Psych Exam 3
Change blindness
Failure to detect changes in parts of the scene
Retroactive interference
acting Backward in time
Functional fixedness
Tendency to adhere to a single approach or a single way of using an item
Framing effect
Tendency to answer a question differently when it is framed differently
Williams syndrome
A genetic condition characterized by a mental retardation and most regards to skillful use of language
Hippocampus
A large for brain structure in the interior of the Temporel lobe
Algorithm
A mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis
B
A radar operator is trying to determine whether something on the screen is a hawk or a missile. Before deciding, the operator should consider which of the two is more common. In other words, the operator should consider A. heuristics. B. base-rate information. C. the prototype. D. the cognitive map.
D
A repetitive procedure for testing every possible answer is _____, whereas a strategy for simplifying a problem and finding a good-enough answer is _____. A. an attentive process... a preattentive process B. a preattentive process... an attentive process C. a heuristic... an algorithm D. an algorithm... a heuristic
Confirmation bias
Accepting a hypothesis and then looking for evidence to support it instead of considering other possibilities
D
According to psychological researchers, what is the current status of Freud's concept of repression? A. It is about equal to interference as a cause of forgetting. B. It causes forgetting only for the most traumatic experiences. C. It accounts for much forgetting by adults, but not in children. D. No clear evidence supports the idea of repression.
D
According to the conceptual network approach, which of the following questions should most people answer most rapidly? A. Do fashion models draw pictures? B. Do fashion models drive cars? C. Do fashion models sometimes get sick? D. Do fashion models wear dresses?
B
According to the depth-of-processing principle, you remember something better if you A. repeat it over and over to concentrate mostly on its sound. B. think about its meaning while we are storing the memory. C. hold it in short-term memory before transferring it to long-term memory. D. store it in the deepest layers of the cerebral cortex.
Proactive interference
Acting forward in time
B
After students graduate from college, what happens to their memory of a foreign language that they studied in college? A. They continue to remember it without any loss for the rest of their lives. B. Their memory fades for the first 3 to 6 years and remains fairly stable from then on. C. Their memory fades gradually and steadily throughout the rest of their lives. D. Their memory remains stable for the first 3 to 6 years and then begins to fade steadily from then on.
C
Although patient H.M. suffered severe amnesia, he remained fairly normal in his ability to learn A. the meanings of new words. B. new factual information. C. new skills. D. the names of people who have become famous since his operation.
mneumonic device
Any memory aid that relies on encoding each item in a special way
Confabulation
Attempt to fill in the gap in their memory
Language acquisition device
Built-in mechanism for acquiring language
Consolitdate
By converting a short-term memory into a long-term memory
Korsakoff syndrome
Condition caused by prolonged deficiency of vitamin B-1, usually as a result of chronic alcoholism
Alzheimers
Condition occurring mostly in old age, characterized by increasingly severe memory loss, confusion, depression, this order thinking, and impaired attention
Attentional blink
During a brief time after receiving one stimulus, it is difficult to attend to something else
C
During reading, people alternate between fixations and saccades (voluntary eye movements). An average adult can read about __________ letters during a fixation and __________ during a saccade. A. 11...11 B. 0...11 C. 11...0 D. 2... 2
ADD
Easy distraction, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans
C
Every few years psychologists re-standardize IQ tests to maintain a constant mean and distribution. If they had not done so, what would have happened to the mean IQ score of the population? A. It would have increased until about 1970 and then leveled off. B. It would have increased until about 1970 and then declined. C. It would have increased steadily over the decades. D. It would have decreased steadily over the decades.
B
First you memorized the street map of Detroit. If you now memorize the street map of Philadelphia, you might forget the Detroit map because of A. state-dependent memory. B. retroactive interference. C. proactive interference. D. anterograde amnesia.
Infant amnesia
Garcinia early episodic memory
Source amnesia
Getting where or how you learn something
Chunking
Grouping items into meaningful sequences or clusters
B
Harriet has just taken a new IQ test. She answered 88 questions correctly. However, this test has not yet been standardized. Therefore, A. her score is in the 88th percentile. B. we do not know how her score compares to that of other people. C. we can be sure that her score is neither reliable nor valid. D. we know that her IQ is below average, but we do not know how much below average.
Levels of processing principle
How easily retrieve the memory depends on the number and types of associations you form
C
How many morphemes are in the word "triangle"? A.1 B.2 C.3 D.7
C
IQ scores correlate A. negatively with school performance (as measured by grade point average). B. positively with the number of car accidents. C. positively with the ability to read maps and bus schedules. D. negatively with understanding instructions for taking medicines.
C
If 100 students are wearing white shirts and one student is wearing a red shirt, what causes you to notice the red shirt? A. a bottom-up process B. an attentive process C. a pre-attentive process D. a subliminal process
C
If a deaf child learns neither spoken language nor sign language during childhood, what happens? A. The child continues to be open to learning either spoken or sign language later. B. The child can learn sign language later, but not spoken language. C. The child will be seriously impaired at learning either kind of language later. D. The child develops extraordinary memory skills.
C
If an IQ test is valid, what should its scores be able to predict? A. stability of friendships B. brain size C. success in school D. accuracy of vision and hearing
A
If someone expects that members of his/her group usually do poorly on some task, this expectation may interfere with the person's ability to concentrate and do well on the task. What is this phenomenon called? A. stereotype threat B. test bias C. the Flynn effect D. regression
C
If you study under varied conditions at varied times of day, with small amounts of study at each time, spread out over long intervals, what is the result? A. rapid learning and good long-term retention. B. rapid learning, but poor long-term retention. C. slow learning, but good long-term retention. D. slow learning and poor long-term retention.
anterograde amnesia
Inability to store new long-term memories
D
Korsakoff's syndrome, which produces a severe memory impairment, is caused by A. a deficiency of the hormone insulin. B. a genetic mutation that prevents people from metabolizing phenylalanine. C. damage to the corpus callosum. D. a prolonged deficiency of vitamin B-1
Recovered memories
Long lost memories, prompted by clinical techniques
Retrograde amnesia
Loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before brain damage
Maximizing
Means thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one
Declarative memory
Memories we can't read only stay in words
Sematic memory
Memory of principles and facts
Dissociation
Memory that one has store but cannot retrieve
A
Most people show the Stroop effect. What type of person would NOT show it? A. someone who can't read B. someone with impaired short-term memory C. someone with post-traumatic stress disorder D. someone with extremely vivid visual imagery
A
Old people generally show their best memory for music, movies, and events from what era? A. the time when they were teenagers or young adults B. the time when they were middle-aged C. five to ten years ago D. all times equally
A
On average dizygotic twins resemble each other in IQ scores more strongly than siblings born at different times. This observation supports which conclusion? A. Environmental factors influence intellectual development. B. Hereditary factors influence intellectual development. C. IQ scores have been increasing over generations. D. IQ scores usually remain stable for an individual over many years.
Attentive process
One that requires searching through the items in the series
Repression
Process of moving an unbareably unacceptable memory or impulse from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind
cued recall
Receive significant hints about the material`
C
Remembering the events when you moved into your current home is what type of memory? A. semantic B. implicit C. episodic D. short-term
Retrieval cues
Reminders
A
Research on experts in fields ranging from violin to chess indicates that to become an expert, A. one needs about 10 years of concentrated practice. B. one must be born with an unusual talent or ability. C. one needs to have a very high overall IQ score. D. one needs to have a certain degree of mental disturbance.
D
Researchers gave participants four paragraphs describing childhood events. Three of the stories were true (provided by the participants' parents) and the fourth was false, but plausible (being lost on a family outing). How many reported remembering the false event? A. none of them B. only those who were still children at the time of the study C. about one-fourth of them D. all of them
ADHD
Same as ADD except with excessive activity and Fidgetiness
satisficing
Searching only until you find something satisfactory
Explicit memory
Someone he states and answer regards as A product of memory
Preattentive process
Stands immediately
C
Sternberg distinguished three types of intelligence: practical, creative, and __________. A. physical B. fluid C. analytical D. scientific
heuristics
Strategies for simplifying a problem and generating a satisfactory guess
SPAR method
Survey. Processed meaningfully. Ask questions. Review.
Transformational grammar
System for converting a deep structure into a surface structure
Working memory
System for working with current information
state-Dependent memory
Tendency to remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the original learning
Recency effect
Tendency to remember the final items
Attention
Tendency to respond and to remember some stimuli more than others at a given time
B
The WAIS-III test is given to __________. The WISC-IV test is given to __________. A. English-speaking people...people who speak other languages B. adults.. children up to age 16 C. people of normal intelligence...people of above-average intelligence D. people with visual handicaps...people with hearing handicaps
Productivity
The ability to combine our words into new sentences that express an unlimited variety of ideas
encoding specificity principle
The associations a form of the time of learning will be the most effective retrieval cues later
D
The reliability of a psychological test is synonymous with its A. regression. B. validity. C. standardization. D. repeatability.
A
The research with bonobos suggests that language learning is probably most successful if A. training begins at an early age and proceeds mostly by imitation. B. training begins at an early age and relies mostly on classical conditioning. C. training begins at an early age and relies mostly on Skinnerian reinforcement. D. training waits until the learner is a couple years old, and uses a variety of techniques.
C
The tendency to look for evidence supporting one hypothesis without considering other possibilities is the A. availability heuristic. B. sunk cost effect. C. confirmation bias. D. framing effect.
Cognition
Thinking and using knowledge
A
Transformational grammar is a A. system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure. B. system for translating one language into another. C. set of rules for changing verb tense. D. method of communicating by signs and gestures.
B
What does it mean to say that a test is biased against members of a particular group? A. Members of that group get low scores on the test. B. The test scores underestimate the performance of that group on other tasks. C. The authors of the test intended it to be used unfairly against that group. D. Members of that group object to the test.
A
What evidence supports Spearman's concept of the g factor in intelligence? A. People who do well on one kind of test usually do well on another. B. People's scores on a given test are usually stable over many years. C. Scores correlate more highly for monozygotic twins than for dizygotic twins. D. Certain tests are fairer than others for immigrants who do not yet speak English.
D
What is meant by crystallized intelligence? A. intelligence that increases and decreases from time to time B. intelligence that is present in the same amount at all times C. the ability to reason, use information, and gain new knowledge D. acquired knowledge and the application of that knowledge to familiar problems
B
What is meant by the term "infant amnesia"? A. anterograde amnesia that begins during infancy B. a tendency for adults to forget early childhood events C. amnesia caused by traumatic experiences during infancy D. the experience some parents have when they temporarily forget their infants
C
What is typical for the language of a one-year-old? A. only babbling, with no evidence of language comprehension B. can say a few words, and understands only those same words C. some language comprehension, but not much production D. beginning to speak in complete sentences
A
When witnesses choose a suspect from a lineup, they sometimes identify the wrong person. To minimize such errors, psychologists recommend which change in procedure? A. Present the suspects sequentially (one at a time). B. Tell the witness which suspect the police think is probably guilty. C. Provide more encouragement. D. Have several witnesses discuss the choice among themselves
D
Which method of testing memory is most likely to detect a very weak memory? A. free recall B. cued recall C. recognition D. savings
A
Why did Ebbinghaus use nonsense syllables in his memory experiments? A. People have no previous learning of nonsense syllables. B. It is easy for computers to generate nonsense syllables. C. Nonsense syllables are distinctive. D. Nonsense syllables do not generate proactive or retroactive interference.
B
Why do deaf and foreign-born people get a fairer score on the Raven's Progressive Matrices than they do on the Wechsler or Stanford-Binet test? A. Raven's Matrices measure only simple responses to simple stimuli. B. Raven's Matrices include only nonverbal questions and answers. C. Raven's Matrices accept a wide variety of answers as correct on each item. D. Raven's Matrices measure biological variables rather than answers to questions.
Sunk cost effect
Willingness to do something because of money or effort already spent
Recognition
correct optionAmong several options
Implicit memory
experience influences what you say or do even though you might not be aware of that influence
prototypes
familiar or typical examples
Herman Ebbinghaus
german psychologist
amnesia
loss Of memory
Procedural memories
memories of motor skills
Episodic memory
memory for a specific events in your life
Method of Loci
method of places
savings
method of testing memory by measuring how much faster someone can relearn something than learn something for the first time
Working memory components
phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive, episodic buffer
free recall
produce a response, short answer
memory
retention of information
Primary effect
tendency seem to remember well the first item
