Psych Chapter 15 Vocabulary
Active listening
- Carl Roger's technique of hearing; echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what person expressing - Common in colleges, schools, clinics - Ex.) Counselor listens attentively and interrupts to restate feelings/ get clarification from clients
Alternate Therapies
- EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing) - Light Exposure Therapy
Unconditional Positive Regard
- Given by being nonjudgmental, caring, accepting attitude; believed to be conductive to developing self awareness and acceptance - Tools: Paraphrase, invite clarification, reflect feelings
Light Exposure Therapy
- Helps with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) - LET involves giving people daily dose of intense light
Alternate Neurostimulation Therapies
- Repetitive Transracial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) - Psychosurgery : Lobotomy
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- Therapy where patient receives general anesthetic and muscle relaxant (prevent injury from convulsion) followed with electrical current to brain; unsure why it works - Very effective with treating severe depression with patients who haven't responded to drug therapy - Reduces suicidal thoughts - Boosts production of new brain cells - Some side effects like memory loss
Psychotherapy
dozen of types; treatment involving psychological techniques consisting of interactions between therapists and someone needing help
Resistance
blocking from consciousness of anxiety causing memories/ laden material
Tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, and limbs
Interpret
provide possible explanations for meaning of dreams, resistances, and feelings; used to promote insight
Eclectic Approach
using a blend of therapies
Transferring
when the patient transfers emotions experienced during sessions to therapist
Cognitive therapies
- assumes that our thinking colors our feelings - Ex.) Depressed people have overgeneralized explanations of bad events + experience vicious cycle of depression. => If thinking patterns can be learned, they can be replaced.
Evidence Based practice
- clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences - Can be seen as three legged stool that is held by research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of patient
Aversive Conditioning
- condition of aversion to something person should avoid; substituting negative (aversive) response for a positive response to harmful stimulus - Ex.) Offer alcoholics appealing drinks with nauseating after effects and not tell them drink was spiked
Antipsychotic Drugs
- dampens responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli - These drugs are similar enough to molecules of neurotransmitter dopamine to occupy its receptors sites + block its activity - Ex.) Chlorpromazine - Helps most with positive symptoms of schizophrenia; doesn't work well with negative symptoms - Side effect: Tardive dyskinesia
Behavior therapy
- doubts healing power of self-awareness; therapy that applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors (classical conditioning) - Views maladaptive symptoms like phobias or sexual disorders as learned behaviors that can be replaced by constructive behaviors
Antidepressants
- drugs used to treat depression and growingly, anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters - Ex.) Zoloft and Paxil are Selective serotonin reuptake inhibiters (SSRIs)
Exposure therapies
- expose people to what they normally avoid; can help people become less anxiously responsive to things that once scared them - Ex.) Fear of rabbits => introduce caged rabbit on side of huge room and gradually moving rabbits closer until person can tolerate rabbit and maybe even begin petting it. Fear of rabbits have been countered or replaced with relaxed state that cannot be paired with fear (Counterconditioning and Exposure)
Psychoanalysis
- first of psychological therapies - tries to get people's repressed impulses and conflicts to conscious awareness - Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique that believed free association, resistance, interpreting, and transference-- and therapist's interpretation of them allow patient to gain self insight
Client-centered therapy
- focuses on person's conscious self-perceptions; developed by Carl Rogers - AKA nondirective therapy - requires therapists to exhibit genuineness, acceptance, and empathy => if so clients may deepen self understanding and self acceptance
Virtual reality exposure therapy
- kind of exposure therapy offers efficient middle ground when anxiety arousing situation too expensive or difficult; uses virtual 3-D stimulations of events - Ex.) Plane flying, particular animals, public speaking
Systematic Desensitization
- kind of exposure therapy that associates pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
Repetitive Transracial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
- painless; application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to brain that is used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
Counterconditioning
- pairing trigger stimulus with new response that is incompatible with fear - Ex.) Fear of elevators can be unlearned by replacing UCR (panicking/ anxiety) with CR relaxation
Biomedical therapy
- physically changing brain's functioning by altering chemistry with drugs, affecting its circuitry with electroconvulsive shock, magnetic impulses or psychosurgery - Only psychiatrists (medical doctors) offer biomedical therapies
Lobotomy
- rarely practiced form of psychosurgery operation that calms uncontrollably emotional or violent patients; cuts nerves connecting the frontal lobes to emotion-controlling centers of inner brain
Meta-analysis
- statistical procedure that combines conclusions of lots of studies Showed that improvement of treated to untreated patients 80 percent higher than untreated
Psychopharmacology
- study of drug effects on mind and behavior - Has helped liberate people from institutions/ hospital confinement
Psychosurgery
- surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue; drastic measure
Regression toward the mean
- tendency for unusual events or emotions to "regress" to their average state. - Ex.) Students who test lower/ higher return back to normal after second testing
Psychodynamic therapy
- therapy that view individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences; seeks to enhance self-insight
Beck's Therapy for Depression
- tries to reverse clients' catastrophizing beliefs about themselves, situations, and futures - Ex.) Defining failure to get into law school = I can never be happy. Must change negative self talk "this exam is impossible" ; disputed negative thoughts leads to halved rate of future depression
Antianxiety drugs
- used to reduce anxiety and agitations by depressing nervous CNS - Ex.) D-cycloserine - acts upon receptor that facilitates extinction of learned fears. Experiments show this drug can enhance benefits of exposure therapy, relieve symptoms of PTSD, and OCD.
Interpersonal psychotherapy
- variation of psychodynamic therapy that aims to help people gain insight into their roots of difficulty - Therapists talk to patient face to face rather than out of line of vision - Occurs usually once a week for few weeks or months
Cognitive behavior therapy
- widely practiced integrative therapy; aims not only to alter way people think, but alter way they act - Ex.) person with fear of social situations may learn new ways of thinking (cognitive) but also practice approaching people (behavioral)
Insight therapies
-variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses Insight differs from psychoanalysts - focuses on present rather than past - conscious thoughts - taking immediate responsibility for feelings + actions - promotes growth rather than curing illness - are "clients" not patients
Psychoanalysis vs Psychodynamic therapy
Psychodynamic is a psychological perspective that views an individual's unconscious forces and childhood experiences; seeks to enhance self-insight Psychoanalysis is a treatment in psychodynamic therapy that tries to get people's repressed impulses and conflicts to conscious awareness; believes that talk therapy + free association, resistance, dreams, and transferences can allow patient to gain insight
Behavioral Perspective
Used for Underlying causes related to - current behavior being problem (childhood irrelevant) - possible result of maladaptive learning (conditioning with or without observational learning) Treatment Approaches: - desensitization - behavior modification (reinforcement, punishment) - Aversion Therapy
Cognitive Perspective
Used for Underlying causes related to - maladaptive thought patterns (unhealthy way person thinks about himself and relationship with environment) AKA Reciprocal determinism Treatment Approaches: - Behavioral-cognitive therapy - rational emotive therapy
Psychodynamic perspective
Used for Underlying causes related to childhood dramas, unconsciousness, fears, desires, etc Treatment Approaches - Talk therapies - Psychoanalysis - Psychodynamic Therapy
Humanistic Perspective
Used for Underlying causes related to lack of self-esteem: not enough UPR Lack of personal growth Treatment Approaches: - client centered therapy - active listening by paraphrasing, restating question, clarify, emphasis
Biological Perspective
Used for Underlying causes related to - Genetic predisposition - abnormal brain chemistry or electrical patterns - organic brain damage (pre or post natal) Treatment Approaches: - drugs, Electric shock, Surgery
Token Economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
Behavior modification
reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behaviors/ punishing them
Free association
saying aloud thoughts and feelings
EMDR (Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing)
therapy adored by thousands and dismissed by thousands as sham; involves eyes spontaneously darting out; not really effective, probably only works due to healing power of positive belief
