psych ch 12
who came up with individual psychology?
Adler
who created the life story approach to identity
Dan McAdams
who is the father of american personality psychology?
Gordon Allport
who believed that the need for security, not sex, is the prime motive in human existence?
Horney
who cam eup with the collective unconscious
Jung
who rejected the notion that anatomy is destiny?
Karen Horney
who embraced the psychodynamic notion of unconscious motivation?
Murray
To understand personality, we must understand the whole person. We all have unique life experiences, and the stories we tell about those experiences make up our identities.
Personological and Life Story
who believed that we are all born with the raw ingredients of a fulfilling life
Rogers
who coined unconditional positive regard?
Rogers
A projective test that uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality.
Rorschach inkblot test
A projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
personality
a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world
softhearted or ruthless; trusting or suspicious; helpful or uncooperative
agreeableness
unconditional positive regard
being accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of one's behavior
Personality characteristics reflect underlying biological processes such as those carried out by the brain, neurotransmitters, and genes. Differences in behaviors, thoughts, and feelings depend on these processes.
biological
Understanding the impact of behavioral genetics on personality development is most associated with the _____ approach.
biological
Organized or disorganized; careful or careless; disciplined or impulsive. which character trait?
conscientiousness
ego part of personality
deals with the demands of reality
Tactics used to reduced anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
defense mechanisms
self-report test
directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits
Corey was fired from his job today. When he came home, he yelled at his wife for forgetting to run the dishwasher. Corey is _________ his anger toward his boss onto his wife.
displacing
Part of the person that deals with the demands of reality.
ego
The spoiled child within you is to the id as the referee within you is to the
ego
archetypes
emotionally laden ideas and images that have symbolic meaning for all people.
psychodynamic perspective
emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious. enduring patterns that make up personality are largely unavailable to our conscious awareness, and they powerfully shape our behaviors in ways that we cannot readily comprehend
factor analysis
essentially tells us what items on a scale people are responding to as if they mean the same thing
Sociable or retiring; fun-loving or somber; energetic or reserved
extraversion
Neuroticism
feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion in one's daily life
who introduced the psychodynamic perspective?
freud
Oberon has always been fascinated by fire, but he knows that it can be dangerous and sometimes lethal. When he finished high school, he decided to become a firefighter, and the job is extremely fulfilling for him. He gets to spend his days saving people from fires that might have hurt them or damaged their belongings, and he even wins an award for being fearless in hazardous situations. Freud would probably say that Oberon's fascination with fire
has been sublimated into a socially desirable behavior.
Personality evolves out of the person's innate, organismic motives to grow and actualize the self. These healthy tendencies can be undermined by social pressure.
humanistic
physical symptoms that have no physical cause.
hysteria
Part of the person consisting of unconscious drives
id
Freud's 3 parts of personality
id, ego, superego
HEXACO model
incorporates a sixth dimension, honesty/humility, to capture the moral dimensions of personality
Conscientiousness
is associated with dressing neatly, especially among men and, like openness, is related to entrepreneurial success
extraversion
more likely than others to engage in social activities
social cognitive perspective
mphasize conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals
Calm or anxious; secure or insecure; self-satisfied or self-pitying
neuroticism
is adaptability a core personality trait?
no
Imaginative or practical; interested in variety or routine; independent or conforming. which character trait?
openess to experience
self concept
our conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become, during childhood -rogers
individual psychology
people are motivated by purposes and goals—thus, perfection, not pleasure, is the key motivator in human life
trait theories
personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses
hysteria
physical symptoms that have no physical cause
id works according to what principle
pleasure principle
did allport say we should focus on people in the present or in the past?
present
A personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it -- to project their own meaning onto the stimulus.
projective test
Personality is characterized by unconscious processes. Childhood experiences are of great importance to adult personality.
psychodynamic
While doing laundry, Michelle found several old receipts for hotel rooms, flowers, and expensive gifts in her husband's pants pockets. Michelle is still convinced that her husband is not having an affair. Which defense mechanism is Michelle using to minimize her anxiety?
rationalization
A man, unsure of his own sexuality, openly discriminates against homosexuals in his workplace. The man is using ___________ to deal with his inner conflict.
reaction formation
ego works according to what principle?
reality principle
After Paul's professor told him that he had failed his exam, Paul banged his fists on her desk, threw his books on the ground, and whined that she was being unfair. Paul was coping with his anxiety by using:
regression
agreeableness
related to generosity, altruism, religious faith, and more satisfying social relationships
openess to experience
related to liberal values, open-mindedness, tolerance and creativity
persona
represents the public mask that we all wear during social interactions
Foundation of all defense mechanisms, which pushes out threatening impulses.
repression
projection
seeing the impulses a person fears in him- or herself in others
Personality is the pattern of coherence that characterizes a person's interactions with the situations he or she encounters in life. The individual's beliefs and expectations, rather than global traits, are the central variables of interest.
social cognitive
humanistic perspectives
stress a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
Personological and life story perspectives
stress that the way to understand the uniqueness of each person is to focus on his or her life history and life story.
Kimberly hates her new neighbor, Bob. She thinks that he is a rich snob who is constantly showing off with his fancy new cars, boats, and landscaping. Despite her opinion, every time she sees Bob, she goes out of her way to wave, smile, and ask how Bob is doing. Which defense mechanism is Kimberly using?
sublimation
Cartoons sometimes depict personal conflict by showing an individual with an angel speaking into one ear and a devil speaking into the other ear. The angel represents Freud's idea of the _____ and the devil represents Freud's idea of the _____.
super wgo ; id
Part of the person that serves as the internal judge of our behavior
superego
defense mechanism
tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
big five factors of personality
the broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality—are neuroticism (the tendency to worry and experience negative emotions and is sometimes identified by its opposite, emotional stability), extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
Superego part of personality
the harsh internal judge of our behavior.
life story approach
the idea that each of us has a unique life story, representing our memories of what makes us who we are.
collective unconscious
the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past
face validity
the items seem on the surface to be testing the characteristic in question
MMPI
the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test
conditions of worth
the standards we must live up to in order to receive positive regard.
behavioral genetics
the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics.
Personality is characterized by five general traits that are represented in the natural language that people use to describe themselves and others.
trait
Researchers on behavioral patterns have identified the _____ pattern to be the healthier of the groups in terms of psychological well-being.
type B
id part of personality
unconscious drives and is the individual's reservoir of sexual energy.
