructions can increase the probability of our behavior, we don't classify them as reinforcers because they occur ________ the behavior

before

An exception to the principle of immediacy is that a delayed reinforcer can be effective if the person is able to describe the relation between their ______ and the delayed reinforcer.

behavior

Behavior analysts regard private events such as anger as instances of ________. But they don't use them to explain behavior.

behavior

Behavior analysts see private events simply as additional ______________ that must be explained

behavior

If it's observable, physical, and it involves movement, it must be an example of ________

behavior

If its observable, physical, and it involves movement of an organism, it must be an example of ____________

behavior

The field that studies environmental events that change behavior is __________________

behavior analysis

Laughing, walking, eating, and weight lifting are all fairly obvious examples of _____________

behavior or public events

The behavioral strategy is to define human problems as _____________ problems.

behavioral

The first strategy for changing behavior is to define problems in behavioral terms. Sometimes, this is all that is necessary. Miller (the author of your text) calls this the _________________ strategy.

behavioral

Before the behavior analyst can begin making direct observations, he/she must develop a valid ______

behavioral definition

Before two observers begin their observation session, they need to agree on a _______________ ______________. If they don`t do this, their reliability is almost guaranteed to be very low

behavioral definition

Dr. Kinko defined a drinking response as "placing a cup up to the mouth and taking a sip." This statement of what to consider drinking would be called a(n)__________________ of "drinking."

behavioral definition

Dr. South might define understanding a concept as "being able to fill in the key words left out of a definition." Because this statement specifies what behavior she has decided to call understanding, it is a(n) ___________ _________

behavioral definition

If you find that your behavioral observations are not reliable, then you should probably revise your _____________ to make it clearer.

behavioral definition

Pooh measured depression in Eyore by counting the number of statements he made about anything being bad. Whether it was socially valid or not, this was Pooh's __________ __________ of depression

behavioral definition

Step 1 in Miller`s behavioral strategy is to develop a _____________ __________ of the problem.

behavioral definition

The first tactic in using the behavioral strategy for solving human problems is to develop a(n) __________ __________

behavioral definition

To achieve social validity, there must be agreement between the definition used by an outside judge and the __________________ developed by the behavior analyst.

behavioral definition

To use the behavioral strategy: 1) create a _________ __________, 2) use a method of direct observation, 3) check the reliability and social validity of your observations, and 4) design a single-subject experiment

behavioral definition

When a new client describes a problem he/she is experiencing, the behavior analyst will frequently begin by writing a _____________ ______________ of the problem/desired behavior.

behavioral definition

Behavior analysis is the modern form of the philosophy of __________________

behaviorism

Talking and reading are both examples of ___________

behaviors

Small children (any many adults) cannot say the ABC`s unless they start at the begining. You cannot say "Tell me what comes after R" and expect them to answer correctly unless they recite part or all of the alphabet. This indicates that saying the alphabet is a(n) _______________

chain

A sequence of responses that leads to reinforcement and in which each prior response is a discriminative stimulus for the following response is called a(n) _________

chain

Since social approval is paired with many other backup reinforcers, it should be considered a(n) ___________ reinforcer.

chain

What does saying "Each response produces an SD for the following response" really mean? It usually means that you ____________ (can, can't) do the second response until you have done the first one.

can't

Janet was shown four different pictures. The first was of a golden retriever. The second was of a beagle, the third a German Shepherd, and the last was a St. Bernard. Although these breeds are very different, the are all classified as dogs. So, one could say they all belonged in the same stimulus _______

class

A problem with the ___________ design is that it cannot rule out alternative explanations of the change observed from baseline to treatment

comparison

A problem with the ___________ design is that it cannot rule out alternative explanations of the change observed from baseline to treatment.

comparison

A single-subject research design that has a baseline condition followed by a treatment condition is called a __________ design

comparison

A single-subject research design that has a baseline condition followed by a treatment condition is called a __________ design.

comparison

An archaeologist was using a cheap paint brush that he bought at Menards. He kept scratching the bone fragments. After he got a grant from the National Geographic Society, he went out and bought an expensive camel hair brush. Now he hardly ever scratches his specimens. The archaeologist used a _____________ design (one of the single-subject designs)

comparison

Comparing a baseline condition with a treatment is called a __________ design.

comparison

Comparing a single treatment condition with a single no-treatment condition is called a _________ design

comparison

Comparing a single treatment condition with a single no-treatment condition is called a _________ design.

comparison

Dr. Kraben assessed how happy and healthy the residents of the nursing home were for 2 months. Then he had students bring dogs to the nursing home every day for a period of 6 months. During the latter period, he continued to collect data to see how happy and healthy the residents were. Dr. Kraben is using a ____________ design.

comparison

I wanted to test the effect of a new keyboard on my rate of typing. Baseline data showed that my typing rate was 50 words per minute before I got the funky curved keyboard that is supposed to be better for my wrists. Now my typing rate is down to 35 words per minute. Which of the single-subject designs did I use? A ____________ design.

comparison

If the participant is exposed to a single baseline and treatment condition, the experimenter is using a ___________ design (one of the single-subject designs).

comparison

If the participant is exposed to a single baseline and treatment condition, the experimenter is using a ___________ design.

comparison

In Milwaukee, parents were given education vouchers that could be used to send their children to the school of their choice. To asses the efficacy of this program, educators compared standardized test scores from the no-voucher period with scores from the post-voucher period. The educators are using a _____________ design.

comparison

Jim never cleaned the apartment. His roommates made a sign that said "Honorary Swine Award" and hung it on his door. This didn't seem to help. Jim still never cleaned the apartment. Jim`s roommates used which single-subject design to study the effects of the "award"? A ______________ design.

comparison

Any reinforcer that loses its effectiveness permanently if repeatedly presented unpaired with established reinforcers is called a(n) ___________ reinforcer.

conditioned

Initially, when Dad tells Frank "no" immediately after he does something dangerous, he may stop. Suppose he unpairs "no" from its backup of spanking (by never giving him a spanking after he says "no") and "no" permanently loses its effect. You should classify his "no" as a(n) _____________ punisher.

conditioned

Neil had an anger problem, and he swore a lot at his parents. They finally decided that Neil could earn points if he went an entire day without swearing at either parent. At the end of each week, these points were tallied and Neil received a cookie for each point he earned (Neil LOVED cookies!) The earned points are _______ reinforcers.

conditioned

Tim was working with Gary (a child with autism). When Gary earned 10 poker chips, he could trade them in for a sip of Pepsi. What kind of a reinforcer are the poker chips? A __________________ reinforcer.

conditioned

To use tactic #4 of the stimulus control strategy, create complex stimulus control through imitation training and instructional training; to use tactic #5, make reinforcement more practical by creating _________ reinforcers

conditioned

When Conrad did something pleasant for the family, his father awarded him reinforcer A. Conrad could trade in Reinforcer A for cookies later on. If Reinforcer A is unpaired with cookies, it permanently loses its effectiveness (until again paired with cookies). Since Reinforcer A loses its effectiveness permanently when unpaired with cookies, call it a(n) __________ reinforcer. Call the cookies __________________ reinforcers for Reinforcer A.

conditioned backup

Baking is a natural process that follows the principle of ________________ (one of the 4 principles of reinforcer effectiveness). IF you follow the recipe, THEN the result will taste good. If you deviate from the recipe, you are likely to create a dreadful concoction.

contingency

Dr. Peden delievered candy to his students regardless of whether or not they answered in-class questions correctly. He delievered the candy within a minute of the responses. All of the students within the classroom enjoyed the candy he handed out. However, Dr. Peden violated which principle of effective reinforcement? The principle of _____

contingency

Fenwick received a large allowance from his parents every week. Fenwick`s parents wondered why he never wanted to do chores around the house in order to earn extra money. It sounds like Fenwick`s parents have violated which principle of effective reinforcement?

contingency

If the desired behavior occurs, then the reinforcer will be delivered. But, if the desired behavior does not occur, the reinforcer will not be delivered. This is the definition of which principle of reinforcer efficacy?

contingency

If you are trying to use an extinction procedure, you violate the principle of ___________________ if you accidentally reinforce the undersired behavior.

contingency

Mr. Bloom asked his students to formulate criticisms of the novel that they had just read. The moment that Walter made a good point, the professor praised him lavishly, hoping to reward such critical thinking. Little did the professor know that Walter was simply parroting the notes from his friend. Walter, knowing that his grade was going up, was very pleased about each occurrence of praise. He certainly only rarely received praise. What principle of effective reinforcement, if any, did Mr. Bloom not follow in this example?

contingency

One of the complaints of Republicans about the welfare system was that money was given for free without requiring the welfare recipient do anything to earn it. Which principle of reinforcer efficacy do Republicans seem to be concerned about here?

contingency

The manager wanted his employees to do a better job. He reasoned that morale was low and that everyone just needed a raise in pay. After the raise (and it was a substantial pay raise), performances did not improve at all. The manager violated the principle of ___________

contingency

The principle of __________ states that you must deliver the event only when a desired behavior occurs

contingency

A punisher is effective only if it is delivered __________ upon the target behavior.

contingent

Punishment by _________________ involves the presentation of a stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) that decreases the future probability of the behavior it follows. (hint: title of Lesson 22)

contingent stimulation

Lottery winners nearly always quit their jobs shortly after winning the lottery. What principle explains this phenomenon? (contingency is not the issue in this case)

deprivation

Mrs. Elliott used to start all of her 2nd grade classes by making us scream and make a lot of noise. She was trying to violate the principle of ___________________ so that hearing our own noise would no longer function as a reinforcer.

deprivation

The opposite of satiation is

deprivation

Dr. Lagorio gave out Skittles everytime a student answered a question correctly. Then she started to give out the candy regardless of whether the students answered a question at all. The students' behavior of answering the questions will eventually ______ due to this contingency violation.

decrease

Suppose Baby Tommy spits his applesauce on the floor. Grandma might yell, "Don't!" The event of yelling "Don't!" follows Baby Tommy's spitting. You should call it a punisher if the rate at which Baby Tommy spits out his food in the future ________

decreases

A behavioral ___________ specifies exactly what behavior should be observed.

definition

Devin asked Ave to say "elephant." Every time Ave said "elephant," Devin immediately said "very good." Devin's praise obviously pleased Ave very much. Devin praised her only when Ave said "elephant." At first, Ave said "elephant" over and over again. Then, he slowed down, and finally he quit altogether. Ave probably quit because by using praise so often Devin violated what principle of effective reinforcement, if any?___________

deprivation

Janet loved to show affection to her boyfriend Jason. Jason liked it at first, but she did it so much that he described himself as "smothered." What principle of effective reinforcement did Janette violate?

deprivation

Janet loved to show affection to her boyfriend Jason. Jason liked it at first, but she did it so often that he described himself as being "smothered." What principle of reinforcer effectiveness did Janette violate?

deprivation

Lenny asked Kravitz to say "cow." Every time Kravitz said "cow," Lenny immediately said "very good." Lenny's praise obviously pleased Kravitz very much. Lenny praised Kravitz whenever he said "cow"... over and over again. Then, Kravitz slowed down, and finally he quit saying "cow" altogether. Kravitz probably quit because by using praise so often Lenny violated what principle of effective reinforcement, if any?

deprivation

Vince didn't let Terry to play with his X-box because Terry usually played too rough and would damaged the controller or the console. One day Vince had the idea that he would reinforce Terry for playing nicely by giving him several skittles. He only gave him the skittles for playing nicely. He gave him the skittles right after or while Terry played nicely. Terry loved skittles. The procedure worked really well for several hours, but finally Terry started getting too rough again. What principle of effective reinforcement, if any, would you guess had finally been violated after several hours?

deprivation

One reason that a generalized reinforcer is so effective is that the person is likely to be ___________ of at least one of the backup reinforcers

deprived

Skinner _______ (did/did not) deny the existence of private events.

did not

The term differential reinforcement is applied to any procedure involving two or more physically________ behaviors; one behavior is_________, and another behavior is __________

different reinforced extinguished

The term shaping should be used when _________________ reinforcement has been applied to a series of successive _______________

differential approximations

Andy got totally drunk at the party last Friday night. He ran around asking all the girls to dance in a slurred voice while stumbling, but he was so drunk, they refused. The next week, Andy was on a pain medication and he was not allowed to drink. At the party, he spent his time asking girls to dance rather than drinking (and they said yes). This time, his voice wasn't slurred and he wasn't stumbling. In the future, Andy no longer gets drunk when he wants to dance with the ladies. What procedure explains Andy`s behavior change?

differential reinforcement

Armond found that he could not drive the nail with a pushing motion, but that a swinging motion was very effective. Now Armond swings the hammer, he never pushes it. What behavioral procedure accounts for Armond`s hammering technique?

differential reinforcement

At the skeeball alley, Billy rolls the ball softly. The ball flips up into the No-Points zone. Billy throws the ball a bit harder and it goes into the 10-point hole. He throw harder still and he earns 40 points. What procedure explains Billy`s rolling the skee-ball harder?

differential reinforcement

Dave goes to the beer tasting session at Mogie's bar. For $15 he can taste 25 different beers. Dave goes to the bar and says, "Give me a Gwyness". The bartender looks at him quizzically. Dave`s buddy says, "Hey Dave, it`s pronounced, Guiness." Dave says, "OK, give me a Guiness" and the bartender pours one for him. In the future, Dave always says "Guiness" when he wants a deep, dark, creamy beer. What behavioral procedure accounts for Dave`s shift in pronunciation?

differential reinforcement

David hasn't been having much luck finding a girlfriend lately. When he approaches a girl, he typically tries to get her attention by saying something like, "Hey grrl what's up?! You're pretty!" and this hasn't been effective in getting any phone numbers. David's friend Brian overheard this one day and suggested he try a different approach. The next week David tried approaching girls and saying, "Hey - I like your style. Can I take you out sometime?" and this worked! He got many more numbers and dates, and David starting saying this line frequently. What procedure accounts for David changing his ways in meeting ladies?

differential reinforcement

Dr. Felix reacted positively when Nector thanked him for a compliment but ignored him when he deferred the compliment. Gradually, Nector learned to thank Dr. Felix for his compliments. What behavioral procedure did Dr. Felix employ to teach Nector to thank him for compliments? ______________ ______________.

differential reinforcement

If someone reinforces one behavior and extinguishes all other behavior, then the procedure used is called

differential reinforcement

If the teacher reinforces only when the student emits a particular behavior, you can assume that the teacher is using what procedure to increase that behavior and decrease all other behaviors

differential reinforcement

In a ______________________________ procedure, the behavior analyst reinforces one behavior while putting another behavior on extinction in the same setting.

differential reinforcement

In phase 1, when the pigeon pecks the red key, it occassionally earns food. When the pigeon walks around in circles, it also occassionally earns food. In phase 2, pecking still works, but walking in circles no longer earns the bird any food. In phase 2, the bird pecks a lot and rarely walks around in circles because it has been exposed to the behavioral procedure called _____________________

differential reinforcement

James was having an argument with his little brother about a toy. James wanted the toy and tried to explain to his brother why he should give it to him. James` little brother did not give up the toy. James smacks his little brother, who then drops the toy and James plays with it. Because a ___________________________ procedure was in place here, James is likely to behave aggressively and not waste his time with rational explanations when his little brother has something he wants.

differential reinforcement

Jeremy took out the light switches in his new dream house and installed "the clapper" in every room. For several weeks, Jeremy would rub the wall where the light switch used to be in an attempt to turn them on. This behavior gradually declined and then he started clapping to turn on the lights. What behaivoral procedure explains Jeremy`s behavior change?

differential reinforcement

John speaks english fluently and knows just a little spanish. When John goes to Mexico, he tries talking to people in english, but they just stare at him and make hand gestures that indicate they don`t understand. John then tries some spanish. Although his spanish is poor, the locals are enthusiastic and encouraging and make every effort to help him. John speaks more and more spanish the longer he is in Mexico. What behavioral procedure accounts for this change in John`s behavior?

differential reinforcement

Lebron James is good at making 2-point shots, but is less frequently reinforced for 3-point shots. Assuming that Lebron uses different muscle movements to make 2-point and 3-point shots, what behavioral procedure accounts for Lebron attempting more 2-point shots?

differential reinforcement

Melissa was learning how to use a clutch for driving a car. Every time she let the clutch out slowly the car would start moving. When she let the clutch out too quickly the car would lurch forward and then die. Soon Melissa was always letting the clutch out slowly (which is a different behavior). What procedure accounts for Melissa learning how to use the clutch correctly? _____

differential reinforcement

When tightening a screw functions as a reinforcer, then turning the screw clockwise will be reinforced. Turning the screw in the opposite direction would not be reinforced (different behavior here). What behavioral procedure does this sound like to you?

differential reinforcement

Mom praises Kenny when he eats fruits but ignores him when he drinks Kool-aid at home. Kenny starts to eat more fruits and drink less Kool-aid. What procedure is mom using?

differential reinforcement

Mom praises Sally only when she rides her trike but not when she watches TV. If Sally's rate of trike riding increases and her TV watching decreases, Mom's procedure is called __________

differential reinforcement

My cat Orange Guy loves to go outside, and sometimes he will scratch our wooden door to achieve this goal. This, of course, really irritates me. While I could try to punish or extinguish this behavior, a better alternative is to use the procedure of _____________________________ because this has the added benefit of teaching him a more acceptable way to get outside, while also reducing his scratching.

differential reinforcement

Paul was a good ski instructor. He was quick to tell his students when they were carving a turn nicely. He also was silent when students fell or were not doing the turn the way they should. His students usually performed better than those of any other instructor (and they liked him better than the others). Paul was using what behavioral procedure?

differential reinforcement

Reinforcing a toddler for making a desired sound and ignoring all other sounds is an example of ___

differential reinforcement

Sisco had a buddy who was helping her learn to skip. Whenever Sisco took a nice smooth skip, her buddy praised her; when her skip looked unorthodox, her buddy made no comment. Sisco was soon the most amazing skipper in town. What procedure is her buddy using to teach Sisco how to skip so wonderfully?

differential reinforcement

The Carpenter's trash-packaging behaviors that met the city qualifications were followed by collection and those packaging behaviors that did not meet qualifications were followed by no collection. If the Carpenter's correct packaging increased and incorrect packaging decreased, the city used the procedure of?

differential reinforcement

The ________ procedure involves two different behaviors where one is reinforced and the other is extinguished.

differential reinforcement

The _____________ procedure involves two different behaviors where one is reinforced and the other is extinguished.

differential reinforcement

These computerized quizzes employ a ________________ procedure because they reinforce typing in correct answers, and put incorrect answers on extinction.

differential reinforcement

What is the procedure that involves two or more different behaviors, one of which is reinforced and the other extinguished? (Two words put a space between them) ________ ________

differential reinforcement

When Dave moved from junior tennis to a competitive travel team, he found that when he hits the tennis ball using his forehand stroke he almost always gets the ball over the net for a winning shot. When he hits the ball with his backhand, he virtually never gets the ball over the net for a winner. Dave now hits a lot of forehands and avoids the backhand. What behavioral procedure accounts for his behavior?

differential reinforcement

When Liam made the letter A with straight lines, we complimented him and told him how good he was getting. When he deviated from straight lines we ignored his behavior. Over time, his A`s got much straighter. We were using what behavioral procedure to improve Liams` penmanship?

differential reinforcement

You react with excitement when Scott talks about cars but not about school. Let's imagine that talking about these two topics are two different behaviors. If Scott starts talking with you a lot more about cars, you have used what procedure?

differential reinforcement

Behavior analysts don`t usually rely on self-report observations, they instead conduct ___________ observations.

direct

One of your professors loves to talk about current events. In fact, he sets aside the first ten minutes of class strictly for talking about them. He encourages participation immensely, and every time a student raises a hand and talks about one, he puts an X next to the student's name on a class roster. This professor is using ______ observation

direct

Outcome, event, interval, and time sample recording are the four ___________ observation techniques that are most commonly used by behavior analysts.

direct

When a person observes their own behavior using a behavioral definition and records instances of the behavior at the time they occur, they are using what approach? __________ observation

direct

Behavior analysts are not satisfied with self-report measures of human behavior. They prefer ____________________

direct observations

Maurice is interested in how much he smokes. He puts a piece of paper in his pack of cigarettes such that every time he smokes, he makes a check mark on the paper. At the end of the day he counts the check marks. Maurice is using a(n) ____________ approach to observing his behavior

direct or event recording

When an observer personally sees a behavior and immediately records it, behavior analysts call the approach __________ observation. When an observer relies on memory, behavior analysts call this approach _____________ observation. (put a space between your answers)

direct, self-report

In time-sample recording, you don't watch behavior continuously. Instead, the observation intervals are _______

discontinuous

After much trial and error, Sal learned to call the big planet Saturn and the little one Mercury, but not vice versa. His behavior of calling the big planet Saturn but not the little one would be called ______________ behavior

discriminated

Buddy swears in the presence of his friends at school but not in the presence of his parents. Because his swearing behavior occurs more often with his friends, it would be called __________ behavior

discriminated

If Molly answers "five" when asked "four plus one equals?" but not when asked "four minus one equals?" then we call her behavior of answering "five" ______________ behavior.

discriminated

James called the telephone a "phone" and the walkie talkie a "walkie talkie." Because the probability of saying "phone" is higher when shown a telephone than when shown a walkie talkie, we call this _____________ behavior.

discriminated

Fading is the use of a prompt to establish a specific stimulus - . (hint: the compound word is a verb).

discrimination

The taxonomy class was interesting but terribly difficult for Samantha. She got a correct score when she remembered to apply the label "invertebrate" to a crab but not to a rat. Likewise, she got a correct score for applying the label "vertebrate" to a rat but not to a crab. The course instructor is applying what behavioral procedure to her behavior?

discrimination training

When the date on Jim`s watch is lower than the date on the milk carton, Jim will drink the milk. Based on common experiences, what behavioral procedure probably accounts for how Jim learned to drink milk only if it had not expired?

discrimination training

To use the stimulus control strategy to help people, (1) narrow stimulus control through ____________ and (2) broaden stimulus control through _________

discrimination training generalization training

Fading uses a prompt to produce _____________ , while programming uses a prompt to produce _________________

discrimination, generalization

The private event of daydreaming about a vacation is an example of behavior because it is something that a person _______

does

Pointing at a hawk (does, does not)____________ require a different movement of the finger muscles than pointing at a pigeon.

does not

According to the principle of public events, when analyzing behavior we must focus on behavior and the _____________

environment

According to the principle of public events, when analyzing behavior we must focus on behavior and the _______________

environment

According to the principle of public events, when analyzing behavior we must focus on behavior and the _______________.

environment

The principle of public events seeks the causes of behavior in the _________________ and not in private events such as thinking or feeling.

environment

Skinner rejected private events as the cause of behavior. Instead, Skinner suggested that psychologists should explain behavior by examining the _____________________ that affect behavior.

environment or public events

Behavior analysis is the science that studies how ___________ events change behavior.

environmental

Many psychologists view behavior analysis as a shallow approach to the science of psychology. Their complaint is that the focus is on _____________ rather than mental events.

environmental

The principle of public events seeks the causes of behavior in __________ events

environmental

The principle of public events seeks the causes of behavior in __________ events.

environmental

If each instance of a behavior takes approximately the same length of time and leaves no unique results, _______ recording is the proper method to use

event

Outcome recording and ____________ recording are generally used when the behavior is of a uniform length

event

Reinforcement is a procedure. A reinforcer is a(n) ___

event

Reinforcement is a procedure. A reinforcer is a(n) _____

event

When you record a response upon seeing an instance of a uniform behavior, you are using _________ recording

event

When you record a response upon seeing an instance of a uniform behavior, you are using _________ recording.

event

__________ recording is the appropriate direct observation technique when there is a uniform behavior but it does not produce a unique result.

event

Dana is trying to teach Arthur to imitate what she does. Every time Arthur imitates Dana, Dana records this behavior on her recording sheet. Dana is using the ____________ method of direct observation

event recording

Outcome recording and ___________ recording are used when the behavior is of a uniform length

event recording

Some uniform duration behaviors do not leave a unique result (e.g., saying "good morning," coughing, & winking). When this is the case, you cannot use the outcome recording method, so you might try the _____________ method of direct observation.

event recording

Tim was to count each time Mary shouted out an answer in class without being called upon. A behavioral definition was developed to help Tim decide what instances of shouting counted. Tim used what method of recording Mary's behavior?

event recording

When pregnant women go into labor, the physician usually requests the woman record information about her contractions. Typically this is done by having the woman record each contraction at the moment it occurs. Physicians are having their patients use which form of direct observation?

event recording

The similar-stimulus strategy ensures that similar stimuli to those present in the training/therapy situation are also present in the____________ situation

everyday

The similar-stimulus strategy ensures that similar stimuli to those present in the training/therapy situation are also present in the____________ situation.

everyday

The procedures of reinforcement and extinction can only work on _______________ (new, existing) behavior.

existing

The main point of what Miller calls the behavioral strategy is to ___________ the problem as a behavior problem

explain

The biggest problem with using private events to explain behavior is that these events must still be _________

explained

Angie likes to light perfumed candles because they make her apartment smell so good. She just bought a box at K-Mart and has lit the green apple flavored candle. It doesn't have a smell. Angie lights it a few more times in the hope that it will make her apartment smell better, but it does not. She pulls out one of her old candles and lights that instead. What behavioral procedure explains the decrease in Angie lighting the green apple candle that she bought at K-Mart?

extinction

Carrie didn't like it when her customers whistled to get her attention. When Joey whistled at her one day, she completely ignored him. Joey never whistled at Carrie again. What procedure accounts for this decline in Joey's behavior?

extinction

Getting emails from Jim used to be great. I`d open them right away because he always had something interesting to say. Then, Jim went through a break up with his girlfriend. All he ever wants to write about is how sad he is. I may be heartless, but I hardly ever open emails from Jim any more. What behavioral procedure accounts for my current lack of interest in Jim`s emails?

extinction

In the 1980`s, many scientific psychologists left the American Psychological Association after they had been members for many years. They complained that after years of acceptable service, the APA suddenly offered them nothing (no support for scientific research, no science programming at the convention, no lobbying Washington in the name of science, etc). What behavioral procedure accounts for the drop in APA membership in the 1980`s?

extinction

Jan tried and tried to read her 4th year latin text, but what could she say, it was written in latin and she couldn't read latin (even though it was written using the alphabet she had read many times before). After a few weeks of trying to read the text with no success, she gave up. She didn`t open it again for the rest of the semeter. What behavioral procedure explains this change in Jan`s behavior?

extinction

Jerry has a 1977 Dodge Charger and he is proud of how fast his car can go. Jerry has raced the Charger many times before and has won many races. Jerry got in a drag race with Stan (he has a 1969 Camaro). After 5 races, Jerry hadn't won once. When Stan asked Jerry if he wanted to drag after school, Jerry said no. What behavioral procedure accounts for Jerry`s lack of interest in racing Stan?

extinction

A scallop pattern is typical for the ________________ schedule.

fixed interval

Let's say you love talking with your professor because she is so nice and funny (yes, we're talking about me here). During the school year, you frequently walk down the hallway to see if she's in her office so you can talk, and you mostly find her there. During the summer, you walk down the hallway but she is rarely around (she prefers to work on her porch at home when it's warm out). You find yourself checking periodically, but your behavior of walking down the hallway decreases. What procedure can account for this?

extinction

Mike got sick of his professor calling him "Mark". The next time the professor called him "Mark," Mike ignored him. The first time, the professor kept saying "Mark" over and over while looking at Mike. Mike just stared off into space. Eventually the professor stopped saying "Mark" in Mike`s direction. What process explains this change in the professor's behavior?

extinction

Mom ignores Lilly while she screams at the top of her lungs in the grocery store. Even when Lilly starts kicking along with the screaming, mom sticks to her guns and doesnt give attention to the screaming and kicking. What procedure is Mommy trying to use here?

extinction

One day a few months back, one of Peter`s computer games stopped working. He used to play this game 2-3 times a week. Once it stopped working, he tried to get it to work a few more times, but then he gave up and threw it away. The procedure described here is called _________

extinction

Professor Miller required Ray to turn in an essay every Thursday on prehistoric pottery. Professor Miller never returned any of Ray's essays. Nor did the professor tell Ray what his grade was. Ray quit writing the essays. Ray's essay-writing behavior is on what schedule of reinforcement?___________

extinction

Sam was trying to assemble his toy. He tried and tried but it wouldn`t go together. It always worked before for him and so he got very frustrated and aggressive. What behavioral procedure explains why Sam got so upset?

extinction

The teacher reinforces a student only when he emits a particular behavior. If this is an example of differential reinforcement, then the teacher must be applying what procedure to one or more other behaviors?

extinction

Tim lost his sense of smell. After this happened he noticed that he no longer stopped to smell flowers, no longer walked by the bakery on his way home, and no longer put on cologne (all of which were behaviors that he had done regularly before). What behavioral procedure accounts for the decrease in all of these behaivors?

extinction

Tim lost his sense of smell. After this happened he noticed that he no longer stopped to smell flowers, walked by the bakery on his way home, or put on cologne (all of which were behaviors that he had done regularly before). What behavioral procedure accounts for the decrease in all of these behaivors?

extinction

Tom wanted to go out with Caroline. He asked her out and she said "no." This was surprising to Tom because most women said "yes" when he asked them out. Tom asked Caroline a few more times, but she kept saying no. Eventually Tom stopped asking. Caroline had used the procedure of____________- to get Tom to stop asking her out.

extinction

A fixed-interval schedule requires that the person must wait for a(n) _________ period of time to pass and then make a(n) ________ after that time.

fixed response

When a reinforcer (or - termination of a negative reinforcer) no longer follows a behavior, and the rate of the behavior decreases, you label the procedure __________

extinction

When children are first learning to tie their shoes, they must experience a lot of failure. Invariably, the children become annoyed and tend to be aggressive. What procedurehave behavior analysts extensively studied that describes all of this behavior?

extinction

When my cat Orange Guy wants some attention, he comes over to me and meows. If I'm busy and don't pet him right away, he usually starts meowing more and more. Eventually his rate of meowing decreases and he wanders away in search of other (more reliable) reinforcers. He gives up due to what behavioral procedure? ____________

extinction

When president Reagan was questioned by the special prosecutor about his role in the Iran-Contra affair, he kept saying "I can`t recall." This was frustrating to the special prosecutor because when he had questioned previous witnesses they had given him much useful information. After a while the special prosecutor gave up and stopped the questioning of the president. What procedure explains why the prosecutor gave up?

extinction

You have learned that when you stop reinforcing an undesirable behavior, the behavior decreases. The procedure that this describes is called

extinction

A particular response is unlikely to occur in the presence of the S-delta because, in the past, the behavior was _______________ in the presence of the S-delta.

extinguished

Discrimination results from reinforcing a response in one situation and ________ it in another.

extinguishing

Angus was learning phonics. He had difficulty remembering that the letters "TH" together make the "th" sound. When the flash card was shown with the "TH" on it, his Mom would often have to prompt him by saying "th." Later, she just showed Angus her lips about to make the "th" sound and he would say it. Mom was using a _____________ procedure to teach Angus the correct sound when he saw the flash card.

fading

Chuck was very handsome but very shy. James would nudge Chuck while winking and nodding when he saw that a girl was interested in Chuck. Chuck would then approach her. Over several weeks, James stopped nudging and winking and just barely nodded. After a few more weeks, Chuck was able to discriminate when a girl was interested in him without James` help. What is the technical name of the complete procedure that James used?

fading

Isaac has never used a computer mouse before. When he needs to move the text cursor from one side of the screen to another, he uses the arrow keys. His computer instructor sees him doing this and taps on the mouse. Isaac grabs the mouse and can move the cursor more easily. The instructor does this many times but then starts just clearing his throat when Isac should be using the mouse. What behavioral procedure is the instructor using to get Isaac to use the mouse in more and more situations?

fading

Jimmy said "sit" but Fido did not sit. Jimmy pressed on Fido`s backside until he sat. Jimmy said "sit" again. When Fido did not sit, he simply touched Fido`s backside until he sat. At the next "sit" all Jimmy had to do was reach toward Fido and he sat. What behavioral procedure is Jimmy using?

fading

The gradual elimination of a prompt when teaching a discrimination is called

fading

When learning to write the letter E, the child was first asked to trace a letter E. Next, he was to trace a dotted line E. Finally, he was to write the E on his own. What procedure is being used to teach the boy to write E`s?

fading

When someone uses an imitative stimulus as a temporary prompt during discrimination training, you should not label the procedure as imitation training but rather as _______

fading

Baseline of violent outbursts per day: 10, 8, 6 Violent outbursts/day after taking a 200 mg dose of vitamin C each day: 4, 2, 1, 0, 0 Reversal (no vitamin C): 1, 0, 0 These data _____________ (support/fail to support) the use of vitamin C as a treatment for violent outbursts.

fail to support

TRUE or FALSE: Differential reinforcement involves the use of two different stimul

false

True of False: Backup reinforcers are always primary reinforcers

false

True of False: Punishment is defined as a consequence that people do not like.

false

True of False? Extinction can either involve withholding the reinforcer OR the delivery of an aversive stimulus contingent upon the target behavior.

false

True or False. Shaping requires that participants be instructed about each successive approximation

false

True or False: Electric shock is always a punisher

false

True or False: Once you provide an imitative stimulus, humans will always engage in imitative behavior (imitating is human nature).

false

Programmed instruction requires a written response, provides immediate ___________ on the correctness of the response, and uses small steps

feedback

Which of the following behaviors is a private event? ______________ (arguing, feeling shame, failing an exam)

feeling shame

The difference between the conditioned reinforcer is that it comes ___________ ( first, second) and the backup reinforcer comes _____________(first, later). (place a space between your answers)

first, later

On ___________ ratio and _____________ interval schedules, there is usually a pause that follows the delivery of a reinforcer.

fixed fixed

Which two types of intermittent schedule produce a tendency for people to stop responding after reinforcement? _______-interval and ________-ratio schedules.

fixed fixed

Miller describes four categories of intermittent schdules. The first two are "interval" and "ratio." The second two are ______________ and ______________. If you can`t figure it out, think of the 4 types of intermittent schedules.

fixed variable

Brianna was a receptionist at a hair salon. Her manager wanted her to make announcements throughout the store on sales. Brianna made these announcements over the loudspeaker every half hour (which she did really enjoy doing). What schedule of reinforcement was Brianna's speaking on?

fixed-interval

The football coach only says "Yes! That`s it!" when his player has lifted the weight 20 times. If the coach`s comment is the reinforcer and lifting the weight is the target behavior, then the coach uses a(n) ____________ schedule of reinforcement (you need to tell the schedule value too

fixed-ratio 20

Name two types of intermittent schedules that produce a tendency for people to stop responding after reinforcement (scallop or stair-step): _____________ and _____________

fixed-ratio fixed-interval

Name the ratio schedule that produces alternating periods of responding and pausing:_________________schedule. Name the ratio schedule that produces a high and uniform rate of responding:________________schedule

fixed-ratio variable-ratio

An event must both __________ a behavior and increase the _________ of behavior to be classified as a reinforcer. (put a single space between all words of your answer)

follow probability

Reinforcement control is the increase in behaviors from a stimulus/event that ______ behavior.

follows

A few semesters back, two students were watching a fellow student make an oral presentation in a Research Methods class. The observers were counting the number of times the presenter said the word "like." They recorded every instance of saying "like." One student counted 32 "likes" and the other counted 31 "likes." What type of reliability should they compute?

frequency

Gary (5 years old) read the word MEN off of flashcards presented by his teacher. When he went to the bathroom at the mall, he saw the sign on the door and screamed "MEN!" This is an example of _____________

generalization

Justine made a joke when asked by her History teacher to define "The 1905 Russian Revolution", and everyone in class laughed uproariously. As a result, she made a joke in her English class the next hour where she had never been reinforced for telling a joke. The occurrence of her joking behavior in the second class is an example of what behavioral process?

generalization

Professor Matematica pointed to a linear equation (12x+7=y) that no one had seen before. He asked Joe what kind of equation it was. Joe said, "That is a linear equation." The occurrence of his correct response in the presence of this novel equation is the process called ________

generalization

Programming is the temporary use of a prompt during generalization training to establish a(n) _______

generalization

When a behavior is punished, it will decrease in that situation. The name for the process in which the same behavior decreases in other situations without punishment is ____________

generalization

______________ occurs when a behavior that was reinforced in one situation is emitted in the presence of novel stimuli.

generalization

_______________ training is used to make a behavior spread to new situations, whereas ______________ training is used to make behavior occur only under certain conditions. (put a single space between the 2 words of your answer)

generalization discrimination

Calling a VW Beetle a "car" is reinforced as is calling an Oldsmobile Cutlass 98 a "car". This training is being done so that a wide range of cars will be correctly labeled as well. What behavioral procedure is underway?

generalization training

Jerry's therapist treated his shyness by first reinforcing him for talking with women on the internet. Then she had him correspond with women on the telephone. At this point, Jerry spontaneously started talking face-to-face with some women. The therapist was using what behavioral procedure?

generalization training

A reinforcer that is associated with many other reinforcers is called a(n) ________________ reinforcer

generalized

Higgins (1994) used ____________ reinforcers to treat substance abuse (Higgins called them "vouchers"). The vouchers could be exchanged for a variety of goods and services.

generalized

Higgins (1994) used __________________ reinforcers to treat substance abuse (Higgins called them "vouchers"). The vouchers could be exchanged for a host of goods and services

generalized

Jenny had learned to identify instances of reinforcement on computerized quizzes like the one you are taking right now. She found that she could also identify instances of reinforcement in her everyday life and she liked to tell her roommates about it. It appears that behavior acquired in class has _______________ to a new setting.

generalized

Oscar was pretty good at the skiing game on his Play Station. When he got the Crazy Taxi Driver game, he found that he was pretty good at that too. Apparently, many of the same obstacle-avoiding behaviors were called for in both games so his old behavior _________________ to the new game

generalized

To increase on-task behavior in the library, the teacher told her class they would be playing the "good behavior game." The class was split into two teams and each team could earn points for being observed working. The team with the most points got to go do what they wanted for the last 20 minutes of the day. Good behavior not only increased in the library, but it also ___________________ to the lunchroom where the children behave much more appropriately than normal.

generalized

Whenever you clean your dorm room, your roomate thanks you, which you know from past experiences means that she will be willing to do a variety of favors for you later. Your roomate`s "thank you" can be labeled as a _________________ reinforcer.

generalized

When Lori cried because she didn't want to do her homework, her parents would help her complete it. In the future, Lori cries a lot when its time to do her homework. What is the reinforcer here? (give a 1-word response)

help

The least effective technique used to produce generalization is the train and ________ technique.

hope

Two procedures for modifying behavior that use discriminative stimuli (SDs) in the form of demonstrations or descriptions produced by another person are ________________ training and ______________ training.

imitation instructional

In a 2000 issue of the journal Nature, researchers reported that humpback whales in Southern Australia changed their mating calls after using the same call for decades. The change occurred when two new humpbacks arrived with a new, louder, more complex call. These males were very successful in attracting mates. Soon, the native humpbacks began singing the new call and became successful at attracting mates as well. What behavioral procedure does this sound like?

imitation training

The three parts of imitation training are 1) the _________________ stimulus, 2) the imitative behavior, and 3) the trainer delivering a reinforcer

imitative

Mother took her children to Mcdonalds on Saturdays only if they had brought home good school grades sometime that week. They loved Mcdonalds, which they got rarely. What principle is missing that might make this not a very effective reinforcer for good grades?

immediacy

One of the reasons that gambling is so addictive, is that when you win, you get your money right away (you don`t have to wait for a paycheck to be mailed to you in two weeks). What principle of effective reinforcement are the casinos using to increase gambling?

immediacy

A(n) ________ schedule is a reinforcement schedule based on time rather than based only on responses.

interval

Wouldn`t it be great if college professors could follow the principle of _________________ when they provide feedback on papers. I mean, wouldn`t if be nice if you could write a sentence and then the professor would be there to say "yes, that`s it" or "that`s not quite what we are looking for; try again." You sure would worry less about grades after you turn in your papers and you would probably learn more quickly to discriminate good sentences from bad

immediacy

According to the principle of immediacy, a reinforcer should be delivered_________after the behavior.

immediately

Once the target behavior occurs when should you deliver the reinforcer?

immediately

Ramey and Ourth (1971) showed that you could quickly increase the frequency of a baby`s babbling if you delivered reinforcers (in this case attention) contingent upon babbling and ______________ after the babbling response. If you didn`t deliver the reinforcers this way, however, they were ineffective (i.e., the baby did not babble any more than he/she did in baseline)

immediately

When using direct-observation procedures, it is important to record the observations _____________

immediately

A reinforcer always causes a behavior to ____________ in probability of occurrance, regardless of whether it is a positive or a negative reinforcer.

increase

A reinforcer always causes a behavior to ________________ in probability of occurrance, regardless of whether it is a positive or a negative reinforcer.

increase

An extinction burst is a temporary ________ in responding as soon as extinction begins

increase

Any behavior that produces reinforcement will ___________________ (decrease, increase) in probability in the future.

increase

Positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers are both events that result in a(n) ____________ in the rate of behavior

increase

Positive reinforcers and negative reinforcers are both events that result in a(n) ____________ in the rate of behavior.

increase

The first tactic in using the reinforcement strategy is to ________ desired behavior through reinforcement. (hint: the answer is not "reinforce")

increase

One of the characteristics of differential reinforcement is that one behavior is ____________ by using reinforcement

increased

One of the characteristics of differential reinforcement is that one behavior is ____________ by using reinforcement.

increased

As a stimulus increasingly resembles the SD, the probability of the target behavior _____________

increases

James and Sam are reliable and traied observers. Both are observing the number of times a child raises his hand to answer a question in class. The child got his hand half-way up before the teacher called on him. James recorded this as an occurence of the behavior but Sam did not. James nudged Sam and nodded. Sam recorded the behavior on his observation sheet. This is a problem because James and Sam are not ________________ observers but are instead influencing each other.

independent

The two main types of alternative explanations are ____________ and time coincidences

individual differences

The two main types of alternative explanations are ____________ and time coincidences.

individual differences

In event recording, a response is recorded if the observer sees a(n)________ of the behavior.

instance

Tommy`s mother tells him to make his bed every day and this greatly increases the probability that he will make his bed. The mother`s verbal behavior can be classified as a(n) ____________

instruction, or SD

Amy has been throwing legos around the room. Her dad says, "You pick those up right now!" She picks up the Legos. Dad says "That`s better" and hugs Amy. Assuming that these consequences functioned as a reinforcer, this is an example of _________

instructional training

Fixed- and variable-ratio schedules are both examples of ____________ schedules. (the answer is not "ratio")

intermittent

On an _____________________ (generic name) schedule, not every response is reinforced.

intermittent

James has some social phobias about women. His therapist has asked him to keep records of how frequently he talks to people of the opposite sex. Most of the time, James' social encounters with women are pretty short, but one time out of five, they might go on for a half-hour or so. Because James' social encounters are of non-uniform length, James should probably use the ____________ method of direct observation.

interval recording

Kate observed Kevin while he washed dishes. She wanted to observe for a total of 5 minutes. She broke the time into 15-second periods. After the first 15-sec, she immediately began the next recording period. During each period she recorded whether he was doing dishes. What recording method did Kate use?

interval recording

If baseline data are trending toward treatment data we would conclude that the behavior change ______ (is/is not) convincing.

is not

For a variable-interval schedule, the person ________ (is, isn't) reinforced at the end of the interval if they don't respond even once.

isn't

In a fixed-interval schedule, the person _______ (is, isn't) reinforced if they do not respond at the end of the interval.

isn't

A generalized reinforcer is a reinforcer that is associated with __________ other reinforcers

many

A generalized reinforcer is one that is associated with ________________ other reinforcers.

many

Treatments are designed to ____________ some aspect of the target behavior

modify

An advantage to using time-sample recording is that with this technique it is possible to observe and record ________ behaviors or people at the same time

multiple

An advantage to using time-sample recording is that with this technique it is possible to observe and record ________ behaviors or people at the same time.

multiple

Huybers et al (2004) used a _______________ design to investigate the effectiveness of their cross-walk safety intervention on one cross-walk at a time (be more specific than single-subject

multiple baseline

If you want to treat two or more behaviors, then you would want to employ a _____________ design.

multiple baseline

See Figure) Have a look at these data from a dog named Burt. Which single-subject design is being used? The ___________________ design.

multiple baseline

The counselor wanted to test the effects of praise on compliance to instructions. She began collecting data on several clients. The counselor praised Kim (one of her clients) for every instruction that Kim followed. A few weeks later, she started praising Jerry when he followed instructions. The counselor is using a _________________ design.

multiple baseline

When it is unethical to remove a treatment that appears to be effective, which single-subject design might you employ to allow you to rule out alternative explanations? The _____________ design.

multiple baseline

A single-subject design in which two behaviors are subjected to the same treatment at different times is called a(n) ____________ design

multiple-baseline

The people living in dorm rooms 302, 303, and 304 are a complete pain! Something must be done. When 302 makes noise you run down to 106 where a Blugold linebacker lives, and ask him to tell 302 to be quiet. This seems to work. A few days later you do the same thing to 303, where the problem has remained. This works pretty well so you do the same the next night with 304. You have used a ________________ design (one of the single-subject designs).

multiple-baseline

When the effects of the treatment are thought to be irreversible (such as learning a new language), then only one single-subject design will allow you to rule out alternative explanations. That is the _____________ design

multiple-baseline

In the first Indiana Jones movie, Indy finds himself faced with a large boulder heading toward him. Indy runs like mad and narrowly avoided being crushed. Dr. Jones` behavior of running like mad when faced with a large boulder increased. This is an example of a __________________ procedure.

negative reinforcement

In the past, Ann never cut her fingernails. They were long and disgusting and would get in the way of everything. When she began a new job that involved working on computers, this became a problem. Her long nails would get caught in the keys and would tear off, causing her quite a bit of pain. She found that if she trimmed her nails she could avoid getting her nails caught. She increased cutting her nails to at least once a week. This would be an example of what behavioral procedure?

negative reinforcement

John is a computer programmer. He likes to work on databases. A few years ago he took two sick days in a row and it was rumored that he was not sick. John`s boss took him off the database project and put him on a graphics project (John hates graphics). Now, John is really sick but he goes to work anyway. What behavioral procedure explains why John is going to work even though he is sick?

negative reinforcement

Lisa forgot to return her videos on the day they were due. Family Video fined her $1 per video. Lisa returns her videos on time now. If returning the videos on time is the target behavior, what behavioral procedure has Family Video employed?

negative reinforcement

My management teacher makes her class take a quiz at the start of each class period on the reading assigned. This has resulted in an increase in students doing their reading so that they can avoid failing the quiz. This professor is using what procedure to get her students to do the reading?

negative reinforcement

You fine Daphne $5 for not cleaning her room. Now, her rate of cleaning has increased and she cleans her room most of the time. To increase her room-cleaning behavior, you used the procedure of ______________

negative reinforcement

In the presence of the S-delta, the behavior is (always/never) reinforced.

never

(See Figure) Do we have convincing evidence that behavior changed in the treatment phase? (yes/no)

(See Figure) Would a skeptical audience believe you if you said that the treatment causedthe behavior change in the treatment phase? (yes/no)

Are playing golf in Florida and playing golf in Texas two different behaviors? ___________(yes, no)

Do behavior analysts deny the existence of private events: ______? (yes or no)

If there is no overlap between the baseline and treatment data, can we safely conclude that the treatment caused the behavior change? (yes/no)

Is there a convincing difference between baseline and treatment? (yes/no)

Is there a convincing difference between baseline and treatment? (yes/no) <Behavior frequency>

Julie's roommates wanted to measure how often she sneezed while she did her homework. One of her roommates observed her during lunch and counted 15 sneezes while her other roommate observed her while she was on her computer and counted 11 sneezes. Can you conclude that the two sets of observations are reliable?

See Figure) If you saw these data would you say that the researcher has good evidence that the treatment is probably responsible for the change in behavior across the baseline and treatment conditions? (yes/no)

See Figure) Karen wanted her son to spend more time doing math. She bought him a new computer and collected the following data using direct observations. Can we conclude that the new computer caused the boy to do more math? (yes/no

See Figure) Notice that the behavior fails to return to baseline levels during the reversal. Would you be open to the suggestion that the treatment produced an irreversible effect? (yes/no) Before you answer, you may want to consider if the original baseline was conducted appropriately

These data are from two individuals (Bill & Jim) who participated in a multiple-baseline experiment (a no incentive phase and an incentive phase) to increase a desirable behavior: Do these data convince you that the treatment was effective? (yes/no)

When Eli hit Laura at school the other day, he was not allowed to go out to recess for three days. Eli continues to hit Laura. Was this an example of punishment by contingent withdrawal?

Would a skeptical audience believe you if you said that the treatment causedthe behavior change in the treatment phase? (yes/no) <frequency behavior>

Coach Gardenhire was every players favorite baseball coach. He praised you only when you did your work well (no matter what your past mistakes had been). He praised you during or right after having a good game. You always appreciated his praise. He didn't load you down with praise too often. What principle of reinforcer efficacy, if any, did Coach Gardenhire neglect?

none

In order for an applied behavior analyst to use extinction to decrease a problem behavior, he/she is going to have to be able to ensure that the reinforcer will __________ be delivered after the problem behavior occurs.

not

S-delta signals that a particular behavior will (not be / be ) reinforced.

not be

When the frequency of behavior is increasing across baseline observation sessions and we expect behavior to increase in frequency during treatment, then we should ___________ (start/not start) the treatment.

not start

The goal of generalization training is for a behavior to occur in the presence of _______ stimuli from the same stimulus class.

novel

A behavioral definition clearly states what behavior to ______

observe

Private events are called "private" because only the person who experiences them can __________ them.

observe

A good behavioral definition gives a concrete specification of what will be ___________

observed

The difference between a conditioned and a generalized reinforcer is that a conditioned reinforcer is paired with ________ backup reinforcer, whereas a generalized reinforcer is paired with __________ backup reinforcers. (put one space between each answer)

one many

Deprivation is just one example of an establishing__________ . This principle describes how eating salty foods can temporarily establish water as a very powerful reinforcer.

operation

Atticus can earn points exchangeable for money or privileges when he dresses himself in under 5 minutes. When his father wakes him up he says "Ready, go!" and 5 minutes later, comes in to see if Atticus is dressed. The father has chosen to use a(n)_________________ method of direct observation

outcome

Carol is interested in the behavior of her animators that she supervises for the Disney company. She doesn't have time to observe them as they work all day, so she decides to just record how many seconds of video tape they recorded at the end of each week. Carol is using the __________ recording technique

outcome

Jim goes to the tailor to see if she has repaired his leather riding pants. When he gets the pants back, he inspects them only to find the hole in the seat is still there. Jim knows that the repairing behavior was never done. Jim has used the _____ recording technique.

outcome

You cannot use trial reliability when using ________ or event recording.

outcome

When you use either __________ or __________ recording as your direct observation technique, you calculate frequency reliability rather than trial reliability because these methods produce a total count rather than a trial-by-trial record. (separate the two words of your answer with a single space

outcome event

outcome recording

Once per hour, John would go to the Davies Center to see if the garbage cans had been emptied. John was the custodial supervisor and part of his job was to make sure they had been emptied once an hour. John didn't watch the custodians empty them, he just looked to see if they were emptied. John is using the _________ method of direct observation.

outcome recording

The easiest (i.e., the least labor and time intensive) direct observation method is _____________

outcome recording

Environmental events are defined as any stimulus change occurring ____________ the person.

outside

If a child calls a cat a "dog," or a cow a "deer," this is an example of _________________ because the name provided was incorrect

overgeneralization

Bess called all kinds of pops "pop." On new years eve she saw her parents drinking champagne and asked if she could have some of her parents` "pop." Bess' behavior is a bit ____________________ given that she mislabeled the drink.

overgeneralized

Betsy called all kinds of drinks "pop." On new years eve she saw her parents drinking champagne and asked if she could have some of her parents` "pop." Bess' behavior is a bit _____________ given that she mislabeled the drink.

overgeneralized

Conditioned reinforcers only work when they are _______ with an already existing reinforcer

paired

Every week, I must write 120 fill-in-the-blank questions like this one. On Thursday night, when I finish the last one, it feels great. I usually don`t work on next week`s questions for at least a couple days. This period of non-responding is called a post-reinforcement ________

pause

Kim gets paid $8.00 for every 40 automotive parts that she assembles. She is free to work as much or as little as she pleases. Kim usually builds the 40 parts and then takes a break. The break is called a post-reinforcement____

pause

We have talked about four consequences that control behavior in this class. Delivering __________ a is the only consequence that does not involve aversives.

positive reinforcer

We have talked about four consequences that control behavior in this class. Delivering a ________________ is the only consequence that does not involve aversives.

positive reinforcer

Avoidance is a behavior that _________ an aversive event from occurring.

prevents

Food is an example of a __________ reinforcer.

primary

Reinforcers that are innate are called _________________ reinforcers.

primary

Dan wants to improve attendance to his parties, so he includes on the invitations, "free food!" The party, however, does not start until 8 PM after many people have eaten dinner. What principle did Dan likely violate?

principle of deprivation

Behavior analysts regard thinking, visualizing and feeling as ____________ events

private

It is obvious why Vickie is failing all of her classes, its because she is lazy. This explanation is problematic because it appeals to ____________________ events as causes of behavior.

private

To a behavior analyst, thought and feelings are examples of ________ events. These events are still present and real, but they themselves must still be explained. They aren't mysterious or capricious but they are super interesting because they are subject to the same contingencies as our more public behaviors! However, they do not cause our public behaviors, they themselves are simply more behavior to be explained.

private

When explaining our everyday behavior, we often fall into the error of explaining it with _________ events

private

When explaining our everyday behavior, we often fall into the error of explaining it with _________ events.

private

Behavior analysts view feelings and emotions as ______ _______

private events

In behavior analysis, thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and emotions are all classified as __________________.

private events

Pat consulted Dr. Miller about his wife, Lisa. Dr. Miller explained that Pat's poor listening of Lisa's points was the result of feeling coldness toward his wife. Since the feeling of coldness is inside of Pat, Dr. Miller was explaining Pat's poor listening by pointing to ____________ (environmental, private) events. The problem with using the feeeling of coldness to explain Pat's poor listening behavior is that you still have to _________ Pat's feelings of coldness. (please put one space between answers)

private, explain

When you are asked to identify instances of generalization and generalization training, generalization is a ________, and generalization training is a behavioral __________. (Two answers, put a space between each)

process procedure

Harold`s electrical engineering book showed a picture of a capacitor with the word "capacitor" written under it. Under that it said, "this unit is called a ____________." On the next page it showed a picture of a different capacitor and it said "this is unit is called a cap_____." On subsequent pages, new capacitors and some resistors too were shown followed by a blank for the student to either write "capacitor" or "unknown." The text use a ____________ method of teaching.

programming

Janie saw a picture of a bear and the instructor said "what is it?" Janie didn`t say anything so the instructor said "Its a mammal. Say mammal." When Janie said "mammal," the instructor said "Yes, that`s right a mammal." Next, she showed Janie a picture of a camel and said, "What is it?" When Janie didn`t answer, the instructor said "A mammal." and then Janie said "mammal." What is the name of the complete procedure the instructor is using?

programming

John was teaching his son to tell compass directions in the woods. When they came across a pine tree with moss on one side, John said "Which direction is north?" When his son didn`t know the answer, John pointed north and said, "moss always grows on the north side of a tree." His son pointed north and John said "That`s it." Later they came to a clearing of scrub oak. John saw moss growing on one side of the trees and asked his son to point north. He didn`t point, so John said "Moss always grows on the..." and his son pointed in the correct direction. What is the name of the complete procedure John is using

programming

Katelyn is learning shapes. Her mother shows her several things that are rectangular: a deck of cards, sheet of computer paper, a keyboard, and a dollar bill. What procedure is Katelyn's mother using to teach her rectangular items?

programming

The temporary use of a prompt to establish a generalization is called __________

programming

The temporary use of a prompt to establish a generalization is called ___________

programming

When you use prompts to help in training a generalization, you are using what procedure? _________

programming

If the prompt is used in generalization training, the procedure is called ______________. If the prompt is used in discrimination training, the procedure is called ___________________. (please only put one single space between answers)

programming fading

A ______________ increases the probability of a behavior because, in the past, that behavior has been reinforced in the presence of that stimulus.

prompt

A study of 250 female college students revealed that women were more likely to conduct breast self-examinations when they were mailed reminder slips at the end of each month. The reminder slips were an example of a ________

prompt

An added stimulus that increases the probability that a behavior will occur in the presence of a novel stimulus is called a(n) __________

prompt

If Sam's mother showed her a picture of a cow to help her learn to read the word "cow", the picture would be called a(n) _______

prompt

Janie saw a picture of a bear and the instructor said "what is it?" Janie didn`t say anything so the instructor said "Its a bear. Say bear." When Janie said "bear," the instructor said "Yes, that`s right a bear." What did the instructor use to get Janie to make the correct response?

prompt

Jenny is a child with autism. When shown a drawing of a dog, Jenny says nothing. The behavior analyst says "say dog" and Jenny complies. Jenny gets the reinforcer. "Say dog" is technically refered to as a(n)

prompt

The added stimulus used in fading and programming is known as a

prompt

The orange stripe added to baseballs to help batters discriminate curve balls is an example of a(n) _______

prompt

The technical term used to describe a hint is a ______

prompt

When you use programming, your goal is to have the behavior continue to occur in the presence of the novel stimulus even after you have completely withdrawn the __________

prompt

You call an added stimulus that increases the probability of a person's making the correct response in the presence of a novel stimulus a(n)___________

prompt

prompts

Seeking the causes of behavior in environmental events is called the principle of ______________ events.

public

The principle of _______ _______ looks for the causes of behavior in the environment

public events

The principle of _______ _______ looks for the causes of behavior in the environment.

public events

Gary used the new electric toothbrush. It tore up his gums pretty bad. He never used that toothbrush again. It appears that Gary`s choosing the electric toothbrush was ________

punished

A consequence that decreases the probability of the response it follows is called a _____________

punisher

If an event follows a behavior and reduces the future probability of that behavior, it is called a(n) ____

punisher

In Canada the cigarette manufacturers are required to put photographs of cancerous organs on the outside of the cigarette packs. The government hopes that looking at these disgusting organs will function as a ________________ that will decrease the frequency of smoking. One thing is for sure, they decrease the frequency of looking at the outside of the cigarette packs.

punisher

Suppose that Baby Sally smiles sweetly at Mom. Suppose Mom delivers a spoonful of ice cream to Baby Sally. Suppose Baby Sally's rate of smiling decreases. Because delivery of the spoonful of ice cream follows the smile and decreases its rate, you would label this event as a(n) _____

punisher

Gerald told his little son, Lester, not to touch the steering wheel while he was driving. The next time that he touched the wheel, he spanked him. He rarely touched the wheel after that and always got a spanking when he did. Spanking is an event that followed touching the steering wheel and decreased its rate. This event is called a(n) _____________. The procedure of giving a spanking after touching the steering wheel is called _____________. (put a space between your answers)

punisher punishment

Psychologists and behavior analysts have experimented with many aversive control programs in an attempt to treat sexual deviances (e.g., pedophilia). This usually involves the administration of electric shocks when the individual becomes sexually aroused when they see photographs of children. This works pretty well in the treatment center, so we could classify the shocks as _________________, but unfortunately it does not generalize outside the treatment center very well.

punishers

Abe and Joel often point out each other's thoughtless acts right after they occur. If pointing them out decreases the rate of thoughtless acts in the future, it is an example of what behavioral procedure? ______

punishment

According to Skinner (1953) the most common form of controlling human and animal behavior is __________

punishment

Brittany loved to flirt. Her new interest was Keith. Whenever she flirted with him, he never responded. Brittany didn't get the hint and continued to flirt with him. Finally, Keith began to walk away from her when she started to talk to him. Brittany stopped approaching Keith after he walked away from her on two different occasions. What procedure did Keith use to eliminate her approaches?

punishment

Granny really hates it when her children come to her house around Christmas (she can't stand the yelling of her grandchildren). Granny has found that if she serves a really disgusting old fruitcake and insists that everyone eat it, her children don't come back the following year. If visiting Granny is the target behavior, what behavioral procedure is at work in this example (hint: remember to consider whether the behavior increased or decreased)

punishment

If any reinforcer in a person's environment is taken away whenever the person emits a particular behavior and if the rate of that behavior decreases, the procedure would be an example of ______

punishment

Jim goes to the casino and bets on the number 7 all night on the roulette wheel. Jim looses $245. Although Jim continues to gamble, he stops betting on the number 7. What behavioral procedure accounts for this decrease?

punishment

John stood up quickly. He experienced a great pain in his back. John didn`t stand up quickly again for several weeks until his back had recovered. Assuming that John was physically capable of standing up quickly, what behavioral procedure accounts for John not standing up quickly?

punishment

Julie hated it when Sal put his cigarette out on his dinner plate. Finally, she expressed her feelings to him. He usually did not put his cigarette out that way in the future, and when he did, Julie again expressed her dislike for the practice. Eventually, Sal completely stopped doing it. Because Julie's expressions followed Sal's putting his cigarette out on his plate and his rate decreased, what behavioral procedure did Julie use?

punishment

Meaghan hit one of the other kids while playing in the sandbox. Her mom wouldn`t let her play with the other kids for the rest of the day. The next couple days, Meaghan did not hit any of the other kids. If hitting is the target behavior, what behavioral procedure did mom use?

punishment

Mrs. Smith shopped at Festival Foods. Her shopping usually came to about $80. One week she went to Super Target and the grocery bill came to just over $100. Mrs. Smith stopped shopping at Target. What behavioral procedure explain the decrease in shopping at Target?

punishment

Oscar loved to have snowball fights. When the new kid in class (Harvey) joined in the fight, he loaded each of his snowballs with a rock. When Oscar was hit with one of Harvey's snowballs, it really stung. Oscar ran at Harvey and punched him in the face until his nose bled. Harvey never loaded another snowball with a rock. What behavioral procedure explains why Harvey doesn`t load snowballs with rocks any more?

punishment

Poor Cylas - in his first two weeks of school, when people asked his name he would say "Cylas." The kids would laugh and call him names. After a few weeks, Cylas started referring to himself by his middle name "Robert." What behavioral procedure accounts for the DECREASE in Cylas referring to himself as "Cylas?"

punishment

Renee drew a beautiful picture of her family on the walls of her bedroom. Her mother took Renee`s crayons away and told her that she could not use them for the rest of the day (she got them back the next day). Renee has not colored on the walls for several weeks. This is an example of what behavioral procedure?

punishment

Sometimes behavior analysts have no other options and must use a ________________ procedure to decrease self-injurious behaviors.

punishment

Suppose Callie has a bad habit of nail biting. Her mother decides to make her wear gloves for the rest of the day each time that she catches Callie biting her nails. After a few weeks of this treatment, Callie rarely bites her nails. Because the rate of her nail biting decreased, the procedure involved would be _____________

punishment

Tactic #1 in using the aversive control strategy is to decrease undesirable behavior through the procedure of _____________ as a last resort.

punishment

Ted used to flirt with all the other women that he met. This greatly angered his girlfriend Katie, who finally decided to withhold all affection for him on any day that he flirted with someone else. Ted no longer flirts with other women. Katie decreased Ted's flirting by using a __________ procedure.

punishment

The child was asked to put down the Legos. He threw them to the ground and laughed. The parent said "You pick those up right now!" The child picks up the Legos and (more importantly for the present purposes) is less likely to throw down objects again when asked to put them down. The parent has used a(n) __________________ procedure.

punishment

To use the aversive control strategy, (1) decrease undesirable behavior through __________ as a last resort

punishment

When Adam was in elementary school, he liked to show off by holding his breath until he would turn bright red. One day he coughed just at that moment and truly couldn't get his breath. He never again held his breath. What procedure accounts for his reduced rate of breath holding:_____

punishment

When Janice heard the Beastie Boys new CD, she hated it. She never played it again. What behavioral procedure explains this change in Janice's listening patterns?

punishment

When the residents of Troy wheeled into the city the large gift horse that the Greeks left for them, they were surprised by all the Greek warriors who came out and killed them while they slept. Something tells me that if the Trojans were faced with the choice of what to do with another large wooden horse, they would choose to leave it outside the city walls. What behavioral procedure accounts for this choice?

punishment

John is a computer programmer. He likes to work on databases. A few years ago he took two sick days in a row and it was rumored that he was not sick. John`s boss took him off the database project. John has not called in sick for the last two years. What specific type of punishment procedure did John`s boss use?

punishment by contingent withdrawal

______ schedules are response-based whereas _______ schedules are time-concerned. (leave a space between answers.

ratio interval

Becky was working on an FR-20 schedule. Her boss noticed she was working really hard and quickly. He wanted more, so he increased the ratio to an FR-200. Becky quit working and went on strike. Behavior analysts refer to this stoppage of work in the face of a large increase in the work requirement:

ratio strain

If you use a ratio that is too high, the person often stops responding. This is known as ______________

ratio strain

One disadvantage of large ratio schedules is that if you use too high a ratio you may produce __________

ratio strain

The climactic scenes in Crime and Punishment occurred on pages 68, 356, and 602. Gabe often quit reading for days at a time even though he really enjoyed the climactic scenes when they arrived. He found himself on a rather large ratio schedule. His erratic and slow reading is an example of _________

ratio strain

Carrie made a deal with herself. For every page of her boring physics book that she read, she would let herself eat a piece of licorice. This seems to be working pretty well because Carrie reads all the materials and she reads them faster than she did before! What procedure did Carrie use?

reinforcement

Clara hit Sonny a few months ago because Sonny was being a terrible pest. Sonny immediately started acting nice to Clara. Since then, Clara's rate of hitting Sonny whenever he was being a pest has increased. (Hint: For the following question focus on Clara's behavior, not Sonny's.) The increase in the rate of Clara's hitting response is a result of what behavioral procedure?

reinforcement

Daffy Duck wanted Bugs Bunny to help more often so he wouldn't have to do all the work. Every time that he helped, he made sure to give him a big carrot immediately. As a result, he started helping more often. What procedure did he use?

reinforcement

During the depths of the 30-month drought, the Phoenicians began praying to a new golden idol. After 2 weeks of prayer and sacrifice, the drought breaks with an evening shower. For years to come, the Phoenicians pray to the golden idol. The procedure described here is called

reinforcement

Henry was dating Jill who was extremely ticklish. Every time Henry tickled Jill she screamed and sometimes even got mad at him. She absolutely hated when he tickled her, and she wasn't afraid to tell him that. Whenever she screamed or yelled at him, Henry would tickle her even more. What behavioral procedure explains Henry's increase of tickling?

reinforcement

I had a dreadful cold this week. Early in the week I noticed that everytime I said I had a cold, people would be nice to me and said things like "Don`t worry about doing that, I`ll get someone else to do it for you." By the end of the week I was feeling better but I kept saying "I have a cold." (Ha. Can you blame me?) Saying "I have a cold" is a verbal behavior that increased in probability because of the process/procedure of

reinforcement

If mother sends Mike to his room for teasing his sister and teasing his sister increases, mother's sending him to his room would be an example of what behavioral procedure?

reinforcement

In child-development research, a mobile hanging above the infant's crib is tied by a string to the infant's toe. When the child moves its leg, the mobile moves. Researchers have found that infants will move their legs a lot under these conditions. Developmental psychologists call this "self-awareness." Behavior analysts call this the procedure of ___________

reinforcement

Janice has found that she can control the behavior of her instructor simply by nodding during his lectures and acting interested. When she does this, she finds that the instructor spends more of his time talking to her. She finds that this works on every one of her professors. What procedure is Janice using?

reinforcement

John had a rock in his shoe. He stopped, took his shoe off and tipped out the rock. In the future, if John has a rock in his shoe again, he is very likely to do the same thing. The process/procedure described here is _______

reinforcement

Mrs. Elliot heard Jordan, one of her kindergardners, crying because he wanted to go home. Jordan has been in school for several weeks and this is the first time he cried. Mrs. Elliot held him, rocked him, and sang him a song to calm him down. Mrs. Elliot thought she was doing the right thing, but she found that Jordan cried nearly every day after that. What behavioral procedure is Mrs. Elliot apparently using?

reinforcement

One characteristic of differential reinforcement is that you use _________________ to increase the frequency of one behavior.

reinforcement

Right before dinner Tommy was craving some pineapple juice and sliced tomatoes. He decided to bug his mom until she gave him the snack. Although she resisted at first, she ultimately gave in. From then on Tommy bugged his mom more often for a snack before dinner. What procedure caused Tommy's increase in begging? _______

reinforcement

Suppose Maggie praised Jack whenever he called their cat, Shooter, "cat." If Jack's rate of calling Shooter "cat" increased, what procedure would Maggie be using? ________

reinforcement

The president`s speech writer uses words like "committment" and "dedication" in the speech the president delivers to the nation. After the speech, the president`s popularity ratings go up 15%. In the future, the speech writer uses words like "committment" and "dedication" more often when writing speeches. What process accounts for the speech writer`s behavior?

reinforcement

When James was young, he started talking with his father about his day at school. His father usually listened and asked questions. James started talking with his father more often as a result. What behavioral procedure was James` father using?

reinforcement

When the children teased Percy about his name, he cried and told this teacher. Nonetheless, the children teased Percy a lot after that (and Percy would cry each time). What behavioral procedure appears to explain why all this teasing is going on?

reinforcement

Differential reinforcement is the combination of two procedures commonly used by behavior analysts. This first is ________________ and the second is ___________

reinforcement extinction

The two behavioral procedures that are involved in differential reinforcement are :______________ and ____________

reinforcement extinction

_________________ is the process/procedure by which behavior is followed by a _________________ and the behavior is more likely to occur again in the future under similar circumstances. (put a single space between the two words of your answer)

reinforcement reinforcer

A consequence that increases the probability of the response it follows is called a ______________

reinforcer

A consequence that increases the probability of the response it follows is called a ________________

reinforcer

A consequence, simulus, or event that follows a behavior and increases the rate of the behavior is a(n) _______

reinforcer

A event/stimulus that follows behavior and increases the future probability of the behavior is called a __________

reinforcer

After working out, Anna allows herself a a diet coke. Anna LOVES diet coke, and she only drinks it if (and after) she works out. Since she's set this plan up for herself, she works out a lot more than she used to. The diet coke is a ________ for Anna's working out.

reinforcer

An event that seems unpleasant but never-the-less increases the rate of a behavior that it follows would be classified as a(n) _________

reinforcer

Carrie got upset with her boyfriend when he burped (especially in public!). Even though she kept hitting him and telling him to stop it, he just kept burping in front of her. Then Carrie decided to ignore the gross behavior. After she ignored it for about two weeks, she saw that he hardly ever burped anymore. It appears that all that hitting and yelling had been functioning as a _____________

reinforcer

I was doing an internet search the other night. I searched for "guatemala" because I wanted to learn about back-strap looms. "Guatemala" got me 21,000 hits. I added "loom" to my search and this got me down to 28. After that experience, I always narrow my search like this when I get too many hits. Getting FEWER hits appears to have functioned as a(n) _____________

reinforcer

Jerry touched the metal post after walking on the carpet and got a mild shock. He shuffled about the room, touched the post again, and got another shock. He did this several more time, wincing in pain each time. The shock appears to be functioning as a ______________

reinforcer

Jesse was an atheist and never missed an opportunity to upset his roommate, Peter, who was a devout Christian (i.e., Jesse did this all the time). Jesse would make comments about religion as a "crutch" and Peter would rave at him about how he was going to hell if he didn't change is ways. After months of this, Peter decided to "turn the other cheek" and ignore Jesse`s atheist comments. Jesse stopped making them pretty soon thereafter. Peter`s ravings appear to have functioned as a(n) ____________ for Jesse`s atheist comments

reinforcer

Jim clicks on the Google Chrome icon and gains access to the internet. Because Jim does this everyday, we can pretty safely say that access to the internet functions as a(n) ______________

reinforcer

Johnny gave Beth flowers on Valentines day, and she gave him a big kiss in return.... from that day on, Johnny brought Beth a flower every day. Beth's kiss must have functioned as a _______ for Johnny

reinforcer

One week, Jodi borrowed a study tape from the Spanish lab and listened to it everyday while driving to work. At the end of the week, Jodi did very well on her Spanish exam. For the remaining weeks of the semester, Jodi goes to the Spanish lab to borrow the next tapes. The good grade Jodi got appears to have functioned as a(n) ________

reinforcer

The consequence of putting on headphones that are connected to an iPod is music. If you listen to music often, then we would classify this consequence as a(n) ____________

reinforcer

The consequence of putting on headphones that are connected to an iPod is music. If you listen to music often, then we would classify this consequence as a(n) ________________

reinforcer

The reason that punished behavior often occurs again is that the punisher cannot compete with the powerful ___________ that maintains the behavior.

reinforcer

In Canada the cigarette manufacturers are required to put photographs of cancerous organs on the outside of the cigarette packs. Gary is a teenage smoker. He has a collection of cigarette packs with diseased lungs, spleen, heart, etc. Gary buys a lot of cigarettes so he can add more pictures to his collection (in fact, Gary doesn't even smoke, he just thinks the gross looking organs are cool). The Canadian government`s program is obviously not working (if the objective is to decrease cigarette sales) on Gary because these pictures are functioning as ____________

reinforcers

A friend is someone who ___________________ your behavior often. Because they do so, this makes them plesant to be around and you try to spend more time with them.

reinforces

Behaviorists tend to _____________ (accept or reject) private events as CAUSES of human and animal behavior

reject

All those animals we call pigeons form a stimulus class because there are a set of stimuli that are ____________ by common elements like pecking, feathers, and a beak.

Hampton and her colleagues found that their two observers agreed 87% of the time. They were measuring the _____________ of the observations.

reliability

If two students measure the amount of time their professor talks about himself during the same class period, the extent to which their observations are the same is a measure of the ___________________ of their data.

reliability

The extent of agreement between two sets of observations is called their _________

reliability

When we assess to what degree two observers agree that the behavior has occurred, we are assessing the ___________ of our direct observations.

reliability

__________ is an estimate of the accuracy of your observations, whereas social validity refers to whether you are actually measuring what you intended to measure.

reliability

______________ is an estimate of the accuracy of your observations, whereas social validity refers to whether you are actually measuring what you intended to measure.

reliability

_______________ is an estimate of the accuracy of your observations, whereas social validity refers to whether you are actually measuring what you intended to measure.

reliability

__________________ is an estimate of the accuracy of your observations, whereas social validity refers to whether you are actually measuring what you intended to measure.

reliability

Behavior analysis is distinct from other areas of psychological research because we make repeated observations until we are convinced that the behavior of interest is _______

reliable

A prompt is an added stimulus that increases the probability that a person will make the correct response and that is _______________ as soon as it is no longer needed.

removed

Behavior analysts use fading and programming to establish stimulus control with a novel stimulus when the person they are training never _______________ to the novel stimulus.

responds

A variable-interval schedule requires the person to wait for a varying period of time before the reinforcer is available and then they need to make a(n) _________ for the reinforcer to be delivered

response

The neighborhood boy who mows the lawn came by this morning asking for his $20 owed for mowing the day before. I paid him because the lawn looked nicely trimmed. Although I did not observe him mow the grass, I could see the ________ of his work

result

result or outcome

Judy was studying the effects of catnip on her cat`s behavior. She observed the cat for an hour without any catnip. Then she brought in the catnitp and watched for another hour. Then she took away the catnip and watched for a final hour. Judy is using a _____________ design

reversal

Marge tested whether Ann studied better with the radio on or off. During baseline, the radio was off. During the treament phase, the radio was turned up to 5. During the final phase the radio was turned off again. Marge used a ______________ design (one of the single-subject designs)

reversal

The advantage of the __________ and the multiple-baseline designs are that they can rule out alternative explanations of the observed behavior change

reversal

The advantage of the __________ design is that it can rule out alternative explanations of the observed behavior change

reversal

The advantage of the __________ design is that it can rule out alternative explanations of the observed behavior change.

reversal

The advantage of the __________ design is that it can rule out alternative explanations of the observed behavior change. (there 2 correct possible answers here, only 1 of them is needed.

reversal

The design in which you measure a behavior before the treatment is introduced, while the treatment is in place, and after the treatment is withrawn is called a ___________ design.

reversal

The two strong single-subject designs that can rule-out alternative explanations for the change in behavior are the ___________ and multiple-baseline designs.

reversal

In the late 1980`s after about 50 years of making their product the same way and enjoying very strong sales, the Coca-Cola company changed the recipe for Coke. The new recipe was very sweet and many people stopped buying it (overall sales suffered enormously). Later, the company reintroduced Coke and called it Coca-Cola Classic. Sales of this product when back up to where they were before the recipe change. What single-subject design does this sound like to you?

reversal design

Suppose Megan gets 50% on her math tests when she doesn't gets hugs from Mom. When Mom starts hugging her, she gets 90% on her tests. Then Mom stops hugging her again and she gets 50% again. The name for this experimental design would be ________

reversal design

Young Professor Lagorio was a messy child. Her parents cringed every time they saw her bedroom. They would ask her to clean her room, but she refused. They decided to give her a quarter every time she cleaned her room when they asked. Little Professor Lagorio began cleaning her room a lot more. After awhile her parents realized that they could not continue to pay her forever, so they went back to asking her without giving her a quarter. Little Lagorio's cleaning decreased. This experiment is an example of what type of single-subject design?

reversal design

Only an experiment that uses _________ or ___________ designs rule out both time coincidences and individual differences. (please put a space between answers)

reversal multiple baseline

Delivering punishers is a behavior that parents often find reinforcing. The reason why is because the desired consequence (a decrease in problem behavior) usually occurs ______________ after the punisher is delivered.

right

A stimulus that precedes a behavior and is associated with extinction (no reinforcement being available) is called a(n)___________

s-delta

An oak tree is an ___________ for saying "pine" because, in the past, saying "pine" has never been reinforced in the presence of an oak.

s-delta

John has just eaten an entire Domino`s deep dish pizza by himself while watching the Packer game. Dan calls and asks him to come over. John waddles over to Dan`s house. Dan has a pizza waiting for him. John doesn`t eat because he is . (we are looking for a technical term here -- "full" is not a technical term).

satiated

Note that a conditioned reinforcer will no longer be effective if the person has had so much of the backup reinforcer recently that the primary reinforcer has temporarily lost its effectiveness because of the person being __________ with it.

satiated

Reinforcers such as food and water only lose their effectiveness temporarily when the organism becomes ____________

satiated

Carey had not learned to read at the fourth-grade level during the regular school year. To avoid Carey's repeating the grade, her parents volunteered to get her to finish three books during the summer. Her parents gave Carey 1 point for each page she completed. Carey could exchange 10 points for ice cream. Carey read about five pages a day, averaging 1 ice cream cone every other day. This worked, but the points might become ineffective. Let's imagine that Carey started reading so much she could earn 10 ice cream cones a day, her reading might decrease because she would become ______________ on the ice cream. Because the points in this example could be exchanged only for ice cream, they would be an example of a(n) ______________ reinforcer.

satiated conditioned

Primary punishers lose their efficacy (effectiveness) only through ________

satiation

The only way that a primary reinforcer will lose its reinforcing value is through ___________

satiation

The opposite of deprivation is ____________

satiation

When dealing with the principle of deprivation, the opposite of deprivation is __________

satiation

Interval schedules are used to combat the decrease in reinforcer effectiveness due to __________. They can also increase resistance to __________

satiation extinction

When animals are exposed to fixed-interval schedules, they pause after the reinforcer is obtained, and then their responding gradually increases in rate. This response pattern is called a fixed-interval ____________

scallop

Direct observations require that the observer personally ____________ the behavior and ___________ it at that time. (put a single space between the words of your answer

see record

Non-behavior analysts rely heavily on people reporting their memory of behavior. This approach is called __________-__________ observation

self report

Behavior analysts ask a person to directly observe their own behavior by personally seeing and immediately recording it. They call this approach direct observation. If they let the person write their observations from memory, then they would call this approach _______________ observation.

self-report

During college, there are 100, 200, 300, and 400-level courses. The idea behind this is that freshman focus on 100-level courses, sophomores on 200-level, etc., and each level increases in difficulty as you progress through your undergrad career. Through this progress, your behavior is being _______________, with some behaviors becoming more fluent and others becoming less likely (such as not reading required materials). Interestingly, while you may think that a 200-level course (such as statistics) is challenging when you're taking it, as you get into 300- and 400-level classes you'll look back at those 200-level classes like they were a breeze

shaped

At first, Henry's teacher praised him greatly whenever he wrote a short story. He wrote several stories 10 pages long. Later, Henry's teacher praised Henry only when he wrote stories 20 pages long and paid no attention to his shorter stories. By this method, the teacher eventually got Henry writing 50 page stories. What behavioral procedure did the teacher use to teach Henry to write 50-page stories?

shaping

By differentially reinforcing a series of successive approximations to walking with crutches, Dr. Mill used the behavioral procedure of

shaping

Dad started by surprising Tanya with $5 only when she scored over 60% on her Math quizzes. Then, he gave Tanya $5 only when she scored over 70%. Eventually, he gave her money only when she scored over 90%. Dad was using the procedure of

shaping

For the first step, Dr. Babcock paid Kayla only when she smoked less than 46 cigarettes a day. For the second step, Dr. Babcock paid her only when she smoked less than 43 per day. Dr. Babcock continued with many additional steps until paying her only when she smoked less than 15 per day. Dr. Babcock used what overall procedure to get from first to last step?

shaping

If each of a series of successive approximations to a target behavior is differentially reinforced with a negative reinforcer, then behavior analysts still call this procedure ________

shaping

Michael, a 7-year old, looked up to his older brother Mark, who was very good at basketball. Michael wanted to learn how to play, so Mark agreed to teach him to shoot a free-throw. First, he showed Michael how to shoot the ball. Then, he had him shoot until he made ten shots right by the basket. Every time Michael made a basket, Mark would praise him. After ten made shots, Mark would move him back a little bit and have him make ten more shots. This process continued until Michael was shooting from the free-throw line. What behavioral procedure did Mark use to teach Michael to shoot a free throw?

shaping

Mom wanted Jenny to brush her teeth better. On the first night, when Jenny brushed her front teeth only, Mom said "nice job." The next night, she didn't say "nice job" when Jenny brushed her front teeth but she did when when brushed her back teeth also. After requiring better and better performance over several nights, Jenny became a good brusher. What procedure did Mom use?

shaping

Nate is skilled at playing darts. One day he was reminiscing about how he had learned to throw his first dart. At first, his father had praised him only when he hit the board. Then his father only praised him when he hit the inner ring. Finally his father had praised him only when he drove it in for a bull's eye. What behavioral procedure was his father using?

shaping

Timmy was teaching Mickey to play the guitar. Timmy first praised him only when he held it correctly, next only when Mickey strummed it correctly, and finally only when Mickey strummed a particular cord.What behavioral procedure was Timmy using?

shaping

William's mother was teaching him to knit. At first, William's mother praised him for any kind of job that he did. After that, she praised him only when he made the right kind of stitch and made it well. Finally, she praised William only when he came up with his own knitting project and knitted it properly. What behavioral procedure is this an example of?

shaping

Regarding the principle of contingency, you _____ (should/should not) deliver the reinforcer after the occurrence of the behavior you desire to increase.

should

Generalization occurs when a behavior that was reinforced in one situation is emitted in the presence of _____________ stimuli.

similar

In a ____________ experiment, the focus is on the individual rather than the average of an entire group`s behavior

single subject

Most areas of psychology are interested in group designs, but behavioral psychologists are more interested in ___________ designs.

single subject

To use the behavioral strategy: 1) create a behavioral definition, 2) use a method of direct observation, 3) check the reliability and social validity of your observations, and 4) design a _________ ___________ experiment

single subject

Andi does not like chocolate. Andi's mother told her that she will get a surprise if her room gets cleaned. Andi cleans her room, and then Andi's mother immediately gives her a bar of chocolate. Andi no longer cleans her room when her mother offers her a "surprise". Andi's mother has clearly violated the principle of ____

size

Silverman (1999) and his colleagues found that they could get about half of their cocaine abusers to stay off drugs if they paid them $6.00 for every day that they abstained from cocaine use (verified with valid urinalysis screenings). The other half showed no improvement. What principle of effective reinforcement do you think Silverman was using to improve his treatment plan?

size

The other night when he had friends over, Nigel turned the volume on his stereo up to 11 (out of 20). The next day his ears were ringing. Although Nigel found this annoying, he turned the stereo back up to 11 a couple nights later when his friends came over. What principle of effective punishment was violated?

size

Timmy's mother provides incentive when Timmy cleans his room. One week, Timmy's mother pays Timmy $10 to clean his room and Timmy progressively does an average job at cleaning. The next week, mother pays Timmy $100 to clean his room and Timmy now does an excellent job. What principle explains why the increase in incentive encouraged Timmy to clean his room better? The principle of

size

To decide whether the principle of ____ was followed, ask, "Was the amount of the reinforcement used worthwhile?"

size

When ever Zack did something wrong his mother would give him a light spanking. This really didn't bother Zack so he would continue to engage in the behavior. What principle of effective punishment did Zack's mother probably neglect?

size

Carol provides the following behavioral definition of drunkeness: The inability to adequately speak to a woman with the respect she deserves. This behavioral definition is lacking in _____________ ___________ because outside judges would probably not agree that this adequately describes all instances of drunkeness.

social validity

Mark developed a behavioral definition for being angry as "showing redness in the face and bulging of the eyes." Mark wanted to determine if his definition of anger was equivalent to how people outside of his study defined being angry. Mark was interested in the __________ __________ of his definition.

social validity

Mrs. Anderson had a rowdy first grade classroom. She imposed discipline on any students who were not sitting quietly at their desk with hands folded in their lap. Mrs. Anderson observed the rate of behaving properly before and after her discipline. She also asked a group of parents who had visited the classroom before and after the new discipline to rate the degree exhibiting acceptable school-children behavior. The parents rated it high before and low after because children can't write anything if their hands are in their laps. The degree of correlation between the parents' ratings and Mrs. Anderson's observations is a measure of

social validity

Reliability is an estimate of the accuracy of your observations, whereas __________ __________ refers to whether you are actually measuring what you intended to measure.

social validity

The extent to which outside judges believe that your behavioral definition captures the important characteristics of the target behavior, you can say that your definition possesses _____________

social validity

To use the behavioral strategy: 1) create a behavioral definition, 2) use a method of direct observation, 3) check the reliability and ________ _________ of your observations, and 4) design a single-subject experiment

social validity

Tom was conducting research for one of his psychology courses. After developing a behavioral definition of the behavior under study, he asked some of his friends to rate whether the definition describes what they think of when they think of that behavior. Tom used these outside judges to test the __________ of his behavioral definition.

social validity

The train and hope method _____________(always/ sometimes) produces generalization

sometimes

Rachael spanks her new puppy when she sees it peeing on the carpet. The puppy learns to not pee in front of Rachael, so he goes into her bedroom and pees in there. The sight of Rachael is functioning as a(n) __________________ for peeing

In punishment by contingent ___________________ , an aversive stimulus is presented, whereas with ____________________ reinforcement an aversive stimulus is removed (or avoided) because of the behavior.

stimulation, negative

Anything in the environment that can affect your sense organs and can potentially come to affect your behavior can be classified as a _____________

stimulus

Surgeons, dentists, family practitioners, etc., would all fall into the same _____________ called "doctors."

stimulus class

During extinction, the delivery of reinforcers for the target behavior must be ____________

stopped

Coach wanted to teach Tyler how to do really good, fast basketball moves. He decided to start by teaching him some very slow steps. Doing basketball moves slowly would be a(n) ____________ to doing faster moves.

successive approximation

If we wanted to shape the behavior of making a bed, we might start by reinforcing the act of pulling the sheets toward the pillows. This would be the first ______________ of the target behavior

successive approximation

In shaping, an intermediate behavior that is a step toward the target behavior is called a(n) ____________

successive approximation

Learning a different language is a process. No one would expect you to just pick up a book written in a different language and be able to read it fluently. First, you have to learn the alphabet. Next, you learn certain words. After that you learn how to put together sentences. Finally, you will be able to read paragraphs, and then even books. Each one of these steps is called a(n) _________ to the target behavior of reading a book written in a different language

successive approximation

Julie wanted to take up running. She decided to slowly build up to running a mile a day in under 8 minutes. She set as her goal during the first week to run the mile under 11 minutes. When she made it, she bought herself a DQ Blizzard. The next week she tried to run it under 10 minutes and again rewarded herself when she made it. Each week she lowered her goal until she was running the mile under 8 minutes. Julies's first goal of running the mile in under 11 minutes would be termed a(n) ___________ ___________ to running it in under 8 minutes. What behavioral procedure was Julie using to get in condition to run the mile in under 8 minutes? ________________ (put a space between your answers

successive approximation shaping

Mom accidentally taught June the target behavior of loudly demanding a snack by differentially reinforcing a series of_______________ to that behavior.

successive approximations

One way that shaping is different from differential reinforcement is that shaping creates ____________ behaviors

target

You can use shaping to create_____________ behavior.

target

Coach helped Jack learn to shoot free throws. He taught him to shoot 10 in a row. He continued to praise him whenever he made 10 in a row until he was doing it all the time. Next, he would praise him only when he made 20 in a row, which he soon mastered. In this way, he finally got him to make 30 in a row! The goal of getting Jack to make 30 in a row is called the _______________

target behavior

Dr. Rena taught Erin, an asthmatic child, the correct use of inhalation equipment. He did so by differentially reinforcing approximations to correct use. The correct use of the equipment would be called the ____________ in their experiment.

target behavior

Negative reinforcement is a form of reinforcement in which the desired behavior is followed by the ____________ or prevention of an event.

termination

If a person is taken out of some reinforcing situation after they emit a behavior, this is a form of punishment by contingent withdrawal that is called what specifically?

time out

James got grounded when he soaped the neighbor`s car. He was not allowed to spend time with his friends outside of school, could not talk on the telephone, and could not watch TV. James never soaped the neighbor`s car again. What behavior procedure accounts for this decrease in soaping (be specific)?

time out

When Sara performs an undesirable behavior, her parents send her to sit in the corner for 30 seconds. This usually results in a decrease in the problem behavior. Sara`s parents are using what form of punishment?

time out

Carla is a graduate student in school psychology. Her first day of an internship involves collecting data on the problem behavior of her new clients: four emotionally disturbed children in a special education classroom. Carla looks at the first student for 20 seconds, and then takes 10 seconds to record her observation. She then spends 20 seconds on the second child and 10 seconds to record data. This is repeated over and over for 2 hours. Carla is using the ________________ method of direct observation

time sample

Interval recording is used when the observation intervals are continuous, whereas _______ recording is used with a series of discontinuous intervals.

time sample

Janet was concerned that her infant child was spending too much time sleeping on her stomach. Because she didn't have enough time to watch her baby sleep all the time (she needed to sleep too, you know), she decided to peek in on her child and record her sleeping position once every 30 minutes or so. Janet is using what method of direct observation?

time sample

Mrs. Schmidt wants to observe the amount of time each of her 27 students spends on-task during the computerized instruction component of her class day. She decides to observe a student for 15 seconds, record whether he/she was on task or not, and then switch to another student. Mrs. Schmidt has chosen the ________ method of direct observation

time sample

Mrs. Schmidt wants to observe the amount of time each of her 27 students spends on-task during the computerized instruction component of her class day. She decides to observe each student for 5 seconds, record whether he/she was on task or not, and then switch to another student. Mrs. Schmidt has chosen the _______________ method of direct observation

time sample

You can always use trial reliability with interval and ___________ recording

time sample

Peter is convinced that eating sugar increases hyperactivity in children. To test this hypothesis, he feeds 18 children 60 grams of sugar. Using an agreed upon behavioral definition of hyperactivity, Peter observes each of the 18 children for just a few seconds each. If the child observed at that moment is engaging in a hyperactive behavior, Peter notes that hyperactivity occurred. In the end, Peter finds that the kids were engaged in hyperactive behaviors about 45% of the time. Peter used the _____________ method of direct observation

time sample recording

Mrs. Wilson's six children were not brushing their teeth properly. She began observing them each night as they all brushed together. She broke the one minute that they usually brushed into very brief intervals (about 5 seconds). Then she looked at one child during each of these intervals to see if that child was using the recommended round-stroking method. If they were, she made a check mark for that child. Mrs. Wilson is using the ____________ recording method.

time sampling

An advantage to using ___________recording is that with this technique it is possible to observe and record several behaviors or people at the same time.

time-sample

Gary is a graduate student who, as part of his internship, is consulting with Texaco. Currently he is recording safety information. He watches the men working the A-line for 25 seconds and records whether or not a pre-defined unsafe behavior was made by any of the men. In the next 25 seconds, he watches the men on the B-line, recording as before. He then continues to switch back and forth between lines for the rest of the hour. Gary is using the __________________________ method of direct observation

time-sample

Mrs. Johnson teaches 22 first graders. To see how well each student is staying on-task, she moves around the room visiting with each of them very briefly to see that they are working. If they are, she records this in her notebook that she carries with her. Mrs. Johnson is using what direct observation technique?

time-sample

In a single-subject experiment, each participant is exposed to the baseline and ___________ conditions.

treatment

Juan and Carla are recording 5 different behaviors that their son Jimmy is supposed to do each day: Tasks: Dishes Laundry Homework Shine Shoes Cook Here are their data over a 5-day period indicating whether their son completed his tasks: --------------------------------------------------------- Juan: YES YES NO NO YES Carla: NO YES NO NO NO --------------------------------------------------------- What type of reliability should they be calculating?

trial reliability

For a variable-interval schedule, people typically work at a(n) _________ rate for the entire period of time that the schedule is in effect.

uniform

Alice was given $10 to clean the garage. In the Fall, Alice`s dad said he would give her $10 to clean the garage again. She refused. The $10 is an example of what

unknown

Brandy`s teacher tells her to stop talking without raising her hand. Brandy`s teacher models how to raise your hand even when you have something very important to say. Brandy learns what is expected of her in the classroom and complies with the teacher`s instructions. What procedure explains Brandy`s behavior change?

unknown

Carrie: "Can you pick up your clothes when you leave the shower?" Henry: "I guess." Henry picks up his clothes. In the future, Henry continues to follow Carrie`s instructions. What procedure did Carrie use to change Henry's behavior?

unknown

Every time John pouted, his parents took away from of his play time by immediately sending him to his room for 10 minutes. At the end of the 10 minutes, they would go to his room and tell him his time was up. They usually had a lengthy discussion about John's pouting at that time. John's pouting went on at about the same rate for the next few months. In this case, because their procedure did not decrease John's pouting, his parents used the procedure called _______

unknown

Gerald was a pretty inattentive boyfriend. Finally, Rachel told him to start pulling out chairs for her. From then on, he always pulled out chairs for Rachel. What behavioral procedure did Rachel employ

unknown

In the baseline phase, Charlie spent about 10% of his free-play time doing art. When the new art teacher was hired she made a point of complimenting Charlie`s drawings. Charlie then spent 45% of the free-time doing art. When the art teacher left town to join a traveling stage troupe, Charlie continued to spend 45% of his free-time doing art. We can classify the compliments as a(n) _________

unknown

Jerry gave Samantha a withering look every time she suggested he go on a diet. Samantha is still suggesting that Jerry go on a diet (the rate of behavior has not changed). Jerry's withering look is an event called a(n) __________

unknown

Jerry was eating Jelly Belly jellybeans. He ate a green one (Margarita). It tasted good. He ate a yellow one (buttered popcorn). It tasted horrible. Jerry is careful in the future to eat green and avoid yellow Jelly Bellies. What behavioral procedure explains Jerry's behavior?

unknown

Krista's cigarette case was rigged to give her a painful shock every time she opened it to remove a cigarette. Krista still smoked as much as ever. What procedure is the case administering to Krista:________

unknown

Laura often asked off topic questions that caused the professor to get angry. He tried ignoring her questions, but they just kept coming (and they continued to be irrelevant to the lecture). Ignoring Laura`s questions is an example of what behavioral procedure?

unknown

Mary was really annoyed by Phil's eating manners, so she asked him to request food rather than just grabbing for it. Because of her prompt, Phil started asking her to pass food rather than reaching across her for it. Mary's asking Phil to request food is an example of what behavioral procedure?________________

unknown

Mavis told her parents that today at school she beat up the boy who has been pulling her pig-tails all year. Mavis` parents took her out for a root-beer float. The root-beer float appears to be functioning as a(n) _________

unknown

Mom praises Emily when she eats with a spoon and ignores her when she eats with her fingers. Emily continues to eat with her fingers just as often as before. This is an example of what procedure?___________

unknown

Ronald`s professor told him to try harder, so he did. The professor told him that he must try harder still, and he did. The professor kept pushing Ronald and Ronald continued to meet professors demands. What procedure is the professor using to improve Ronald`s behavior?

unknown

We used to let our dogs lick us in the mouth. Then we heard on the radio that this causes your teeth to rot, so we stopped. This procedure is called ___________

unknown

When mom said to stop throwing rocks in the neighbors pool, we all stopped. Mom used what behavioral procedure to produce this rapid decline in our behavior?

unknown

When the pigeon pecks the red key, it occassionally earns food. When the pigeon pecks the green key, it never gets food. The pigeon pecks the red key a lot and never pecks the green key. What behavioral procedure accounts for the bird being so choosey? (hint: pecking a key is the same behavior regardless of the key color

unknown

When the speaker said that everyone in the audience should vote for the incumbent senator, the audience threw objects at him (one guy even threw an orange - and it hurt!). The speaker never told the audience again that they should vote for the incumbent. What procedure explains the decrease in the speaker`s behavior?

unknown

Frank`s mother goes to the grocery store periodically. Sometimes a couple times a day and other times just once a week. Frank checks for food in the refrigerator on a regular basis. Many times there is nothing good, but every once in a while, after his mom goes to the store, there is something good. This sounds like a ___________ ____________ schedule of reinforcement

variable interval

Opening the dryer is reinforced with access to nice clean and dry clothes. Given that, depending on what you're drying (e.g.,jeans take longer to dry than shirts), what schedule of reinforcement is checking to see if the dryer is finished on? (you do NOT need to specify the schedule value)

variable interval

Looking for your keys in many different places when they are lost is on what specific schedule of reinforcement (you do NOT need to specify the schedule value)

variable ratio

Slot machines operate according to a(n) __________ schedule of reinforcement (please name one of the four schedules covered in the text)

variable ratio

variable-interval

Aaron found that if he did enough favors for his mother, his mom would eventually give him a cookie. Sometimes, Aaron got a cookie after 20 favors, but other times, Aaron received a cookie after the first favor. Mom reinforces Aaron's favors on a(n)____________________schedule of reinforcement.

variable-ratio

Which schedule produces high-constant response rates?

variable-ratio

Although only an average of 1 in 15 riddles in a riddle book are clever, most people rapidly read through all the riddles, looking for the challenging ones. What schedule of reinforcement is the reader on?

variable-ratio 15

A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which the person is reinforced for the first response after _________ periods of time

varying

Instructional training consists of three parts: 1) the teacher provides a ___________ ______________ of the desired behavior, 2) the learner produces the instructed behavior, and 3) the teacher reinforces the instructed behavior.

verbal description

Behavior analysts decide if their treatment makes a difference by using _________ analysis, rather than typically relying on statistical analysis.

visual

If an example states that the person liked the reinforcer, you can conclude that the principle of size has been used and that the amount of the reinforcer is ______

worthwhile

Miller suggests that you have followed the principle of size if you have delivered a ________________ amount of the reinforcer

worthwhile

An event that seems pleasant to you may function as a punisher for someone else. (Yes, No) ____

yes

An event that seems pleasant to you may function as a punisher for someone else. (Yes, No) _______

yes

Barry counted violent acts on TV on Monday from 8-9 PM. Jim counted the same thing at the same time. Barry counted 10 violent acts while Jim counted only 9. Barry and Jim concluded that their observations were reliable. Do you agree? (Yes/No)

yes

Here are some baseline data showing the frequency of a problem behavior. Is this a trend? 8 7 8 6 6 5 2 3 1

yes

Here are some baseline data showing the frequency of a problem behavior. Is this a trend? 8 7 8 6 6 5 2 3 1

yes

If your baseline data are 5 7 7 8 8 9, can you conclude that there is a trend? (yes/no)

yes

Is there a trend in these baseline data? Baseline: 1 3 5 2 4 5 4 8

yes

Is there a trend in these baseline data? Baseline: 1 3 5 2 4 5 4 8

yes

See Figure) Can you conclude that the treatment caused a behavior change? (yes/no

yes

See Figure) We were trying to increase a desirable behavior. Do you feel comfortable with the statement that the treatment caused a behavior change? _______ (yes/no)

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