psych chapter 12

stereotype = ___________ Prejudice = __________ discrimination = ___________

1. Cognitive (thoughts about people) 2. Feelings (feelings about people) 3. Behavior (positive or negative treatment of others)

Features of message's source that makes for a more affection message include _____ and _______. Features of a message itself include __________.

1. Credibility and attractiveness 2. The quality of being important, having more than one side, timing

Stanley Milgram's experiment

A participant was told to give shocks to a person when they got a question wrong. They weren't actually shocked but 65% of the participants went all the way up to a lethal shock

what is the difference between normative and informational social influence?

NSI - people conform to the group norm to fit in ISI - people conform because they believe the group is competent and has the correct information

Most important factor in forming relationships

Proximity, those who you have close contact with. Another is similarity, some one who has similar beliefs and lifestyle.

attributions

a belief about the cause of a result

social norm

a groups expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior for its member (how they are suppose to act and behave)

discrimination

a negative action toward an individual

prejudice

a negative attitude toward an individual based solely on one's membership in a particular social group. (can be based on stereotypes, which is a negative belief about a group of people.)

social role

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

a confederate

a person is aware of the experiment and works for the researcher. (will on occasion say something to get the experiment group off guard)

scripts

a persons knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting

bystander effect

a phenomenon in which a witness or bystander does not volunteer to help a victim or person in distress. (likely caused by diffusion of responsibility, which means theres others also by standing and not helping.)

examples of social roles

a student, parent, son, daughter, lifeguard, spouse

internal factor

an attribute such as personality traits temperament

self-fulling prophecy

an expectation held by an individual that alters his or her behavior in a way that tends to make it true.

foot-in-the-door technique

asking for a small favor, only later to ask for a bigger favor

conformity

change in a persons behavior to go with the flow

social psychology

examine how people affect one another, and it looks at the power of the situation

characteristics of an individualistic culture

focus on individual achievement and autonomy

characteristics of an collectivist culture

focuses on relationships with family, friends, and community

altruism

humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping (people who are altruistic often experience empathy)

What culture is more likely to make the fundamental attribution error?

individualistic culture

justification of effort effect

initiate rituals illustrate this effect due to difficult initiations into the group influences us to like the group more

what were the results of "The Stanford prison experiment", and what did it demonstrate?

it demonstrated the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts. The results were the guards started acting hard and taught, and the prisoners started showing signs of anxiety and hopelessness

Attitude

our evolution of person, an idea, or an object

How is the quizmaster study an example of the fundamental attribution error?

people tended to disregard the influence of the situation and wrongly concluded that a questioner's knowledge was greater than their own

groupthink

refers to the modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus. (you can reduce groupthink by seeking outside opinions, private voting, weighing the costs and benefits, herring all viewpoints from all group members, and developing a contingency plan.)

homophily

refers to the tendency for people to form social networks, including friendships, marriage, and business relationships with people who are similar

actor-observer bias

refers to the tendency of attributing other people's behavior to internal factors while attributing our own behavior to situational forces

fundamental attribution error

refers to the tendency to assume that the behavior of another person is due to situational variables

types of prejudice

sexism, racism, ageism, nationalism, homophobia

elaboration likelihood model

some approaches to changing attitudes lead to more lasting changes in belief. (Characteristics-source of the persuasion message, contents of the message, and characteristics of the audience)

just-world hypothesis

the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve

social loafing

the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. (professors can prevent this during group projects by giving individual grades not a group grade)

Asch-like situations

the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgement (Influences conformity due to the size of a group, the presence of another person who differs, and the public or private nature of the response.)

persuasion

the process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication

self serving bias

the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manor

dispositionism

the view that behavior is influenced by internal factors

situationism

the view that our behavior and actions are determined by immediate environment and surrondings.

social facilitation

when an individual performs better when an audience is watching rather than when the individual performs the behavior alone (studying better in a group)

How does the study on how people explain what they like in their own gf vs why their friends like their own gf illustrate the actor-observer bias?

when talking about their own gf's, they focused on internal aspects (her personality), when talking about their friends gf, they focused on dispositional and external aspects

cognitive dissonance

when we hold inconsistent attitudes, behaviors, or thoughts. You can resolve this conflict by changing your behavior, changing our cognitions through rationalization or denial, or adding a new cognition