Psych Test #2
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
One can learn new behaviors by observing others.
________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.
Pheromone
________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
Physical
In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.
Postformal
According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?
Preoperational
Hertz is a measure of ________.
frequency
Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________.
Teratogens
Which of the following statements about the vestibular sense is false?
The vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores.
The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."
Late maturing boys are ________.
at a higher risk of depression
What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?
developing a positive sense of self
The ________is also known as the anvil.
incus
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.
since birth
Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?
smelling cookies in the oven
What is vertigo?
spinning sensation
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.
Which of the following exemplifies gustation?
tasting freshly caught salmon
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
teaching your self yoga by watching a yoga group in the park
What is a binaural cue?
two-eared cue to localize sound
Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.
vestibular
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.
Accommodation
Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes?
Achievement Gap
In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
Acquisition
Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.
Acquisition
Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?
Afterimage
What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?
Afterimage
Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style can be ________.
Anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy
One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.
Assimilation
Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?
Assimilation
________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.
Attachment
Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Continuous
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.
Continuous
Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.
Cornea; pupil
The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________.
Crest; Trough
Which of the following was demonstrated by the 1998 research of Ayabe-Kanamura, Saito, Distel, Martínez-Gómez, & Hudson?
Cross-culturally
The continuous development approach views development as a ________.
Cumulative Process
Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false?
Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth.
Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.
Developmental Milestones
Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages.
Discontinuous
Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?
Disorganized
Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________.
During early childhood
Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
Edward C. Tolman
Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?
Edward C. Tolman
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
Egocentrism
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
Emotion can be a conditioned response
What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?
Emotions can be conditioned response
What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
Environment and culture
Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.
It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear
How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?
It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.
________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.
John B. Watson
Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?
Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets
Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?
Just noticeable
Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________.
Kinesthesia
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
Latent
Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________.
Latent Learning
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
Learning
According to Albert Bandura, ________.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain.
Left; right
In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.
Lens; fovea
Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.
Longer Wavelengths
Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.
Lower; higher
Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.
Maintain balance and body posture
Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.
Reflexes
It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?
Resistant
Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
Reversibility
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily
Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?
Rods
________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
Schemata
Which of the following illustrates conservation?
Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord.
The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."
Early maturing girls are ________.
at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders
Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?
being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats
Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This exemplifies ________.
learning
________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
perception; sensation
Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The frequency theory of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron."
the word "frequency" should be changed to the word "temporal."
Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ________.
their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites
Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?
they have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe
Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.
Adaptation
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
Associational
In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.
Case Study
What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?
Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.
When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye.
Dilated
Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?
Erik Erikson
Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?
He found that emotions can be a conditioned response.
Which of the following is false about John B. Watson?
He is considered the founder of behaviorism
Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?
He is known for establishing the principle of classical conditioning
Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?
Kinesthesia
Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________.
Abused
A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.
Zygote
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.
The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched
Which part of the eye holds eye color?
Iris
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
Primary
What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat?
Proprioception
________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.
Psychosocial
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
Punishment
Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.
Attention
Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?
Authoritative
As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?
Avoidant
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.
Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
Baby seeking food by rooting and suckling
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receieve for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.
Binocular
Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?
Binocular Disparity
Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.
Blindness
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."
Bottom-up
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.
CS + UCS; continuous
The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________.
Can see
According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?
Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.
Which of the following does not occur during the concrete operational stage?
Children begin to use language
In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
Classical
Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?
Classical Conditioning
________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
Cognitive
Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.
Cognitive Map
During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.
Concrete Operational
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
Conditioned Response
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.
Conditioned Stimulus
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?
Cones
Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness.
Congenital
Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?
Congenital Analgesia
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?
Conservation
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.
Extinction
Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
Extinction
Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.
Fine
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Fixed Interval
Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Fixed Ratio
Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.
Formal Operational
Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?
Four
When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?
Genes and Biology
Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?
Gestalt
Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.
Gross
Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?
He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.
Which of the following exemplifies the sense of audition?
Hearing a song on the radio
What is amplitude?
Height of a wave
________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.
High; low
In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
Higher order
________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds
Higher; louder
Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Identity vs. Confusion
What was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory?
Improving the sensitivity of air traffic controller's to plane blips
What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?
In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.
Which of the following statements about parenting styles is true?
In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.
What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.
Inattentional Blindness
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
Increases
During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Industry vs. Inferiority
Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Initiative vs. Guilt
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
Instincts
What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?
Instincts
After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Integrity vs. Despair
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________.
Merkel's Theory
Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.
Model
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage?
Moral Reasoning
Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________.
Moro reflex
Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.
Motivation
________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
Motor
Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.
Müller-Lyer
A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.
Naturalistic Observation
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
Negative Reinforcement
In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.
Night Blindness
Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.
Nociception
Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?
Object Permanence
Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?
Object permanence
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?
Observational
Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.
Observational
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
Operant conditioning
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
Optic
What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes?
Optic Chiasm
When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________.
Others have false beliefs
In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.
Partial
John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use?
Partial
How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception?
Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.
Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?
Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
Permissive
In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.
Preoperational
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
Secure
Which of the following is false about sensation?
Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.
Ego identity is our ________.
Sense of Self
During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.
Sensorimotor
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
Shaping
Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?
Sigmund Freud
Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.
Signal Detection
________ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person.
Somatosensation
Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.
Spontaneous Recovery
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.
Stimulus Discrimination
Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.
Stimulus Generalization
Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?
Stranger Anxiety
Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?
Stranger Anxiety
Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________.
Subliminal Message
Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.
Surveys
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
Taste Aversion
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.
The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damage to neurons of either the brain or central nervous system."
The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Socioemotional discrimination theory suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number as we get older, but they remain as close, if not more close, than in our earlier years.
The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.
The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain."
The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.
The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The central tenet of Gestalt psychology is that the pattern is different from the sum of its parts."
The word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole."
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
The work "Acquisition" should be changed to the word "Recovery"
Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.
Thermoception
Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false?
They are bulb-like structures at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.
What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception?
Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.
Top-down
Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?
Top-down
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.
Transduction
Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
Trust vs. Mistrust
Honeybees can see light in the ________ range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Ultraviolet
In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?
Umami and fat content
In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).
Unconditioned Response
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable Interval
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable Interval
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
Variable Ratio
Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?
Vicarious Punishment
During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ________.
Vocabulary Spurt
Read the following two sentences. (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not?
We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaced between each word.
Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification
Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?
Younger average age for marriage
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?
conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?
determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting
________ is another term for the malleus.
hammer
What is described by the concept of perception?
how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?
knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student
The concept conservation refers to ________.
knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added
