Psych Exam Practice
d
Evolutionary psychologists believe mirror neurons may have played an important role in: A. sexual selection. B. genetic diversity. C. sensory adaptation. D. the evolution of language.
b
Of the examples discussed in this section, the problem-solving behavior that most closely resembled insight was a. Loulis the chimpanzee's ability to learn signs by observing Washoe. b. Sultan the chimpanzee's use of a short stick to pull in a long stick. c. Kanzi the pygmy chimpanzee's ability to understand grammatical differences in English sentences. d. Washoe the chimpanzee's use of sign language to request her baby.
(g)
a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
positive reinforcer
any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcer
any stimulus, that when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
b
The ability to perceive, understand, and express emotions is called: A. creativity. B. emotional intelligence. C. savant syndrome. D. analytic intelligence.
d
The area in the human brain that corresponds to the F5 area in the monkey's brain is: A. the occipital lobe. B. Wernicke's area. C. the amygdala. D. Broca's area.
spatial
The artist, Pablo Picasso, is an example of what aptitude?
mirror neurons
The brain's mirror of another's action that may enable imitation and empathy.
c
The children in the control group in the original Bobo doll experiment: A. acted exactly the same way as the children in the experimental group. B. did not have their toys taken away from them. C. did not observe an aggressive model attacking the Bobo doll. D. invented new ways of being aggressive toward the Bobo doll.
musical
The composer, Igor Stravinsky, is an example of what aptitude?
bodily-kinesthetic
The dancer, Martha Graham, is an example of what aptitude?
c
A single acquisition trial may be sufficient for classical conditioning when the: A. CS is a neutral stimulus. B. UCS is presented before the CS. C. UCS is a very powerful stimulus. D. UCR quickly follows the UCS.
d
Which schedule of reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction? A. fixed ratio B. fixed interval C. variable ratio D. variable interval
UR unconditioned response
in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
d
A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly seeking to take advantage of a.confirmation bias. b.algorithms. c.belief perseverance. d.the representativeness heuristic.
a
A guest will be spending time in your classroom. To make sure your students imitate this person's prosocial behaviors, you should pick a guest who the children think: A. is similar to them. B. is kind of average but works hard. C. is boring. D. is different from them.
c
A medieval proverb notes that "a burnt child dreads the fire." In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a a. primary reinforcer b. negative reinforcer c. punisher d. positive reinforcer
c
A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates a.generalization. b.latent learning. c.partial reinforcement. d.higher-order conditioning.
d
A word of praise is to a soothing back rub as ________ is to ________. a.delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer b.operant conditioning;classical conditioning c.partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement d.conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer
WAIS
Abbreviation for Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
b
According to Chomsky, children have a ______________ that is "turned on" as they are exposed to language during a critical period. A. category hierarchy B. language acquisition device C. concept formation D. availability heuristic
a
According to __________, language development can be explained using the principles of learning, such as association and reinforcement. A. Skinner B. Pinker C. Chomsky D. Watson
b
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning? A. Parents should ignore complaints or whining about school. B. Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl. C. If the girl refuses to get in the car, parents should explain why this is a problem and use time-outs. D. Parents should reward the girl when she cooperates by getting into the car in the morning.
b
After being bitten by his neighbor's dog, Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs. This best illustrates the process of a.extinction. b.discrimination. c.conditioned reinforcement. d.latent learning.
d
After watching the model interact with the Bobo doll, the children in the experimental group: A. hugged and kissed the Bobo doll. B. cried in fear when they saw the Bobo doll. C. didn't know what to do with the Bobo doll. D. attacked the Bobo doll.
c
Ahote is a 25-year-old Hopi. The Hopi have no past tense for their verbs, and it is very difficult for Ahote to readily think about the past. Whorf would suggest that this is due to: A. functional fixedness. B. confirmation bias. C. linguistic determinism. D. telegraphic speech.
c
Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a.fixed-interva b.variable-interval c.fixed-ratio d.variable-ratio
b
Akira was born to a Japanese-speaking mother and English-speaking father and is fluent in both languages. She recently participated in a study of bilingual university students. When she took a personality test in Japanese she had very different results than when she took the same test in English. According to Whorf, this difference is due to: A. unreliable tests. B. linguistic determinism. C. self-serving bias. D. invalid tests.
a
Albert Bandura's classic "Bobo doll" experiments demonstrated the importance of _______ in the shaping of young children's behavior through ________ learning. A. modeling; observational B. conditioning; classical C. reinforcement; behavioral D. cognition; unconditioned
a
All of the following are Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology EXCEPT: A. his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments. B. principles of learning apply across species. C. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. D. significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively.
d
Although Skinner and other behaviorists did not think that it was necessary to refer to thoughts or expectations when explaining human learning, findings from experiments with rats suggest otherwise. Which of the following findings suggests that cognitive processes are involved in operant learning: A. Children learn from observing their parents, and exhibit the learning immediately. B. Rats do NOT seem to develop a cognitive map of mazes. C. Learning is merely the association of a response with a consequence. D. Rats appear to experience latent learning while exploring mazes.
d
Although diagnosed with autism and hardly able to speak coherently, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as a.g factor. b.Down syndrome. c.emotional intelligence. d.savant syndrome.
d
An 8-year-old who responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average 10-year-old was said to have an IQ of a.80. b.100. c.110. d.125.
d
An African gray parrot at a pet store has been trained to "count" objects. For example, if you show him a tray of balls and ask him how many are red, he will answer correctly about 80 percent of the time. This parrot is displaying: A. concept formation. B. functional fixedness. C. self-recognition. D. numerical competence.
c
An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of a.cognitive maps. b.spontaneous recovery. c.mirror neurons. d.the law of effect.
d
An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of: A. cognitive maps. B. spontaneous recovery. C. the law of effect. D. mirror neurons.
a
At about _______ months of age, the two-word stage of language development typically begins. A. 24 B. 10 C. 6 D. 36
b
At the zoo, a chimpanzee has figured out how to use the right kind of stones to crack open the nuts thrown to him by spectators. His problem solving has been shaped by: A. functional fixedness. B. reinforcement. C. observation. D. punishment.
c
At the zoo, a group of chimpanzees has found a way to groom each other with branches from a fake tree in their cage. The younger chimpanzees invented this grooming technique and are passing it on to their peers and offspring. Thus, they are: A. using telegraphic language. B. suffering from functional fixedness. C. transmitting cultural innovations. D. creating a syntax.
a
At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when you select either the "A" or "B" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. This best illustrates: A. operant conditioning. B. respondent behavior. C. latent learning. D. spontaneous recovery.
c
Bandura concluded that children learn two things from observing an aggressive model-how to perform the specific aggressive acts and: A. when to stop aggressing. B. aggression is wrong. C. aggression can be fun. D. aggression cannot be controlled.
c
Because he erroneously believes that older workers are not as motivated as younger workers to work hard, a factory foreman is especially vigilant for any signs of laziness among his senior workers. His supervision strategy best illustrates a.the availability heuristic. b.the framing effect. c.confirmation bias. d.the representativeness heuristic.
d
Children can learn to be kind and helpful through observing prosocial behavior, an important aspect of: A. generalization. B. respondent behavior. C. spontaneous recovery. D. socialization.
b
Because she has oversight responsibility for the servicing and repair of her company's fleet of cars, Rhonda frequently calls the garage mechanic to inquire whether service on various cars has been completed. Because service completion times are unpredictable, she is likely to be reinforced with positive responses to her inquiries on a ________ schedule. a.fixed-interval b.variable-interval c.fixed-ratio d.variable-ratio
d
Beethoven is to ______________ as Van Gogh is to: A. naturalistic intelligence; spatial intelligence. B. spatial intelligence; musical intelligence. C. musical intelligence; kinesthetic intelligence. D. musical intelligence; spatial intelligence.
Skinner
Behaviorist _________ believed we can explain language development development with familiar principles, such as asspciation, imitation, and reinforcement.
c
Bilingual children learn to inhibit one language while using their other language. Thus, if asked to say whether a sentence is grammatically correct ("Why is the cat barking so loudly?"), bilingual children can focus more quickly on grammar alone. According to Lambert and colleagues, this bilingual advantage is due to: A. positive reinforcement. B. regression toward the mean. C. increased word power. D. opponent-process theory.
a
Brain scans reveal that identical twins have very similar _____ matter volume. A. gray B. white C. black D. blue
a
By around ____________ of age, babies enter a babbling stage of language development. A. 4 months B. 5 months C. 6 months D. 2 months
a
Chinese-born Min has lived in the U.S. since she the age of 7. Min reports that when she is speaking Chinese to her family and friends, she thinks about things differently than when she is speaking English. This is a good illustration of: A. linguistic determinism. B. functional fixedness. C. the representativeness heuristic. D. telegraphic speech.
d
Classical conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior, whereas operant conditioning focuses on ________________ behavior. A. controllable; uncontrollable B. voluntary; involuntary C. hidden; observable D. respondent; operant
a
Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) ________. a.CS; US b.UR; CS c.secondary reinforcer; operant behavior d.negative reinforcer; operant behavior
c
Continuous reinforcement produces ________ learning and ________ extinction. A. fast; slow B. slow; fast C. fast; fast D. slow; slow
a
Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: A. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. B. his research methods were flawed. C. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. D. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
d
Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: A. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. B. his research methods were flawed. C. he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. D. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
d
Dierdri is a figure skater preparing for the upcoming national championships. Her coach has suggested she practice mentally for the competition. Which of the following would you recommend she imagine? A. She should imagine calling her mother after the competition and telling her the good news. B. She should imagine herself bending down to have the medal placed around her neck. C. She should imagine the crowd cheering as she skates onto the ice and bows. D. She should imagine her jumps and spins while listening to her skating music.
b
Dogs can learn to respond (by salivating, for example) to one kind of stimulus (a circle, for example) and not to another (a square). This process is an example of a. generalization b. discrimination c. acquisition d. spontaneous recovery
c
Dr. Tan is interested in studying primate behavior as related to primate thought. If she wants to study behavior that other animal researchers have already found in primates, which of the following topics should she choose? A. transmission of cultural patterns across generations B. family loyalty C. All of these behaviors have been found in primates. D. altruism
b
Dr. Zane has been studying monkeys' ability to classify photographs of cats and dogs. After the monkeys became competent at this classifying task, Dr. Zane found that certain of their frontal lobe neurons fired in response to new "catlike" or "doglike" images. This suggests that the monkeys: A. are not prone to functional fixedness. B. can form concepts. C. are smarter than 3-year-old children. D. have the ability to form syntax.
c
During a lecture, your professor says, "A child learns language as he interacts with caregivers." This generic use of the pronoun "he" is more likely to trigger images of males than of females. This best illustrates the impact of: A. insight on decision making. B. functional fixedness on problem solving. C. language on thinking. D. telegraphic speech on concept formation.
a
During a lecture, your professor says, "A child learns language as he interacts with caregivers." This generic use of the pronoun he is more likely to trigger images of males than of females. This best illustrates the impact of a.language on thinking. b.fixation on problem solving. c.telegraphic speech on universal grammar. d.insight on decision making.
a
During a typical morning, Colin checks the clock frequently before being reinforced with confirmation that the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break has arrived. In this case, Colin's behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule. a.fixed-interval b.variable interval c.fixed-ratio d.variable-ratio
b
During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule. A. fixed-ratio B. fixed-interval C. variable-ratio D. variable-interval
b
During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a ________ schedule. A. variable-interval B. fixed-interval C. variable-ratio D. fixed-ratio
d
Early behaviorists believed that for conditioning to occur, the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS). _____________ demonstrated this was not always so. a. The Little Albert experiment b. Pavlov's experiments with dogs c. Watson's behaviorism theory d. Garcia and Koelling's taste-aversion studies
d
Emotionally intelligent people tend to a. seek immediate gratification b. understand their own emotions but not those of others c. understand others' emotions but not their own d. succeed in their careers
b
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: A. organisms do NOT have biological predispositions when learning associations. B. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. C. rats are more likely to develop aversions sights or sounds than they are to taste. D. the unconditioned stimulus (US) MUST immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS).
a
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: A. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. B. the unconditioned stimulus (US) MUST immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). C. rats are more likely to develop aversions sights or sounds than they are to taste. D. organisms do NOT have biological predispositions when learning associations.
d
For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a ________ schedule. a.fixed-interval b.variable-interval c.fixed-ratio d.variable-ratio
d
Four-month-old, Shayna, is starting to say things like "ah-goo" and "da-da-da-da." Shayna is in the: A. two-word stage. B. one-word stage. C. stage of telegraphic speech. D. babbling stage.
a
Gardner proposed a theory of eight different kinds of intelligence, while ________ proposed a theory of three kinds of intelligence. A. Sternberg B. Spearman C. Wechsler D. Shepard
b
Gary says things like "doggy", "mama", and "dada." He is in the: A. babbling stage. B. one-word stage. C. stage of telegraphic speech. D. two-word stage.
a
Girls are likely to outperform boys in a a.spelling bee. b.math problem-solving test. c.computer-programming contest. d.chess tournament.
b
Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what you know about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the most likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette? A. Reinforcement does not work as well as punishment. B. He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette. C. The nausea does NOT immediately follow his inhalation of the smoke. D. He is afraid of the side effects of the drug.
d
If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation? A. interneuron B. motor neuron C. sensory neuron D. mirror neuron
c
If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates a.spontaneous recovery. b.respondent behavior. c.operant conditioning. d.latent learning.
d
If eight-year-old Edie had responded to the original Stanford-Binet with the proficiency of an average ten-year-old child, she would be said to have an IQ of: A. 110. B. 80. C. 100. D. 125.
c
If the onset of a light reliably signals the onset of food, a rat in a Skinner box will work to turn on the light. In this case, the light is a ________ reinforcer. a.partial b.primary c.conditioned d.delayed
b
If we stop nagging a young boy as soon as he makes his bed, we are giving him ________ reinforcement for making his bed. A. intermittent B. negative C. spontaneous D. unconditional E. variable
b
If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by a.the violence-viewing effect. b.biological predispositions. c.conditioned reinforcers. d.the law of effect.
c
If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates a.generalization. b.spontaneous recovery. c.classical conditioning. d.the law of effect.
d
If you learn the way from home to school as a specific sequence of right and left turns, you have learned by means of: A. classical conditioning. B. a cognitive map. C. generalization. D. chained associations. E. continuous reinforcement.
a
In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll. A. much more likely B. equally C. unable D. much less likely
c
In Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ________________ to lash out at the doll. A. unable B. much less likely C. much more likely D. equally
d
In attempting to find and purchase high-quality cosmetics, Megan reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan's self-reminder illustrates the use of a.an algorithm. b.confirmation bias. c.framing. d.a heuristic.
b
In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. A. neutral stimulus B. unconditioned response (UR) C. conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) D. conditioned response (CR)
a
In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. A. unconditioned response (UR) B. conditioned response (CR) C. neutral stimulus D. conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS)
c
In humans and monkeys, the premotor cortex is involved in: A. coordinating movements. B. returning muscles to the resting state after movement. C. planning movements. D. causing endorphins to be released in response to pain.
c
In humans, mirror neurons might enable: A. observational learning. B. homeostasis. C. discovery of repressed memories. D. heightened physical sensation.
acquisition
In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
c
In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns (e.g., "green car"). This illustrates an English language rule of: A. phonemes. B. semantics. C. syntax. D. algorithms.
d
In the example of classical conditioning in which the child feared the doctor, the CS was: A. fear. B. a painful injection. C. a severe illness. D. the presence of the doctor.
d
In the example of the child fearing the doctor, the child's fear of a scientist in a white lab coat illustrates the process of: A. shaping. B. spontaneous recovery. C. latent learning. D. generalization. E. secondary reinforcement.
d
In the experiment in which you reinforced various rats for pressing a bar, the reinforcement was: A. negative. B. secondary. C. delayed. D. intermittent. E. spontaneous.
a
In the experiment in which you were to condition a subject to blink her eye whenever she heard a certain tone, an eye blink was most likely to be scored as a ________ when it preceded the ________. A. CR; UCS B. CR; CS C. UCR; UCS D. UCR; CS
d
In the experiment in which you were to condition a subject to blink her eye whenever she heard a certain tone, the UCS was a(n): A. bright light. B. eye blink. C. tone. D. puff of air.
c
In the maze-learning task, most people make ________ turns on their ________ run. A. more left-hand; second B. more right-hand; second C. fewer wrong; second D. fewer wrong; first
c
In this PsychSim activity, you were asked to consider whether finding your way from one location to another is facilitated by ________ or by ________. A. classical conditioning; operant conditioning B. generalization; discrimination C. chained associations; cognitive maps D. continuous reinforcement; partial reinforcement E. reinforcement; punishment
a
In this PsychSim activity, you were asked to find your way through the different mazes. The reinforcer for reaching the goal box in each case was: A. cheese. B. bread. C. cake. D. water. E. meat.
b
Increasing years of schooling over the last half century have most likely contributed to a.stereotype threat. b.the Flynn effect. c.the normal curve. d.neural plasticity.
d
Intelligence quotient, or IQ, was originally defined as mental age divided as mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100. By this definition, the IQ of a 6 year old with a measured mental age of 9 would be a. 67 b. 133 c. 86 d. 150
b
It is not unreasonable to predict that when today's U.S. teenagers are in their mid-70s, they will have watched TV for the equivalent of about _______ years. A. 6 B. 9 C. 15 D. 3
c
Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even as the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule. A. fixed-ratio B. fixed-interval C. variable-ratio D. variable-interval
b
Mary's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has ________ reliability and ________ validity. a.low; high b.high; low c.low; low d.high; high
d
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. She had associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, she had to take her mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment. She became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. Her nausea best illustrates: A. latent learning. B. shaping. C. delayed reinforcement. D. spontaneous recovery.
b
Japanese-born Makita moved to Canada when she was 11 years old. Half her classes are taught in English and half in Japanese. Research has shown that non-English speaking children taught in bilingual programs tend to ________________ than if they had gone to an English-only school. A. have LOWER levels of creativity and HIGHER levels of academic achievement B. have HIGHER levels of creativity and academic achievement C. have LOWER levels of creativity and academic achievement D. have HIGHER levels of creativity and LOWER levels of academic achievement
c
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: A. genetic predispositions. B. cognitive processes. C. observable behavior. D. emotional outcomes.
c
Johnny is "hammering" the nail in with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of: A. reinforced learning. B. observational conditioning. C. modeling. D. classical learning.
a
Learning a spoken language during early childhood __________ the ability to learn sign language during adolescence. Learning sign language during early childhood __________ the ability to learn a spoken language during adolescence. A. facilitates; facilitates B. inhibits; inhibits C. inhibits; facilitates D. facilitates; inhibits
Chomsky
Linguist _________ argued that children acquire untaught words and grammar at a rate too extraordinary to be explained solely by learning principles. He said that given adequate nurture, language will naturally occur.
a
Linguistic determinism suggests that ___________ think differently when they are speaking: A. bilingual people; in one of their two languages. B. people; to their animals. C. adults and children; to each other. D. children; out loud.
d
Linguistic determinism suggests that ___________ think differently when they are speaking: A. people; to their animals. B. children; out loud. C. adults and children; to each other. D. bilingual people; in one of their two languages.
b
Long after her conditioned fear of dogs had been extinguished, Marcy experienced an unexpected surge of nervousness when she first met her cousin's new cocker spaniel. Her unexpected nervousness best illustrates: A. latent learning. B. spontaneous recovery. C. shaping. D. delayed reinforcement.
a
Marcy was not exposed to spoken or signed language during her early years because of abuse and neglect. We know that: A. her ability to master any language is lost. B. her ability to master her native language is not lost. C. her ability to master a foreign language is not lost. D. her ability to master sign language is not lost.
b
Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of a.respondent behavior. b.negative reinforcement. c.secondary reinforcement. d.spontaneous recovery.
d
Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of: A. spontaneous recovery. B. erratic behavior. C. secondary reinforcement. D. negative reinforcement.
a
Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of: A. negative reinforcement. B. secondary reinforcement. C. erratic behavior. D. positive reinforcement.
d
Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. This best illustrates the value of: A. secondary reinforcement. B. positive reinforcement. C. erratic behavior. D. negative reinforcement.
a
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's ______________ and are believed to be the neural basis for: A. frontal lobe; observational learning. B. frontal lobe; classical conditioning. C. temporal lobe; observational learning. D. temporal lobe; operant conditioning.
c
Mirror neurons that are found in the premotor cortex of monkeys: A. are exactly the same as certain neurons found in the motor cortex. B. fire excitedly after every movement. C. fire excitedly when the monkey watches a movement just as they did when the monkey performed the same movement. D. enable the monkey to perform movements in reverse order.
a
Months after she was raped, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety. a.conditioned stimulus b.negative reinforcer c.unconditioned stimulus d.partial reinforcer
a
Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: A. two stimuli. B. something observed and its consequences. C. a neutral stimulus and a reward. D. a response and its consequences.
b
Most of your instructors use the generic pronoun "he" when referring to psychologists and the generic pronoun "she" when referring to administrative assistants. In your mind, you automatically think of psychologists as men and administrative assistants as women. Why? A. Linguistic determinism predicts that your thinking shapes your language. B. Linguistic determinism predicts that the language shapes your thinking. C. It is due to availability statistics. D. Classical conditioning causes you to pair the gender with the occupation.
a
Most researchers agree that apes can a. communicate through symbols b. reproduce the most human speech sounds c. master language in adulthood d. surpass a human 3 year old in language skills
c
One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates: A. spontaneous recovery. B. operant conditioning. C. observational learning. D. respondent behavior.
d
Operant conditioning is to Skinner, as language acquisition device is to: A. Whorf. B. Tversky. C. Bortfield. D. Chomsky.
a
Our language influences the way we perceive and think about the world. This idea, adapted from Whorf's hypothesis, helps explain why a. a person who learns a second language thinks differently in that language b. children have a built-in readiness to learn grammatical rules c. children's babbling contains sounds not found in the languages spoken in their homes d. artists, athletes, and others are able to think in visual images.
b
Shelia says things like "me go", "mama bye", and "dada go." She is in the: A. babbling stage. B. two-word stage. C. stage of telegraphic speech. D. one-word stage.
a
Pigeons can reliably discriminate pictures of cars from pictures of chairs. This best illustrates their capacity to develop a.concepts. b.syntax. c.heuristics. d.algorithms.
c
Professor Chadwick evaluated a graduate student's research proposal negatively simply because he had heard a rumor about the student's incompetence. When later informed that the rumor had been patently false, the professor's assessment of the student's research proposal remained almost as negative as it was originally. This best illustrates a.the representativeness heuristic. b.the availability heuristic. c.belief perseverance. d.framing.
a
Prompt feedback regarding your performance on psychology practice tests is most likely to inhibit a.overconfidence. b.the framing effect. c.the representativeness heuristic. d.linguistic determinism.
b
Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding. a.increases; decreases b.decreases; increases c.decreases; decreases d.has no effect on; has no effect on
d
Raul is using complete sentences when he talks to his parents with phrases like "Mommy get food." He is at least how old? A. 28 months B. 10 months C. 18 months D. 24 months
b
Research on mental rotation found that males performed ________ females at almost every orientation. A. slower than B. faster than C. the same as D. worse than
d
Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n) a.negative reinforcer. b.conditioned stimulus. c.conditioned reinforcer. d.unconditioned stimulus.
d
Salivating in response to a tone paired with food is a (an) ___________; pressing a bar to obtain food is a (an) ___________ a. primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer b. conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer c. operant behavior; respondent behavior d. respondent behavior; operant behavior
d
Sammie is celebrating his first birthday today. He can say numerous words like da-da, kitty, fish. Chomsky would say that Sammie is able to do this effortlessly because: A. he has made associations between words and objects. B. his parents reinforce every word he says. C. he is brighter than most children his age. D. he is equipped with a language acquisition device.
d
Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer? A. grades B. praise C. money D. food
c
Sharon is just learning to speak. She says words like da-da, kitty, ma-ma. This is not unusual because, whatever the language, when children begin to speak they tend to use mostly: A. adverbs. B. verbs. C. nouns. D. adjectives.
a
Shepard and Metzler found that the reaction time for solving mental rotation tasks ________ as the difference in orientation ________ from zero to 180 degrees. A. increased; increased B. decreased; increased C. increased; decreased D. decreased; decreased
a
Sinjon is fluent in both English and French. His parents spoke both languages to him when he was a very young child. Sinjon has an amazing capacity to inhibit his attention to irrelevant information, which helps him as he does simultaneous interpretation. Linguists would suggest that his ability to focus is due to a bilingual advantage resulting from: A. his increased word power. B. his practice at interpretation. C. his spatial intelligence. D. reciprocal determinism.
d
Skinner's view that we learn language the same way we learn other behaviors -- association, imitation, and reinforcement is most helpful in explaining a. the onset of babbling b. the speech behavior of deaf infants c. the seemingly effortless mastery of grammatical rules by very young children d. why language learn their household's language
d
Some researchers are reporting that _______________ are associated with higher intelligence. A. FASTER neurological speed and SLOWER perceptual speed B. SLOWER neurological speed and SLOWER perceptual speed C. SLOWER neurological speed and FASTER perceptual speed D. FASTER neurological speed and FASTER perceptual speed
d
Some thinking depends on verbal concepts, while another kind of thinking involves: A. speaking out loud. B. mentally manipulating words. C. rehearsal. D. manipulating mental images.
a
Spearman theorized that underlying all mental abilities lay the ________, or ________ intelligence. A. g factor; general B. s factor; specific C. s factor; spatial D. g factor; genuine
c
Sternberg's three aspects of intelligence are a. spatial, academic, and artistic b. musical, athletic, and academic c. academic, practical, and creative d. emotional, practical, and spatial
analytical, creative, and practical
Sternbert's three intelligences
a
Students are more likely to choose a condom that is said to be effective when informed that it has a 95 percent success rate than when told it has a 5 percent failure rate. This best illustrates the impact of a.framing. b.confirmation bias. c.belief perseverance. d.the representativeness heuristic.
a
Superior performance on the Stanford-Binet most clearly corresponds with Sternberg's concept of a.analytical intelligence. b.emotional intelligence. c.creative intelligence. d.practical intelligence.
b
The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children are known to have very high reliability (about +.9). This means that a. a pretest has been given to a representative sample b. the test yields consistent results, for example on retesting c. the test measures what it is supposed to measure d. the results of the test will predict future behavior, such as college grades or success in business.
c
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) yields an overall intelligence score as well as separate verbal and performance (nonverbal) scores. The WAIS is best able to tell us a. what part of an individual's intelligence is determined by genetic inheritance b. whether the test-taker will succeed in a job c. how the test-taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning d. whether the test-taker has specific skills for music and the performing arts
d
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the most widely used intelligence test, consists of eleven subtests yielding a(n) ________ and a ________ score. A. physical; mental B. emotional; practical C. learning; memory D. verbal; performance
WAIS
The ______ is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests
naturalist
The _________, Charles Darwin, is an example of what aptitude? (same answer)
b
The _____________ is the most widely used intelligence test for adults. It includes subtests for verbal comprehension and processing speed. A. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) B. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) C. U.S. Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) D. Binet's Intelligence Test (BIT)
d
The easier it is for people to remember an instance in which they were betrayed by a friend, the more they expect such an event to recur. This best illustrates the impact of a.framing. b.the representativeness heuristic. c.insight. d.the availability heuristic.
c
The environmental influence that has the clearest, most profound effect on intellectual development is a. being enrolled in a head start program b. growing up in an economically disadvantaged home or neighborhood c. being raised in conditions of extreme deprivation d. being an identical twin
c
The existence of savant syndrome-- limited mental ability combined with an exceptional specific skill-- seems to support a. Sternberg's distinction among three aspects of intelligence b. Spearman's notion of general intelligence, or g factor c. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences d. Thorndike's view of social intelligence
d
The extent to which differences in intelligence among a group of people are attributable to genetic factors is known as the ______ of intelligence. a.standardization b.factor analysis c.predictive validity d.heritability
a
The highest rates of responding occurred when rats reinforced for pressing a bar were placed on ________ and ________ schedules of reinforcement. A. fixed-ratio; variable-ratio B. fixed-ratio; fixed-interval C. variable-ratio; variable-interval D. variable-interval; fixed-interval
interpersonal (other people)
The leader, Mahatma Gandhi, is an example of what aptitude?
d
The linguistic determinism hypothesis could be challenged by the finding that: A. infants' babbling contains many phonemes that do not occur in their own language and that they therefore cannot have heard. B. the Eskimo language contains a number of words for snow, whereas English has only one. C. chimps can learn to communicate spontaneously by using sign language. D. people with no word for a certain shape can still perceive that shape accurately.
d
The majority of correlational studies that have examined television violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent television shows, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is the major problem with these findings? A. Girls were not included in these studies. B. They do not apply to elementary school-aged children. C. The studies don't take operant conditioning into account. D. Correlation does not prove causation.
c
The most common form of thinking involves mental representations called: A. images. B. objects. C. concepts. D. sets.
b
The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable times is a a. fixed interval schedule b. variable interval schedule c. fixed ratio schedule d. variable ratio schedule
linguistic
The poet, T.S. Eliot, is an example of what aptitude?
c
The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a ________ perspective. a.biological b.behaviorist c.cognitive d.social-cultural
d
The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) facilitates an organism's ability to expect or anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a _____________ perspective. A. neuroscience B. behaviorist C. Pavlovian D. cognitive
b
The principles of learning emphasized by B. F. Skinner are most helpful in explaining why children a.generate sentences they have never heard. b.add new words to their vocabulary. c.develop language through a uniform sequence of stages. d.use mostly verbs rather than nouns when they first begin speaking.
intrapersonal (self)
The psychiatrist, Sigmund Freud, is an example of what aptitude?
logical-mathematical
The scientist, Albert Einstein, is an example of what aptitude?
a
The strongest support for heredity's influence on intelligence is the finding that a. identical twins, but not other siblings, have nearly identical intelligence test scores b. the correlation between intelligence test scores of fraternal twins is higher than that for other siblings. c. mental similarities between adopted siblings increase with age d. children in impoverished families have similar intelligence scores
c
There is no universally accepted definition of intelligence because: A. there is no way to measure it properly. B. there are so many kinds of intelligences that it is difficult to define overall intelligence. C. each culture defines intelligence in terms of what it values in a highly functioning human being. D. researchers are reluctant to share their results with other psychologists.
c
Thorndike's law of effect became the basis for operant conditioning and the "behavioral technology" developed by a. Ivan Pavlov b. John Garcia c. B.F. Skinner d. John B. Watson
law of effect
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely
b
Tina is a seven-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physically abusive acts on her mother. In her room she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of: A. classical learning. B. observational learning. C. reinforced learning. D. observational conditioning.
c
To expand language is to expand the ability to: A. reflect. B. misunderstand. C. think. D. act.
c
To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of a.the availability heuristic. b.factor analysis. c.an algorithm. d.the representativeness heuristic.
d
To reduce the personally harmful behavior of some self-destructive children, therapists have squirted water in their faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a a.conditioned reinforcer. b.negative reinforcer. c.primary reinforcer. d.punishment.
c
To say that heritability of intelligence is about 50 percent means that 50 percent of a. an individual's intelligence is due to genetic factors b. the similarities between men and women are attributable to genes c. the variation in intelligence within a group of people is attributable to genetic factors d. intelligence is due to mother's genes and the rest is due to the father's genes.
b
Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? a.Watson b.Bandura c.Pavlov d.Skinner
b
Travelers whose familiar route to a destination is blocked are often able to reach their destination quickly and easily by taking an unusual sequence of turns down other streets. This suggests that people often find their way by means of: A. generalization. B. cognitive maps. C. partial reinforcement. D. chained associations. E. negative reinforcement.
b
Twenty-four-year-old Janice recently took an intelligence test that indicated her score was 65. Her academic skills are equivalent to those of a sixth-grader. The degree of Janice's mental retardation is: A. severe. B. mild. C. profound. D. moderate.
c
University students who focus on the interest and challenge of their schoolwork rather than on simply meeting deadlines and securing good grades are especially likely to demonstrate a.emotional intelligence. b.creativity. c.reliability. d.convergent thinking.
b
Using different words for two very similar objects enables people to recognize conceptual distinctions between the objects. This illustrates a.telegraphic speech. b.linguistic determination. c.fixation. d.the representativeness heuristic.
d
Vocal sounds that are not included in one's native language first begin to disappear from usage during the ________ stage of language development. a.one-word b.two-word c.telegraphic d.babbling
d
Walter was bitten by a dog when he was five-years-old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction best illustrates: A. generalization. B. an unconditioned response (UR). C. operant conditioning. D. discrimination
c
Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by: A. negatively reinforcing Albert when he approached a rat. B. showing Albert a white rat and then punishing him when he touched it. C. repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat. D. showing Albert movies of children being bitten by rats.
b
We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ________ of a bird. a.heuristic b.prototype c.algorithm d.fixation
d
When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her own anger and responds with empathy to her sister's frustration regarding their dispute. Her behavior best illustrates a.factor analysis. b.analytic intelligence. c.divergent thinking. d.emotional intelligence.
d
Which procedure is used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie people's intelligence scores? a.standardization b.validation c.heritability estimates d.factor analysis
c
When a four-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via: A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. observation. D. neural networks.
b
When her professor failed to recognize that Judy had her hand raised for a question, Judy began to think her professor was unfriendly. Although she subsequently learned that the professor's limited vision kept him from seeing her raised hand, she continued thinking the professor was unfriendly. Judy's reaction best illustrates a.the framing effect. b.belief perseverance. c.confirmation bias. d.category hierarchies.
a
When retested on the WAIS, people's second scores generally match their first scores quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of a.reliability. b.content validity. c.heritability. d.predictive validity.
c
Which language theorist would have been most likely to emphasize that children master the rule for forming the past tense of regular verbs like "push" before they learn common past tense constructions of irregular verbs like "go"? a.Skinner b.Whorf c.Chomsky d.Tversky
b
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative person: a. expertise b. extrinsic motivation c. a venturesome personality d. inaginative thinking skills
c
Which of these activities is not an example of thinking with verbal concepts? A. reading a book B. deciding what to do for the weekend C. doing a jigsaw puzzle D. completing a crossword puzzle
b
Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? A. Pavlov B. Bandura C. Watson D. Skinner
c
Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? A. Skinner B. Pavlov C. Bandura D. Watson
linguistic determinism
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
d
Women have been found to score lower on math tests when they are tested alongside men. This best illustrates the impact of a.the Flynn effect. b.intrinsic motivation. b.intrinsic motivation. d.stereotype threat.
d
You are conducting a research study with 24 men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. You will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. You find that: A. the men became more empathic toward the rape victims. B. the men became bothered by the violent acts. C. the men expressed more sympathy for the rape victims. D. the men expressed less sympathy for the rape victims.
c
You have "adopted" a great ape at the zoo, and you have observed it very closely for the past year. You have noticed its capacity for language acquisition, which is similar to that observed in: A. 8-year-old humans. B. pigeons. C. 2-year-old humans. D. African gray parrots.
d
You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed into your eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): A. conditioned stimulus (CS). B. unconditioned response (UR). C. unconditioned stimulus (US). D. conditioned response (CR).
c
You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye. Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a a.UR. b.US. c.CR. d.CS.
a
Your brother is considering adopting an infant from an orphanage that has a reputation for minimal child-caregiver interaction. A one-year-old boy is available for adoption, but he is passive and not speaking yet. What advice would you give your brother? A. Provided with responsive caregiving, the chances are good that the boy will learn to talk. B. The change in environment will not have an impact on the boy's verbal abilities. C. Don't worry. The boy's verbal ability is determined by genetics, as opposed to environment. D. Be prepared that the boy will never learn to speak, even if provided with responsive caregiving.
a
Your friend has a cockatiel that he has trained to discriminate between pictures of dogs and cats. Your friend shows him a picture of a dog and the bird pecks at a dog symbol on the cage. Your friend shows him a picture of a cat and the bird pecks at a cat symbol. The bird is showing: A. that it can form concepts. B. syntactic language. C. telegraphic language. D. linguistic determination.
c
Zara is a ten-year-old female chimpanzee. Her zookeepers are trying to train her to communicate in sign language. How successful do you think they will be? A. They will be successful, but only if they try to teach Zara how to use symbols. B. They will not be successful, because chimpanzees cannot learn to use their hands for expressing themselves. C. They will not be successful, since early exposure is necessary for gaining language competence. D. They will be successful, because chimpanzees have been known to develop the vocabulary of 10-year old human children.
Sternberg
_________ agrees that there is more to success than traditional intelligence. And he agrees with Gardner's idea of multiple intelligences, but he proposes a triarchic theory of three, not eight intelligences.
Gardner
_________'s Eight Intelligences include linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spacial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal (self), interpersonal (other people), and naturalistic
Whorf
__________ contended that language determines the way we think. He developed the linguistic determinism hypothesis.
c
___________ refers to the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language. A. Associative learning B. Semantics C. Syntax D. Grammar
John Watson
_____________ believed that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses.
a
_____________, most children are in the one-word stage. A. Around their first birthday B. At 20 months C. At 8 months D. At 18 months
a
_______________ maintains that our capacity for developing language is natural and quick because we come equipped with a language acquisition device. A. Chomsky B. Watson C. Skinner D. Pinker
c
___________________ refers to children's ability to learn to inhibit one language while using their other language. A. Multilingual advantage B. Unilingual advantage C. Bilingual advantage D. Trilingual advantage
a
_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. A. Positive reinforcement B. Neutral reinforcement C. Negative reinforcement D. Moderate reinforcement
a
_______________________ involves any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. A. Negative reinforcement B. Moderate reinforcement C. Neutral reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement
savant syndrome
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. Formerly known as mental retardation.
down syndrome
a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
mental age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a ________ of 8.
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
higher-order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light tone alone.
learning
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
factor analysis
a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence and thus to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results.
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
7
age at which the window in the mind closes, and children who have not been exposed to either a spoken or a signed language gradually lose their ability to master any language.
higher-order conditioning
also called second-order conditioning
conditioned reinforcer
also known as a secondary reinforcer
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
4
babbling stage begins at _____ months
10
babbling stage with household language begins at ____ months
two word stage
beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements
babbling stage
beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Pavlov
believed that classical conditioning applies to human health and well-being.
BF Skinner
believed that external influences (not internal thoughts and feelings) shape behavior.
standardization
defined meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group
intelligence quotient (IQ)
defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, ___ = ma/ca x 100). On contemporaty intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-- "go car" -- using mostly nouns and verbs.
CR conditioned response
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.
CS conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response.
NS neutral stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.
US unconditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-- naturally and automatically -- triggers a response.
acquisition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
operant chamber
in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
variable interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
fixed ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
fixed interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
reinforcer
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
positive reinforcement
increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
negative reinforcement
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus, that when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (NOT punishment)
profound
intelligence scores below 20; Require constant aid and supervision.
severe
intelligence scores from 20-35; May learn to talk and to perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.
moderate
intelligence scores from 35-50; May progress to second grade level academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by laboring in sheltered workshops.
mild
intelligence scores from 50-70; May learn academic skills up to sixth grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.
observational learning
learning by observing others
associative learning
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
intelligence
mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
extinction
occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
12
one word stage begins at ______ months
language
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
partial intermittent reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
24+
speech stage in which rapid development, complex sentences begins.
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS);
validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied
one word stage
the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
predictive validity
the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.
normal curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.
generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
behaviorism
the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Stanford Binet
the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.
24
two word telegraphic speech stage begins at ______ months
Watson and Rayner
worked with an 11 month old named Albert and conditioned him to fear rats
