Psych ch.5

At the end of his first day of kindergarten and the entire week thereafter, Jeremiah's teacher exclaimed, "You may all leave" just after the sounding of a loud bell. On the first day of the second week of school, Jeremiah immediately left the room just as the school bell rang, without any notice from his teacher. In this example, what is the conditioned response? a. Jeremiah left the room after his teacher told him to do so. b. Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang. c. Jeremiah's teacher told the class to leave. d. The bell rang loudly. e. Jeremiah's teacher stopped telling the children when they can leave.

b. Jeremiah left the room after the bell rang.

For each day of the week that Tanya is good, she earns a fake dollar from her teacher. By the end of every week, Tanya has the option of using her dollars to buy something from the school store or saving them to buy something at a later time. The issue of fake dollars in response to good behavior is an example of _______. a. primary reinforcement b. behavior modification c. classical conditioning d. placebo learning e. insight learning

b. behavior modification

_________ is more resistant to extinction than _______. a. Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement c. Continuous reinforcement; partial reinforcement d. Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement e. Classical reinforcement; operant reinforcement

A. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

_____ occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus. a. Higher-order conditioning b. Latent learning c. Vicarious conditioning d. Biological preparedness e. Spontaneous recovery

a. Higher-order conditioning

Bandura concluded that there were _____ elements of observational learning. a. four b. five c. nine d. countless e. three

a. four

The second group of rats in Tolman's maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit until the tenth day. Once they started getting reinforcement, the rats: a. learned to find the exit almost immediately. b. took just as long to find the exit as the third group, which got no reinforcement. c. showed no interest in the reinforcement. d. learned to find the exit after only five more days. e. showed no interest in completing the maze.

a. learned to find the exit almost immediately.

Layla's new puppy keeps chewing the bottoms of her favorite curtains. Now, whenever Layla sees the puppy begin chewing, she turns on a device that makes a continuous loud, annoying sound. She will not turn it off until the puppy stops chewing. Layla is using which technique to change the puppy's behavior? a. negative reinforcement b. positive punishment c. sound therapy d. secondary reinforcement e. negative punishment

a. negative reinforcement

In Tolman's study of latent learning, one group of rats was rewarded for getting out of the maze, a second was not rewarded during training trials but was rewarded eventually, and a third group of rats was: a. not rewarded. b. rewarded every time they completed the maze. c. rewarded every ten days. d. sporadically rewarded. e. not exposed to the maze, as a control group.

a. not rewarded.

In most employment situations, people are paid: a. on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. b. on a variable schedule of reinforcement. c. on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. d. as continuous reinforcement. e. on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

a. on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.

Anna's mother scolds her for lying. Anna's mother is using: a. positive punishment. b. negative punishment. c. positive reinforcement. d. negative reinforcement. e. conditioned emotional response

a. positive punishment.

When children witness other children cry when getting a vaccination, and the witnesses then cry before the needle even touches them, it is an example of: a. vicarious conditioning. b. biological preparedness. c. a reflex. d. an unconditioned response. e. the law of effect.

a. vicarious conditioning.

In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same. (For example, it might be salivation in both cases.) But what makes that response (salivation) considered conditioned or unconditioned depends on: a. whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS. b. what sort of food is eliciting the response. c. how the subject feels about the stimulus and the response. d. the presence of an NS. e. whether the response behavior has been modeled.

a. whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS.

Shortly after eating a piece of his great aunt's famous coconut cake, which he's had many times, Amad became very nauseous. Now, whenever his great aunt offers him a piece of cake, Amad quickly declines. Which of the following concepts best explains Amad's change in behavior? a. vicarious conditioning b. conditioned taste aversion c. extinction d. stimulus discrimination e. learned helplessness

b. conditioned taste aversion

Marco's mom gives him a treat every night after dinner when he picks up his plate and places it in the dishwasher. Marco's mom uses: a. partial reinforcement. b. continuous reinforcement. c. a variable schedule of reinforcement. d. negative reinforcement. e. a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.

b. continuous reinforcement.

Seligman connects learned helplessness to: a. phobias of flying. b. depression. c. bipolar disorder. d. obsessive compulsive disorder. e. negative punishment.

b. depression.

A police car is a ___________ for slowing down. a. neutral stimulus b. discriminative stimulus c. positive reinforcer d. negative reinforcer e. stimulus approximation

b. discriminative stimulus

Bandura found that consequences: a. are irrelevant in modeling behavior. b. do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model. c. are only motivational if positive. d. caused defiance in the research subjects. e. are only motivational if negative.

b. do matter in motivating a person to imitate a model.

For every 25 boxes of cookies Tammy sells, her scout troop gets a dollar. On what schedule of reinforcement is Tammy being conditioned? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio e. successive approximation

b. fixed ratio

In John Watson's experiment with "Little Albert," he demonstrated that: a. human emotions are deeply rooted in the unconscious. b. human emotional responses could be conditioned. c. rats are able to create a "cognitive map" of a maze. d. chimps can be conditioned to share a banana. e. human responses have no connection to emotions.

b. human emotional responses could be conditioned.

Animals' tendency to revert to genetically controlled patterns is: a. a reflex. b. instinctive drift. c. biological preparedness. d. maturation. e. an aversion.

b. instinctive drift.

Time-out is an example of ______. a. shaping b. negative punishment c. negative reinforcement d. positive punishment e. extinction

b. negative punishment

Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning? a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. social learning d. insight learning e. maturation

b. operant conditioning

Four-year-old Joshua reacts with anxiety to the sound of thunder. A chair slides across the wooden floor, making a sound similar to thunder. Joshua reacts with some slight anxiety. This is an example of: a. stimulus discrimination. b. stimulus generalization. c. a neutral stimulus. d. a spontaneous recovery. e. vicarious conditioning.

b. stimulus generalization.

An example of a conditioned taste aversion is: a. when dogs salivate in order to help digest their dog food. b. when coyotes ate sheep laced with lithium chloride, got extremely sick one time, then stopped eating sheep meat. c. when dogs jump out of a pen to escape electrical shock. d. when rats go through the maze more quickly when reinforced with food. e. when people repeatedly try foods they don't like and eventually learn to like them.

b. when coyotes ate sheep laced with lithium chloride, got extremely sick one time, then stopped eating sheep meat.

___________ occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways. a. Stimulus discrimination b. Spontaneous recovery c. Stimulus generalization d. Acquisition e. The law of effect

c. Stimulus generalization

The repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS is called: a. spontaneous recovery. b. extinction. c. acquisition. d. aversion. e. accommodation.

c. acquisition.

A modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response is: a. biofeedback. b. neurofeedback. c. applied behavior analysis (ABA). d. latent learning. e. insight learning

c. applied behavior analysis (ABA).

The mental events that take place inside a person's mind while behaving are known as: a. learning. b. classical conditioning. c. cognition. d. instinct. e. daydreams.

c. cognition.

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of _________ on behavior. a. biology b. reflexes c. consequences d. observation e. punishment

c. consequences

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be: a. food. b. startling. c. distinctive. d. positive. e. modeled.

c. distinctive.

When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called: a. acquisition. b. stimulus generalization. c. extinction. d. higher-order conditioning. e. conditioned emotional response.

c. extinction.

A five-year old watches his father dunk a basketball. Since the child is unable to reach the basket in the way his father can, the child cannot learn this behavior by observing because he cannot accomplish the step of: a. attention. b. memory. c. imitation. d. motivation. e. shaping.

c. imitation.

While in the store with her little sister, Amber decided to stop to take a look at some jewelry. As soon as she turned her head, her sister disappeared. Though it only took minutes to find her sister, Amber's fear of losing her little sister again caused her to keep a very close eye on her from that moment on. Amber's change in behavior demonstrates which of the following? a. maturation b. shaping c. learning d. behavior modification e. recovery

c. learning

Every time Paul's upstairs neighbor plays loud music, Paul bangs on his ceiling with a broom and the music stops. Paul's behavior of banging on the ceiling to get the music to stop is an example of _______. a. punishment by application b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. punishment by removal e. shaping by application

c. negative reinforcement

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is a(n): a. ineffective stimulus. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. neutral stimulus. d. conditioned stimulus. e. extinct stimulus.

c. neutral stimulus.

According to Bandura, to learn anything through observation, the learner must first: a. get a good night's sleep. b. repeat everything that is said during the process. c. pay attention. d. be motivated. e. reject previous learning.

c. pay attention.

Ivan Pavlov was a Russian _____ who spent his life studying classical conditioning. a. psychologist b. psychiatrist c. physiologist d. physicist e. professor

c. physiologist

Infants and animals can be easily reinforced using: a. secondary reinforcers. b. toys. c. primary reinforcers. d. partial reinforcement. e. discriminative stimuli.

c. primary reinforcers.

A student in a fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, in desperation, the teacher sends the student to the principal's office. This action of sending the student to the principal's office is a form of: a. negative reinforcement. b. positive reinforcement. c. punishment. d. secondary punishment. e. extinction.

c. punishment.

Theo gets excited whenever he finds a quarter lying on the ground outside. While walking home from school one day, Theo noticed a shiny round object lying on the sidewalk and became very excited. He soon realized that the object was a bottle cap and his excitement quickly dissipated. Which of the following concepts is demonstrated in this example? a. extinction b. conditioned emotional response c. stimulus generalization d. spontaneous recovery e. vicarious conditioning

c. stimulus generalization

Pavlov's belief that the CS, due to its association close in time with the UCS, came to activate the same place in the brain originally activated by the UCS, is called: a. operant conditioning. b. the cognitive perspective. c. stimulus substitution. d. vicarious conditioning. e. shaping.

c. stimulus substitution.

Whenever you take a shower in your bathroom at home, the water in the shower turns icy cold just as the toilet in another bathroom is flushed, causing you to cringe. After several experiences of this occurrence, you find that you tend to cringe whenever you hear a toilet flush, even when you're not in the shower. In this example of classical conditioning, what is the unconditioned stimulus? a. the sound of the flushing toilet b. the sight of your bathroom shower c. the cold water d. the cringing e. the other bathroom

c. the cold water

Kino gave her 4 year-old son, Lan, a noisemaker to celebrate his birthday. Since receiving the gift, Lan has played with his noisemaker everyday. Desperate for some peace and quiet, Kino gives Lan a lollipop, which takes Lan's attention away from the toy and gives her some peace and quiet. However, once the lollipop is gone, Lan returns to his noisemaker. Kino gives Lan another lollipop. In this example, what kind of reinforcement process is taking place? a. Lan is being positively reinforced for playing with the noisemaker. b. Kino is being negatively reinforced for giving Lan a lollipop. c. Lan is being positively reinforced for providing peace and quiet to his mom. d. Both a and b are correct. e. Kino is being positively reinforced for giving Lan the noisemaker.

d. Both a and b are correct.

______ was one of the first researchers to look at the laws involved in learning voluntary responses. a. Ivan Pavlov b. B. F. Skinner c. John Watson d. Edward Thorndike e. Alfred Bandura

d. Edward Thorndike

When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become: a. a reflex. b. a discriminative stimulus. c. extinct. d. a conditioned stimulus. e. a manifest stimulus.

d. a conditioned stimulus.

Which of the following is an example of a stimulus that's likely to elicit a conditioned emotional response? a. a parent holding a belt b. eerie music from a movie you thought was scary c. a Christmas tree all lit up d. all of the above e. walking onto your favorite beach

d. all of the above

Khalila decided to try a new dish consisting of rice and tomatoes just as she was coming down with the flu. Now, every time she sees rice or tomatoes, she gets sick to her stomach. In this example, Khalila's experience of nausea at the sight of rice or tomatoes exhibits a(n) ____________. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. vicarious stimulus d. conditioned response e. vicarious response

d. conditioned response

Noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. This semester, he has a political science class for which he feels very passionate, and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. For the first time, he wants to do well so that he can get an "A." This is an example of which element of observational learning? a. attention b. memory c. imitation d. desire e. reinforcement

d. desire

Voluntary behavior, to Skinner, was ______ behavior. a. unconditioned b. punishable c. conditioned d. operant e. biological

d. operant

After passing his chemistry exam, Tito was told by his parents that he would be able to have access to the family car for a week. Tito's parents' are using ________. a. behavior modification b. shaping c. higher-order conditioning d. positive reinforcement e. negative punishment

d. positive reinforcement

Aida loves to sing for her family and friends but is extremely shy. In order to encourage Aida to sing again, which of the following is a primary reinforcement that Aida's mom might use? a. shower her with applause b. offer her money c. praise her for doing such a good job d. promise her an ice cream cone when she finishes e. give her more singing lessons

d. promise her an ice cream cone when she finishes

The central idea of toilet training a cat is breaking down the process into a series of small stages. This is an example of: a. latent learning. b. negative reinforcement. c. molding. d. shaping. e. variable reinforcement.

d. shaping.

Dr. Rubio is conducting an experiment in classical conditioning. Shortly after playing music, she places a loaf of bread on the window sill outside her office window. After doing this a number of times, she notices that now, just as she begins to play her music, several birds fly to her window even before she presents the bread. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? a. the bread b. the sound of the window opening c. Dr. Rubio's lab coat d. the music e. the birds

d. the music

Without the _____, higher-order conditioning would be difficult to maintain and would gradually fade away. a. conditioned stimulus b. neutral stimulus c. unconditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus e. emotional response

d. unconditioned stimulus

Tamar just can't seem to get away from the slot machines. She has no idea how many times she has to pull the levers to win money, but she's aware that at some point, she's likely to win. What schedule of reinforcement is being used in this example? a. fixed interval b. fixed ratio c. variable interval d. variable ratio e. successive approximation

d. variable ratio

Fishing is an example of an activity with a: a. fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. b. variable interval schedule of reinforcement. c. fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. d. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. e. continuous schedule of reinforcement.

d. variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.

In operant conditioning, responses are _______, whereas in classical conditioning, responses are _______. a. positive; negative b. involuntary; voluntary c. immediate; delayed d. voluntary; involuntary e. derived from emotion; derived from cognition

d. voluntary; involuntary

An unlearned, involuntary reaction, such as salivating when presented with food, is: a. a conditioned response. b. a reflex or unconditioned response c. stimulus generalization. d. biological preparedness. e. an unconditioned response.

e. an unconditioned response.

Most of the time, punishment: a. is a permanent solution. b. must be harsh to be completely effective. c. will only temporarily suppress a behavior. d. works better on children than on pets. e. will lead to extinction of the problem behavior.

e. will lead to extinction of the problem behavior.