Psych of Death Midterm
In which country is the most influential model of modern hospice care?
England
Which was a turning point in the "medicalization" of death and dying?
WWI
Cancer symbolizes the
Worst fears of our age
Death songs of Native Americans are
a summary of a person's life
euphemisms
substitutions of indirect or vague words or phrases for ones considered harsh or blunt
It is important to distinguish between pain and
suffering
Islam calls for the burial of the deceased as soon as possible. t/f
true
More important than who is the death notifier, is how, when, and
where
In Kenneth Doka's "Tasks in Coping with Life-threatening Illness," which phase is characterized by living with the disease and managing symptoms and side effects?
chronic
What is a state of profound unconsciousness lasting a few days or weeks?
coma
Euthanasia comes from the Greek
easy death
Whole person care involves attending mainly to a patient's physical needs 24 hours a day. t/f
false
How many stages are associated with the model of coping with life-threatening illness presented by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross?
Five
What document combines a living will and a health care power of attorney?
Five Wishes
Which of the following terms BEST describes the process of a person who questions, "Am I responsible for bringing this illness on myself"?
Magical thinking
According to the text, in 2014, approximately what percentage of Americans are affiliated with a religious tradition?
71 percent
Studies conducted in the early 1940s by Sylvia Anthony showed that children can give general explanations for death by what age?
9 years old
Which of the following is NOT a way in which humor functions relative to death?
Discourages empathy
palliative care
Care designed not to treat an illness but to provide physical and emotional comfort to the patient and support and guidance to his or her family.
According to Kastenbaum, what is defined as "the study of life with death left in"?
Thantology
What is the largest ongoing community arts project in America?
The AIDS memorial quilt
Mean World Syndrome
The belief that the world is dangerous and full of mean people.
What is the aim of meaning-based coping?
To maintain a person's sense of positive well-being
Which country spends more on health than any other industrialized country?
United States
Media experts say that the "reality violence" on TV news began with coverage of the
Vietnam War
Which of the following BEST describes a lingering dying trajectory?
a patient dies from a progressive chronic illness
In reviewing death anxiety research, Robert Kastenbaum says that it
allows individuals to enjoy the illusion that death has been studied
Studies of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act show that the decision to request a prescription for lethal medication was associated mainly with patients' concerns about loss of dignity, loss of ability to have an enjoyable life, and loss of
autonomy
In Japanese homes, an altar for honoring deceased relatives and ancestors is called a
butsudan
Themes of loss and death are heard in
classical music, american blues music, and laments
Regarding hospice and palliative care, what are the 3 C's of high-quality care?
competent, compassionate, coordinated
What term do social scientists use to describe the phenomenon of societies falling behind in dealing with new challenges resulting from rapid technological and social change?
cultural lag
What can be defined as "all that in human society which is socially rather than biologically transmitted"?
culture
The largest area of empirical research in thanatology is concerned with the measurement of attitudes toward death and dying and more particularly
death anxiety
Avoiding words like dead or dying, instead using phrases in which loved ones "pass away," the deceased is "laid to rest" and the corpse is "remains", is an example of
euphemisms
A crisis of self-identity begins with the initial shock of diagnosis as the person attempts to come to terms with the life-altering news is
existential plight
The "principle of symmetry" advocated by Daniel Callahan states that a technology should be judged by a balance between the
extension and saving of life and the quality of life
A euphemism is a shorthand way of referring to an exciting event. t/f
false
Elegies and eulogies are both often inscribed as a memorial on a tomb. t/f
false
Funding for hospice services is plentiful because there are no limits on who qualifies. t/f
false
Hospice and palliative medicine have not become a subspecialty approved by the American Board of Medical Specialties. t/f
false
Living wills contain physician orders and must be followed by emergency medical technicians. t/f
false
Nonfunctionality means that your everyday functioning (going to school or work, self-care, etc.) has diminished due to a recent loss. t/f
false
Pain can be directly measured and observed. t/f
false
Terminal restlessness is a welcomed medical condition showing the ability to maintain attention at the end-of-life. t/f
false
The major aspects of a mature concept of death are mastered in an unfixed, irregular sequential order. t/f
false
The ofrenda is the gathering place where friends meet following a Mexican funeral. t/f
false
In traditional societies, whether grief is expressed by loud wails or quiet tears, there is a common tendency to
have a deep respect for the should of the dead
What are the two leading causes of death in the United States?
heart disease and cancer
Hannelore Wass observes that the study of death and dying will
help individuals and societies transcend self-interest in favor of concern for others
The traditional African attitude towards death is essentially
positive because it is part of the totality of life
In discussing how people understand death, the term "noncorporeal continuity" refers to the idea that
human beings survive in some form after the death of the physical body
In reviewing the status of research and practice in thanatology, Herman Feifel points out that the
human mind operates on various levels of reality or finite provinces of meaning
In Erickson's model, approximately what age marks the beginning of the child's moral sense?
preschool and kindergarten years
Hospice programs are mandated to
provide bereavement follow-up services for the family
A living will allows an individual to
refuse life-sustaining treatment in the event he or she is terminally ill.
In the medical management of pain, what rule states that a harmful effect of treatment, even if it results in death, is permissible if the harm is not intended and occurs as a side effect of a beneficial action?
rule of double effect
In Celtic traditions, what is the term for the breach in time when supernatural communication with gods as well as the dead could take place?
samhain
Epidemiologic transition is BEST defined as the
shift in disease patterns characterized by a redistribution of deaths from the young to the old.
Respite care
temporary institutional care of a dependent elderly, ill, or handicapped person, providing relief for their usual caregivers.
Research into death anxiety has been characterized by Kastenbaum as
thanatology's own assembly line
What did Eric Cassell write about the social role of the dying patient?
the death of the body is a physical phenomenon whereas the passing of a person is nonphysical
Which of the following BEST describes the phrase "medical technology that seems to one person a godsend, extending life, may seem to another a curse"?
the effects of new technology involves personal and social consequences and trade-offs
A massive heart attack is illustrative of one type of dying trajectory. t/f
true
The right to refuse treatment remains constitutionally protected even when a patient is unable to communicate. t/f
true
There is no medical or ethical distinction between withholding and withdrawing treatment. t/f
true
What disorder of consciousness has been characterized as "awake but unaware" and also has been called "hopelessly conscious"?
vegetative state
The rural cemetery movement began in the United States
in the early 1900s
In Erikson's model, the years from about 6 to the beginning of puberty is sometimes known as the
industrial age
In Erikson's model, the years from about six to the beginning of puberty correspond to what stage?
industry vs. inferiority
The Patient Self-Determination Act requires providers of services under Medicare and Medicaid to do which of the following?
inform patients of their rights to appoint a health care proxy and draw up written instructions regarding treatment
According to Erik Erikson's theory, during which developmental stage do children increasingly seek their own direction and purpose?
initiative vs. guilt
In Erikson's model of psychosocial development, in what period is bodily mutilation and disfigurement one of the death related fears?
initiative vs. guilt
According to Barton Bernstein, the first legal stage in cases of terminal illness
involves the patient in long-range planning and arranging legal and financial affairs
Even when curative treatments have ended, the effort to control circumstances around death and dying so that it comes out "right" is termed
managed death
Depictions of death in the mass media, in which the symbolic use of death contributes to an "irrational dread of dying and thus to a diminished vitality and self-direction in life" is referred to as
mean world syndrome
Which of the following is NOT an example of the dimension of sociological thanatology?
pain and symptom control
Human concern for the dead
predates written history
In Gerbner's "mean world syndrome", the symbolic use of death contributes to 1. an irrational dread of dying. 2. diminished vitality. 3. diminished self-direction in life. 4. an increased hoarding of weapons.
1,2,3
Which of the following are included in William Lamers "levels" of hospice care? 1. Traditional 2. Long-term 3. High-tech 4. Conventional
1,2,3
Which of the following are included in Ernest Becker's "four strands of emphasis" in terror management theory (TMT)? 1. The world is a terrifying place. 2. There is always an underlying good versus evil struggle, and good ultimately prevails. 3. Because the terror of death is so overwhelming, we conspire to keep it unconscious. 4. The basic motivation for human behavior is the need to control our basic anxiety, to deny the terror of death.
1,3,4
Which of the following are the three major psychological and behavioral patterns that individuals use in coping with the threat of death as identified by Therese Rando? 1. Retreat and conservation of energy 2. Attack and evaluate the threat 3. Attempting to master or control the threat of death 4. Exclusion from the threat of death
1,3,4
Approximately how much has the average life expectancy in the United States increased since 1900?
30 years
According to Daniel Callahan, what percentage of Americans believe that medical technology can always save their lives?
40%
In a study of nursery rhymes, approximately what percentage describe ways in which humans or animals die or are mistreated?
50 percent
The establishment of death studies, in modern times, can be traced to explorations of death by
Frued
The modern scientific approach to the study of death is usually traced to a symposium organized in 1956 by
Herman Feifel
What subcomponent of universality makes explicit the understanding not only that all living things die but also that each living thing will die?
Personal mortality
By what age do most children understand that death is a changed state?
Preschool years
In traditional Hindu households, death is __________
a communal affair
According to George Gerbner, the "mean world syndrome" describes depictions of death in the mass media as embedded in a structure of violence that conveys
a heightened sense of danger
According to Yvette Colón of the American Pain Foundation, what is a critical first step in assessing and managing pain?
belief that pain is real
Mutual pretense, as a way of coping with painful circumstances such as a terminal illness,
can be a useful short-term strategy for coping with a painful situation
Feelings of inadequacy, nonreciprocal giving, and too many demands are among the main sources of
caregiver stress
Corr's primary dimensions in coping with dying are physical, psychological, spiritual, and
social
In literature, the meaning of death is often explored as it relates to the individual as well as
society
The elements of the health care system are patient, institution, and
staff